Experience Of Developed Countries Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМА НЕРІВНОСТІ В ДОСТУПІ ДО ЯКІСНОГО МЕДИЧНОГО ОБСЛУГОВУВАННЯ ТА ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ

In the modern world, with the general growth of GDP and GDP per capita, socio-economic inequality is growing, primarily in access to modern social benefits, one of which is health care. The realization of the human right to quality medical services determines the direction of the state policy in Ukraine on reforming the current health care system and creating an effective national model. An important condition for improving public health is equal access for all citizens to quality health care, regardless of solvency. The problem of social inequality requires a comprehensive understanding, especially in terms of economics, which captures clear quantitative methods of the real state of property stratification and assesses the probability of its further dynamics. Recent studies show that only about 50 % of the population rated their health as good, about 10 % as poor, with 81 % seeking medical attention in the last 12 months. Similar indicators of the EU countries are an order of magnitude better — almost 70 % of the population assess their health as good and 8 % as bad. Ireland can serve as a model with 84 % and 3.5 % respectively. One of the reasons for the low assessment of their health by the population of Ukraine is the low level of availability of medical care, the ability to purchase medicines and medical supplies depending on the place of residence. Among all the reasons for the inability to receive medical care, buy medicines and medical supplies, more than 90 % of respondents say the cost of treatment or medical services is too high. To eliminate inequalities in access to quality health care and create a health care system that meets the needs of the population, medical reform is needed, the main focus of which should be on creating a new model of health care in Ukraine. Health care reform in Ukraine is impossible without setting priorities. Based on the experience of the British health system, taking into account the experience of other developed countries, as well as its own, the following priorities can be identified: the introduction of a mechanism for paying for medical services on the principle of "money follows the patient", access to medicines and public health.

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN EASTERN REGIONS: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The world experience of most developed countries shows that the basis of their economic growth is the expansion of the spheres of activity of traditional sectors of the economy through the introduction of innovative technologies. In this regard, an understanding of the trends, characteristics and prospects of scientific and technological development will allow us to determine competitive advantages, identify bottlenecks, and set priorities in the development of long-term strategic documents for the development of not only the economy, but also the social sphere at the level of both the Russian Federation as a whole and individual territories. This, in turn, requires an assessment of the current state, dynamics and main factors of the formation of scientific and innovative potential. Since innovation potential is a multidimensional concept it is necessary, when assessing it and for comparing it between different territories, to bring it to a single integral indicator.

Realization of the Right to Health Protection in Insurance Medicine: The First Experience of Covid-19

This article analyze the effectiveness of insurance medicine and the negative consequences of its work, which we could observe in the first period of the pandemic. The research methodology is based on general and special scientific methods, in particular: formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative analysis, and modeling. The procedure and issues to be considered are as follows: in the introduction, we will consider the concept of “the right to health care” and why it is important; in the first section, we will look at the general state of affairs, figures for different countries, and the first results of the fight against the pandemic; in the second section, we will touch on some of the problems of access to health care in the insurance system and its aggravation in connection with the pandemic; in the third, we will consider the impact of the pandemic on the health insurance system and how it could have been avoided some problems. The results of this study emphasize that the medical insurance system has extremely unsatisfactorily coped with the pandemic and its consequences, and therefore it is necessary at least to carry out a full-fledged official, and at best to develop an urgent comprehensive modernization program, taking into account the above positive experience of other developed countries.

Foreign experience in financial regulation of small and medium-sized businesses

The article considers the foreign experience of financial regulation of small and medium-sized businesses. Given the entry of the Republic of Kazakhstan into the world economy, the development of small and medium-sized businesses in the country will lead to active participation and assistance from the state. That is, in many countries today, much attention is paid to addressing issues related to the stability and efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, it is of particular interest to study the experience of foreign developed countries in supporting the development of small and medium-sized businesses. Taking this knowledge into account, it is necessary to determine measures and prospects for improving this area of activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The EU has a well-established infrastructure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses, for example, all EU member states have a well-developed network of both public and private financial regulation organizations for the development and support of small and medium-sized businesses. In the countries under consideration, many of the same features of state support systems can be noted. All this is due to the influence of globalization processes and the activity of organizations. In this regard, considering the experience of foreign countries is very important and most appropriate.

About the fate of Ukrainian book publishing: reality and prospects

The article raises important issues of the role and place of the publishing industry among other sectors of the economy. Four core strategic directions of development of domestic book publishing, book distribution, modernization and renewal of the funds of the national library system are considered. Emphasis is placed on the inefficiency and slowness of decision-making by public authorities. Calculations and ways of solving problems are given, based on world trends, the experience of developed European countries and taking into account the recommendations of such authoritative organizations as the International Association of Librarians.

Social Work Supervision in a Developing Country Experiences of Students

This article examines student supervision in social work education using a qualitative multi-case study design. The voices of current and past students at three unique, heterogeneous and diverse field instruction sites in developing South Africa highlight perceptions of varied supervision models, supervisory practices and students’ coping mechanisms when faced with supervision challenges. Insights are provided into challenges experienced by final year students when faced with alleged unethical and unprofessional supervisory practices. This article contributes to debates on the quality, nature, models and styles of supervision, and provides unique insight into student learning styles and coping mechanisms.

European and Ukrainian experience in financial support to farming activities through fiscal instruments

Subject. The article considers financial regulation through the use of tax mechanisms. Objectives. The aim of the study is to evaluate European and Ukrainian practices of fiscal incentives for farming through fiscal instruments with VAT playing the key role. Methods. In the study we employed economic and statistical research methods, like monographic, comparison, scientific generalization. Results. Based on the analysis of VAT implementation on farmers in developed countries in Europe we substantiated the conclusion about its focus on simplifying the tax procedures and eliminating the negative impact on operations of economic entities. Special tax treatment (including VAT collection) is mainly used to streamline tax relations, taking into account the specifics of farming, rather than to improve the financial support to farms. We revealed that in the Ukrainian practice its main task is financial support to agricultural production. Conclusions and Relevance. The experience of developed European countries on the use of special tax regimes and taxation procedures should serve as a model for Ukraine. Financial incentives for agricultural production development should be directly supported by the State, and special tax treatment and tax administration should be focused on streamlining tax relations in the region, based on the practice of developed European countries such as UK, Germany, Italy and France.

Barriers to optimal peritoneal dialysis.

Peritoneal dialysis in the United States is underutilized when compared to the experience in other developed countries. The reasons for this are multifactorial and include government regulatory issues, the priority of dialysis facilities, and education and training of nephrology trainees and patients. The challenges to expanding PD in the United States are discussed and strategies to overcome the barriers are outlined.

Developing the right to social security: the experience of European countries

Goal: analysis of the development trend of social security law in the practice of developed European countries.Methods of research: analysis and study of domestic legislation on social security.Results: The article analyzes the legislation on social security of a number of economically developed countries of WesternEurope (Germany, France, Great Britain). The main purpose of the analysis is to identify the consistency of the social security legislationof these countries with international law and to identify opportunities to benefit from the positive experience of these countries ingeneral.A high level of social protection is being established in these countries. Nevertheless, the presence of differences in the internalpolitical situation, national traditions, the level of economic development and the social sphere is noted. It is recognized that the leadingstates of Western Europe, despite their natural differences, have common values that unite them. This is due to the fact that these stateshave long recognized that social justice and social equality contribute to economic development. The European social model providesfor joint actions of states and civil society in this area, aimed at meeting the material needs of all citizens, participation in society,strengthening social cohesion.Discussion: take advantage of the experience of developed European countries in the development of social security legislation.

The Base Frame of the Algerian E-Health System: Methodology to Select the IHE Integration Profiles and the Standards to Control Interoperability.

The use of standards and Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) is a crucial technique for supporting, monitoring and controlling the integration profiles in healthcare organization systems. The risk of "no-interoperability" increases when several standards are used. Lack of experience in developing countries, particularly in Algeria, increases this risk. This article aims to suggest and present a methodology for selecting standards and IHE integration profiles in field of E-health in order to build a base-frame of the Algerian E-Health system. In fact, this base-frame must comply with international standards and perfectly adapted to medical processes, thru respecting IHE integration profiles.

Experience of developed countries in environmental safety policy

The article considers the problems of anthropogenic impact on the noosphere and the resulting need for forming global and national environmental safety systems. It is emphasized that today environmental safety is an integral attribute of modern states’ development calling for a radical change in their civilizational imperatives and values, their environmental vision and understanding that it is the rational use, preservation, restoration and augmentation of natural capital that can form a safe environment for human health and life, a possibility of generation replacement, and the very existence of mankind. A comparative study is being conducted on the role of modern states and public authorities in the system of safeguarding against the consequences of environmental and natural-technological threats, and elaboration of effective mechanisms to implement state environmental safety policies. Taking the USA, France, Great Britain, Germany and other countries as an example, the main current approaches to the formation and implementation of state environmental policy are determined. Key words: State; State governance; State policy; Environmental safety References Abdurasulova, A.I. & Dobaeva, G.K. (2014). Zarubezhnyj opyt obespecheniya ekologicheskoj bezopasnosti. Vestnik kyrgyzskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta stroitelstva, transporta i arhitektury im. N.Isanova, 1, 174–179. Andronov, V.A., Dombrovska, S.M., Kovalchuk, V.G. & Kryukov, O.I. (2016). Ekologichna bezpeka derzhavi: derzhavno-upravlinskij vimir. Harkiv, NUCZU. Barker, D. & Mander, J. (1999). Invisible Government: The World Trade Organization: Global Government for the New Millennium? International Forum on Globalization, San Francisko: Berret-Koehler Publisher. Capra, F. (2002). The Hidden Connections: Integrating the Biological, Cognitive, and Social Dimensions of Life Into a Science of Sustainability. New York: Doubleday. Dragan, O.I. (2011). Analiz zarubizhnogo dosvidu investicijno-innovacijnogo zabezpechennya derzhavnoyi ekologichnoyi politiki. Naukovi rozvidki z derzhavnogo ta municipalnogo upravlinnya, 2. Available from: http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/Nrzd/2011_2/7.pdf Hvesik, M.A., Stepanenko, A.V. & Obihod, G.O. et al. (2014). Ekologichna i prirodno-tehnogenna bezpeka Ukrayini v regionalnomu vimiri [monografiya], Kiyiv, Institut ekonomiki prirodokoristuvannya ta stalogo rozvitku NAN Ukrayini. Kachinskij, A.B. (2001). Ekologichna bezpeka Ukrayini: sistemnij analiz perspektiv pokrashannya. Kiyiv, NISD. Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. & Randers, J. (2004). Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update. Vermont: White River Junction, Chelsea Green Publishing. Omarov, A.E. & Kryukov, O.I. (2017). Derzhavne upravlinnya sistemoyu civilnogo zahistu yak chinnik ekologichnoyi bezpeki: osoblivosti proyavu v zarubizhnih krayinah. Visnik Nacionalnoyi akademiyi Derzhavnoyi prikordonnoyi sluzhbi Ukrayini. Seriya: Derzhavne upravlinnya, 1. Available from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Vnadpsdu_2017_1_11. Omarov, A.E. (2018). Ekologichna bezpeka derzhavi v umovah globalizacijnih viklikiv suchasnosti. derzhavno-upravlinskij aspekt: monografiya, Harkiv, NUCZU. Paliyenko, O.A. (2017). Analiz i shlyahi virishennya problem ekologichnoyi bezpeki v Ukrayini. Visnik Nacionalnogo tehnichnogo universitetu HPI, 19, 147–151. Piketty, T. (2017). Capital in the Twenty-first Century. Transl. by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, London Harvard University Press. Pishenina, T.I. (2013). Institucijne zabezpechennya ekologichnoyi bezpeki v sistemi ekonomichnih vidnosin. Ekonomichnij chasopis–XXI, 1–2 (1), 19–22. Shvedun, V. O., Streltsov, V., Husarov, K. O., Sysoieva, S. I., Sheludko, R. M., Stankevych, S. V., Butenko, T. A., T. G. Tkachenko A. O. Khmyrova. (2019). The ukrainian market of ecological tourism: the current trends and development. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 9(4), 598-605. Ulyanchenko O.V., Borysova O.V., Akhmedova O.O., Sysoieva S.I., Sheludko R.M., Stankevych S.V., Kovalova T.V., Khalmuradov B.D., Kharlamova Yu.Ye. (2019). Prospective use of ecological tourism in Ukraine and integrative view of international experience. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology, 10(1), 49-54.

Agricultural production strategies: world experience

Agricultural production strategies: world experience

Suggested Proposal for Developing the Dimensions of Administrative Transparency and Intellectual Capital Management of Academic Leaders in the Faculties of Preparing Kindergarten Teachers in the Light of some Developed Countries Experiences'

The current research aimed at presenting a suggested proposal for developing the dimensions of administrative transparency and intellectual capital management for academic leaders in the faculties of preparing kindergarten teachers in the light of some developed countries experiences'. The research utilized the descriptive approach to suit its nature and objectives. For data collection a questionnaire was used- prepared by the researcher- directed to a sample of faculty members and their assistants. The research sample consisted of (60) faculty members and their assistants in the faculties of preparing kindergarten teachers in Universities of (Cairo- Mansours-Minia), in order to diagnose the reality of developing the dimensions of administrative transparency and intellectual capital management for academic leaders in the faculties of preparing kindergarten teachers in the light of some developed countries experiences'. The research revealed a set of results; the most significant of which are that the administrative transparency and intellectual capital management has been achieved among academic leaders in the faculties of preparing kindergarten teachers in the light of some developed countries experiences' to moderate degree except for the statements in the axis of administrative transparency which related to (activating the complaints and suggestions boxes), which was achieved below the minimum confidence interval levels, this mainly indicated that it was not achieved. Whereas the statements of (announcing the decisions that govern the faculty's work to achieve the university's goals and publishing real information about the faculty) were achieved to a high degree, which indicated that they were significantly achieved among the Heads of the Departments. In addition to some statements in the axis of intellectual capital management as; (building social networks based on trust, values, and ethics as a stimulator for creativity and innovation) which was achieved significantly among the Heads of the Departments. The research concluded with a suggested proposal for developing the dimensions of administrative transparency and intellectual capital management for academic leaders in the faculties of preparing kindergarten teachers in the light of some developed countries experiences', in addition to providing a set of future studies and research.

DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVEMENT OF BENEFICIAL REGIMES IT INDUSTRY TAXATION

The relevance of the article is that tax benefits play a significant role in shaping a sustainable and developed economy because the system of benefits is a kind of guide for legal entities and individuals when choosing their field of activity, forms of income, benefits reduce tax pressure on taxpayers. The task of tax benefits is not only the equality of all in the field of taxation, but also to stimulate enterprises, including enterprises that use IT technologies, a tool to improve the economic situation in Ukraine. This issue becomes especially relevant in the context of the European integration process, when our country is increasingly entering the European economic arena. Accordingly, Ukraine needs to develop an effective tax system for providing benefits and advantages to progressive industries, including IT. The purpose of the article is to identify areas for improvement of the procedure for providing tax benefits to businesses operating in the field of IT, taking into account European standards. In the article the author considers the peculiarities of the purpose of tax benefits for the IT industry. Relevant issues of tax policy development related to the support and development of the IT industry have been identified. The normative legal acts in the field of taxation of the IT industry and the main directions of its improvement in accordance with international standards are studied. The need to create a preferential tax regime for companies operating in the IT industry has been established. It is concluded that the growth of the IT industry requires a stable fiscal policy, which would provide benefits and advantages to new progressive companies, thereby helping to fill the state treasury. However, today Ukraine is only taking the first steps to improve the taxation system of the IT industry, develops and improves legislation in this area, in accordance with the problems of practice, and therefore the issue of creating an effective preferential tax regime for IT industries remains open and needs further study. taking into account the experience of European and other developed countries, the taxation models of which can serve as a basis for the Ukrainian tax system and tax regimes.

Smart city development projects in the Republic of Korea

Research relevance. The article discusses the experience of South Korea in the sphere of smart city projects. The study's relevance is determined, on the one hand, by the role smart cities play in the creation of the new urban living space, in enhancement of urban economy and, on the other, by the need to analyze and systematize the best practices of smart city development. Research aim. The study describes the development of the 'smart city' concept in South Korea. Smart city is understood as a complex eco-system, which, on the one hand, comprises a range of technological and socio-economic processes and, on the other, involves such actors as government, corporations, research organizations and urban communities. Data and methodology. The study relies on methods of comparative and evolutionary analysis to analyze the concept of smart city and its structure by focusing on the case of South Korea, the world's renowned ICT leader. The study also provides cross-national comparisons of the experience of other developed Asian countries (Japan and China), which, like South Korea, are actively supporting building of smart cities on the state level. Results. The study describes the main stages in the development of the smart city concept in South Korea as well as the main types of smart city projects (pilot projects, research validation projects, and city restoration projects). The study identifies problems of planning, design and implementation of smart city projects and compares the relevant experience of South Korea, Japan and China. It is shown that although smart city projects in these countries were launched in approximately the same period, each of these countries has its own approach to smart cities and ways of their development. Conclusions. The key to Korea's success in smart city development lies in large-scale direct state support, public trust in the government and the application of an integrated approach to smart city development. At the current stage, smart city services not only provide enhanced comfort to city dwellers but also create more opportunities for their personal growth.

EUROPEAN PRIORITIES FOR PERSONAL INCOME TAXATION

Introduction. In the current conditions of globalization of socio-economic development and formation of a new financial civilization, social aspects of tax policy take a important place. The system of taxation of income of citizens in Ukraine today is not fully coping with the performance of their functions. The experience of developed European countries on the formation of an effective mechanism of taxation of personal income will contribute to the establishment of the newest social and fiscal-oriented paradigm of taxation of citizens in Ukraine. The increased interest in the procedures for administering the personal income tax is also explained by the fact that this tax is one of the main sources of income to the budget of Ukraine. The purpose is to determine the peculiarities of taxation of personal income tax in Ukraine, to find out the common and different features tax system in Ukraine and European countries, to systematize recommendations on improving the mechanism of taxation of personal income. Results. The international typology of personal income tax systems is given. The general features of personal income taxation and mechanisms of application of personal income tax rates in some countries of the European Union are considered. It is argued that the implementation of the European tax experience will facilitate a faster transition to a new and effective system of personal income taxation in Ukraine. To improve personal income taxation in Ukraine, it is necessary to revise personal income tax rates, increase the amount of tax-free minimum incomes, ensure the full functioning of electronic declaration of personal incomes, optimize concessional policies, increase tax literacy and tax culture. Prospects. Further research will focus on the social aspects of taxing citizens' income in terms of differentiation of tax rates, the logic of using preferences in taxing personal income, the introduction of an effective threshold of the non-taxable minimum income, promoting the right to tax rebates, etc.

IMPLEMENTATION OF STEAM CONCEPT IN PREPARATION OF PRE-SERVICE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS

The article considers the current problem of improving the education system, namely the application of the concept of STEAM as an innovative approach, which is today the subject of mass interest of both researchers and teachers-practitioners. Thanks to STEAM-education, teachers have the opportunity to develop students in several subject areas - computer science, physics, technology, engineering, art and mathematics. The necessity of introducing the concept of STEAM-education into the system of training pre-service teachers, which continues the implementation of STEM ideas, caused by the transition of society to the digital age, is substantiated. STEAM approaches in the educational process are considered. The experience of such developed countries as the USA, Finland, Australia, Great Britain, Israel, Korea, Singapore was analyzed and it was found out that they implement state programs in the field of STEAM education. In Finland, a LUMA center has been opened, in Spain teachers use STEAM-Makerspace to improve the knowledge of high school students in the field of geometry, in Australia the program STEAM Professionals in Schools has been implemented that brings together teachers with STEAM professionals to improve STEAM teaching practice and provide STEAM training at Australian schools. Possibilities of realization of three main ways of introduction of STEAM-education into the learning process, such as STEAM-project, STEAM-lesson, Maker-space are covered which can be effectively introduced into the educational process of higher education institutions. The implementation of the STEAM approach using the example of training pre-service mathematics teachers is considered. The author notes the important role of teachers who are ready to implement the ideas of STEAM-education in this process. The results of experimental work on the implementation of the concept of STEAM-education within the project activities of students using the example of the project "Ukrainian embroidery" are presented. The purpose and activity of students are revealed, the research tasks which they carried out are described. The result of the study was the development of a program that "embroiders", simulates the process of embroidery in different techniques, implementing different approaches to bypass the embroidery scheme. In addition, a set of tools was created in the GeoGebra package for research and design of various ornaments based on traditional elements of Ukrainian embroidery.

Підвищення рівня доходів сільських мешканців в об’єднаних територіальних громадах

It has been proved that budget decentralization is becoming an effective system of local finances and an instrument of state regulation of regional development. It encourages regions to become financially independent and entrepreneurial, seeking additional own resources for the needs and capabilities of the regions. To date, the main development of a democratic state is to ensure the welfare of every individual. According to the experience of developed European countries, the achievement of this goal is possible only under the conditions of high-quality public administration, which strengthens democratic institutions, eliminates inequalities of access to public goods, improves the quality of public services and the standard of living of the population. A priority direction for the development of a democratic state is to ensure the welfare of each individual citizen. In the context of the reform of the public finance system, the tendency towards decentralization in public administration, which results in the transfer of a number of powers to the local level, is relevant. Implementation of budget reform measures in the context of decentralization will contribute to ensuring a stable income base of local budgets, as well as enhancing their financial capacity, transparency and efficiency of use of budget funds, and effective resolution of issues of socio-economic development of territories. Thus, financial decentralization makes it possible to balance the mechanisms of public service delivery with the needs and preferences of local residents. Population income is a traditional subject of research by scientists, which is related to the direct impact of population income on the socio-economic and political situation in society. This determines the priority direction of the formation of a system of methods and mechanism of regulation of income of the population of any country.

The Canadian Electoral System

The Canadian electoral system is one of the most democratic in the world. Despite the constant challenges of changing reality, Canadaʼs political institutions continue to function as usual, providing, first and foremost, a legal framework that allows civilized forms to address many of the present-day problems. Given the difficult situation in Ukraine, research into the experience of most developed countries, such as Canada, on the formation and functioning of an effective electoral system is as relevant as ever. This article examines the process of origination and formation of the Canadian electoral system in historical retrospect, with a focus on gender and racial components. It also highlighted the peculiarities of the election system in Canada during the election campaign (brief analysis of Canadian electoral law during the last three cycles of parliamentary elections 2008, 2011 and 2015), the advantages and disadvantages of major parties policy, which helped to make conclusions about the activity and effectiveness of change in the Canadian election field. How has the political spectrum of the country changed as a result of each election cycle? Why was the ruling party defeated? And will classic values and traditions be revived? Finding answers to these questions may be of interest to Canadian scholars as well as to researchers of general democratic processes taking place in the modern world.
 Keywords: electoral system, suffrage, electoral process, gender equality, racial component, electoral system, political party, politician.

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS AS A NEW TYPOLOGICAL OBJECT OF SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

The experience of many developed countries (Canada, Japan, Sweden and others) testifies to the need and opportunity to improve the environment based on the principles of environmental policy of each country. This requires a high level of environmental culture of the population and active public participation in nature conservation activities. Sustainable or sustainable development is a new principle of human cohabitation: the next generations must have the resources that are adequate to the existing ones. The concept of sustainable development emerged as a result of the integration of three main points of view: economic, social and environmental. Coordination of these approaches is a daunting task as the elements of sustainable or sustainable development must be balanced. A large group of sustainability issues is related to urban ecology. These include, first of all, the interaction of settlements with the environment. The main factor is the environmental safety of the living environment. Architectural ecology should study not only individual architectural objects, but also the architectural environment as a whole. This requires appropriate specialized areas, spaces and premises, that is, new architectural and urban development objects. Facilities such as complexes should include the landscaping of surrounding areas, open and covered landscaped areas, appropriately equipped special spaces, and educational buildings with classrooms, classrooms, laboratories, and the like. The new complex architectural and town-planning object (extracurricular institution of ecological education) should become part of the modern typology of buildings and structures. An example of a country where the concept of "environmental education" has acquired a much broader quality than obtaining a certificate or diploma is the United States. There is a so-called Odum School of Ecology at the University of Georgia. The mission of this school of ecology can be considered in particular the education of future generations of ecologists, cooperation with other departments of the university, promotion of environmental literacy of students and the public, interdisciplinary studies of the environment