Development Of Routing Protocols Research Articles

Improved geographic opportunistic routing protocol for void hole elimination in underwater IoTs: Parameter tuning by TSA optimization

SummaryUnderwater IoT is incredibly helpful in monitoring a variety of jobs, from instrument monitoring to climate recording, from pollution management to natural catastrophe forecasting. Nevertheless, there exist various issues that have an impact on a network's efficiency such as the formation of void holes, excessive EC, and low PDR. As a result, the IGOR protocol is suggested in this study to increase PDR by reducing the percentage of void hole occurrence. The developed routing protocols' scalability is also examined. Here, the parameter optimization for the EC minimization and PDR maximization is performed by a meta‐heuristic optimization algorithm referred to as TSA. In order to verify that the suggested protocol is EC‐optimal by calculating the viable areas. In addition, suggested protocols are evaluated against contemporaries' benchmark routing protocols. The outcomes of the simulations clearly demonstrate that the suggested routing protocols obtained greater PDR than the current techniques. Additionally, there exists a reduction in the ratio of void hole incidence. Comparative research reveals that suggested routing protocols outperformed benchmark routing protocols by 80–81% in PDR. Further, the suggested routing procedures reduced the frequency of void holes by around 30%.

Differential Diagnosis Challenges of Facial Pain (Clinical Case)

Annotation. The diagnosis of facial pain falls within the realm of professional competence for dentists, orthopedic dentists, ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, and physiotherapists. The complex and highly subjective nature of clinical symptoms often poses challenges for practitioners across these specialties. Consequently, a patient with facial pain may undergo multiple consultations with different specialists before a definitive diagnosis is established and effective treatment is provided. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a developed routing protocol for a patient with atypical facial pain through a clinical case. The stages of interdisciplinary simultaneous consultation, a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment of patients with facial pain, and differential diagnosis are considered using the example of a clinical case of a 15-year-old female patient K., who presented to a dental surgeon with complaints of constant facial pain and a preliminary diagnosis of “Temporomandibular joint dysfunction. Impacted wisdom teeth 38 and 28”. The pain was constant, dull, deep, and piercing. She experienced decreased sensitivity in the lower lip and the anterior half of the tongue on the left side, as well as stuffiness and ringing in the left ear. Consultations with a neurologist and an orthopedic dentist were conducted, which led to the prescription of additional diagnostic methods: needle electromyography and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. The article assesses the relevance and effectiveness of a multidisciplinary approach to the comprehensive diagnosis of facial pain syndrome, including a thorough history-taking by a dental practitioner, conclusions of a neurologist, and the results of additional diagnostic methods. Based on the electromyographic signs, the trigeminal nerve damage was detected, and a voluminous brain tumor causing compression of the trigeminal nerve and its peripheral endings was visualized on magnetic resonance tomography. Following the consultation with the dental surgeon, the patient was referred for further treatment to the A.P. Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. Thus, interdisciplinary consultation is recognized as the basis for the comprehensive management of patients with atypical facial pain, requiring the involvement of a primary care physician - a dentist, who develops a routing protocol for timely diagnosis and effective treatment of these kind of patients.

Quad-Interleaving Routing Algorithm for Performance Enhancement of Oil and Gas Pipeline Network Monitoring

The pipeline is one of the main modes oftransportation for the oil and gas industry that could be laid offshore and onshore. Pipeline transportation requires close monitoring as a failure in pipelines causes disruption of supply, loss of precious commodities and not to mention irreversible environmental damage will be an essential topic. The major issue in AODV and DSDV is when the network gets more extensive, which causes high packet traffic resulting in high packet loss, energy consumption and passive nodes. This research aims to establish a routing algorithm with better performance focusing on throughput, fairness index, delivery ratio and passive nodes and energy consumption. The study is confined to wireless sensor network simulation on Network Simulator Tool. A technique of quad-interleaving Ad-hoc On- demand Distance Vector (QAODV) routing algorithm has been developed where predefined Alpha, Beta, Charlie and Delta nodes will communicate with the nodes which belong to their family. The results of the developed routing protocol have been compared with standard AODV, DSDV and OLSR routing protocols. The developed routing algorithm has produced a massive improvement in the delivery ratio (25% more), throughput (44% more), passive nodes (71 less), fairness index (0.06 more) and energy consumption (0.22J less).

Имитационная модель беспроводной ad-hoc сети для исследования алгоритмов маршрутизации трафика

Communication network simulators are software designed to model, explore, test and debug network technologies, including wireless decentralized self-organizing networks or ad-hoc networks. They greatly simplify the research, development and optimization of routing protocols in these networks. However, the well-known simulators have a number of disadvantages, including the difficulty of adding custom extensions to ad-hoc network routing protocols, the lack of the necessary network stack, the lack of routing algorithm visualization modes, low performance, and difficulty in debugging communication protocols. The purpose of this work is to create a simulation model of a wireless network that would allow us to explore, debug and evaluate the developed algorithms and routing protocols for ad-hoc networks. At the same time, the requirements for interface ergonomics and the ability to visualize the operation of algorithms, ensure the collection of statistics, and create various scenarios for the operation of the network come to the fore. The article proposes the structure of the simulation model, which includes the modules of the network subscriber, application software, network layer of the OSI data transmission model, radio module, radio transmission environment, statistics collection, visualization and scenario management. To solve the tasks set, the approach of discrete-event modeling was used. To create a simulator of wireless decentralized networks and routing algorithms, a set of classes was developed that implement the modules of the simulation model. Based on the proposed structure, module classes and discrete event simulation algorithm, a software implementation of the simulation model was created using the C++ programming language and the Qt framework. The developed simulation model was used in the course of an experimental study of the effectiveness of the network routing algorithm. The proposed software will simplify the development and debugging of algorithms and routing protocols for ad-hoc networks.

Performance evaluation of ad-hoc on-demand distance vector protocol in highway environment in VANET with MATLAB

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET), the development of this network in recent years has become one of the most important areas of research. The primary goal of using the VANET network is to reduce the number of deaths and enhance road safety. VANET network faces some problems when routing packets between vehicles, due to the high-speed movement of vehicles. Therefore, researchers have begun to develop routing protocols in the VANET network to overcome these problems when routing packets between vehicles. In this study, the effect of changing the number of vehicles on the performance of ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocol will be studied in the highway environment and in the case of vehicle movement at variable speeds between (40-120 km/h) and the simulation time is 200 sec. The ad-hoc ondemand distance vector protocol performance was evaluated by three performance measures (end-to-end delay, dropped packets, overhead and packet delivery ratio).

Network Lifetime Improvement through Energy-Efficient Hybrid Routing Protocol for IoT Applications.

The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) poses serious challenges in preserving network longevity since the IoT necessitates a considerable amount of energy usage for sensing, processing, and data communication. As a result, there are several conventional algorithms that aim to enhance the performance of WSN networks by incorporating various optimization strategies. These algorithms primarily focus on the network layer by developing routing protocols to perform reliable communication in an energy-efficient manner, thus leading to an enhanced network life. For increasing the network lifetime in WSNs, clustering has been widely accepted as an important method that groups sensor nodes (SNs) into clusters. Additionally, numerous researchers have been focusing on devising various methods to increase the network lifetime. The prime factor that helps to maximize the network lifetime is the minimization of energy consumption. The authors of this paper propose a multi-objective optimization approach. It selects the optimal route for transmitting packets from source to sink or the base station (BS). The proposed model employs a two-step approach. The first step employs a trust model to select the cluster heads (CHs) that manage the data communication between the BS and nodes in the cluster. Further, a novel hybrid algorithm, combining a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and a genetic algorithm (GA), is proposed to determine the routes for data transmission. To validate the efficacy of the proposed hybrid algorithm, named PSOGA, simulations were conducted and the results were compared with the existing LEACH method and PSO, with a random route selection for five different cases. The obtained results establish the efficiency of the proposed approach, as it outperforms existing methods with increased energy efficiency, increased network throughput, high packet delivery rate, and high residual energy throughout the entire iterations.

WITHDRAWN: Effective adaptive routing for Lossy networks using enhanced RPL in the heterogeneous network

Abstract In this network environment, the different applications of sensor have to generate a huge data traffic which includes basic sensing methods such as air pollution or environment checking. In this huge congested network, the two-standard objective methods, that are objective method 0 (OM0) and objective method 1 OM1 for Congested Networks that has to perform deprived routing paths by picking an already congested parental node and a greater number of retransmissions happened between the networks. So, it is required that to design a new effective Routing Protocol for various congested environments. In our paper, I observe the RPL protocol for various congested networks and developed a new routing protocol technique (QWL-RPL) related with information of queue and node-wise workload. Objective of our developed Routing protocol has to attain an Optimum shortest path in challengeable performance. Our proposed Objective method has to consider connectivity capacity and also representing status of congestion in particular node or device using information of queue in data or packet. Our proposed routing technique was implemented in Cooja environment for comparing with the existing techniques. The results of simulation are shown through Queue status information and balanced Workload routing protocol of RPL that can reduce the data traffic of a various networks as related with OM0 and OM1, exactly specified terms of average delay, ratio of packets transmission and reception, jitter delay and header overhead information. At last, the results shown as on average, 30%–50% reduced header overhead information, 15%–30% reduced in average throughput delay, 10%–30% improvement in PRR and 25%–40% reduced in jitter delay.

The Impact of Mobility Models on the Consumption of Network Resources in the Internet of Things (IoT)

Nowadays, the field of Internet of Things (IoT) has become a new trend and one of the most attractive areas of research. It has a wide range of applications; starting from smart devices to developing smart cities. The main issue in this kind of applications is the limitation in network resources (e.g., energy, memory, connectivity, etc.). Most of the works in the literature deal with this issue in a traditional way. For instance, developing routing protocols that find the optimal path for data forwarding. This paper looks to this issue from a different angle. In this work, we aim at testing different mobility patterns and then investigate their impact of the consumption of network resources under particular distributions and data routing protocols. The aspect we aim to investigate and measure is the amount of data exchanged, which in turn affects the power and the memory consumption of a network. We also measure two more aspects; performance stability, and data coverage area. The results show that mobility models play a significant role in the overall network performance.

Power minimization of WBSN using adaptive routing protocoL

<span>The present work was an attempt to address a challenge of energy utilization or consumption in WBSN, it used a proposed routing algorithm based on ant optimization technique to distribute energy utilization efficiently on nodes. Thus reducing consumed energy and extending the life cycle of nodes, as well as avoiding damages might be occurred in tissues of patient`s body. At the beginning the proposed protocol was compared with conventional routing protocol LEACH to prove it`s efficiency in the extending of the life cycle of node, then it was used with experimental network was employed to examine energy utilizations. The obtained results were compared with others attained by conventional and developed routing protocols, there was considerable minimizing in the energy consumption that proved efficiency of proposed algorithm.</span>

A comprehensive review on recent advancements in routing protocols for flying ad hoc networks

AbstractFlying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are a particular type of ad hoc networks, which constitute flying nodes communicating with each other in ad hoc mode. Routing among FANETs has been a subject of interest due to the inherent challenge of handling dynamicity exhibited by the nodes. This survey presents a comprehensive review on recently developed routing protocols for FANETs. In the initial part of this paper, a basic overview of FANETs, their differences with respect to mobile ad hoc networks and vehicular ad hoc networks, evolution of FANET routing protocols, basic categorization of routing protocols, characteristics and design considerations for FANETs, has been presented. Then, an in‐depth study of recently developed FANET routing protocols has been carried out by categorically differentiating them based on their routing mechanism, highlighting their features, strengths, weaknesses, and Quality of Service (QoS) parameters used for testing, in order to identify their suitability for routing data among flying nodes moving at high speeds. Furthermore, a feature comparison of all the discussed protocols has been presented in a summarized form. Lately, an analysis of mobility models, QoS parameters, simulators, and test beds used in the literature has been discussed in order to reflect their effectiveness when used for FANETs. Finally, open issues and future directions related to FANET routing protocols have been mentioned so as to direct the future research in this area for further advancements.

A Robust Fault-Tolerant and QoS Centric Routing Protocol for Mobile-WMSNs: FTQ-RPM

Objectives: In this study we developed a routing protocol named Fault-Tolerant QoS Centric Routing Protocol for WMSN (FTQ-RPM) where the classical RPL routing protocol was augmented with mobility features and multiple network condition parameters based parent node selection for forwarding path selection. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Fault-resilient routing protocol for Low power Lossy Networks (LLNs) which is applied in parallel to the link layer that once detecting any link outage initiates node discovery. The use of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Expected Number of Control Packets (ETX) based best parent node selection makes FTQ-RPM to achieve fault-resilient routing decision. In addition, RSSI based mobility management or mobile node positioning makes data communication more reliable than the random mobility. It assures reliable data communication over mobile-RPL based WMSNs. FTQ-RPM applies a global link repair model and supplementary forwarding path selection that works in parallel to the link layer of the native-RPL. It assures timely data delivery through supplementary path without imposing any additional computational overheads, delay and energy exhaustion during any link-outage condition. Findings: The overall developed routing protocols have been examined in terms of throughput, real-time data delivery, packet loss, delay, power consumption, resource utilization etc, where the proposed systems have been found superior than state-of-art existing protocols. Application/Improvements: It affirms the suitability of the proposed routing protocols for real-time WMSNs applications particularly for IoT. Keywords: Fault-Tolerant Routing, Low Power Lossy Networks, Mobility, Protocol, Quality of Service, WMSN

Comprehensive review for energy efficient hierarchical routing protocols on wireless sensor networks

In recent years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have played a major role in applications such as tracking and monitoring in remote environments. Designing energy efficient protocols for routing of data events is a major challenge due to the dynamic topology and distributed nature of WSNs. Main aim of the paper is to discuss hierarchical routing protocols in order to improve the energy efficiency and network lifetime. This paper provides a discussion about hierarchical energy efficient routing protocols based on classical and swarm intelligence approach. The routing protocols belonging to both categories can be summarized according to energy efficiency, data aggregation, location awareness, QoS, scalability, load balancing, fault tolerance, query based and multipath. A systematic literature review has been conducted for hierarchical energy efficient routing protocols reported from 2012 to 2017. This survey provides a technical direction for researchers on how to develop routing protocols. Finally, research gaps in the reviewed protocols and the potential future aspects have been discussed.

F-Ant: an effective routing protocol for ant colony optimization based on fuzzy logic in vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a subset of mobile ad hoc networks that provide communication services between nearby vehicles and also between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. These networks improve road safety and accident prevention and provide entertainment for passengers of vehicles. Due to the characteristics of VANET such as self-organization, dynamic nature and fast-moving vehicles, routing in this network is a considerable challenge. Swarm intelligence algorithms (nature-inspired) such as ant colony optimization (ACO) have been proposed for developing routing protocols in VANETs. In this paper, we propose an enhanced framework for ACO protocol based on fuzzy logic for VANETs. To indicate the effectiveness and performance of our proposed protocol, the network simulator NS-2 is used for simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol achieves high data packet delivery ratio and low end-to-end delay compared to traditional routing algorithms such as ACO and ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV).

Double Cluster Based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Reducing the energy consumption of sensor nodes and prolonging the life of the network is the central topic in the research of wireless sensor network (WSN) protocol. The low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the hierarchical routing protocols designed for communication in WSNs. LEACH is clustering based protocol that utilizes randomized rotation of local cluster-heads to evenly distribute the energy load among the sensors in the network. But LEACH is based on the assumption that each sensor nodes contain equal amount of energy which is not valid in real scenarios. A developed routing protocol named as DL-LEACH is proposed. The DL-LEACH protocol cluster head election considers residual energy of nodes, distance from node to the base station and neighbor nodes, which makes cluster head election reasonable and node energy consumption balance. The simulation results of proposed protocols are compared for its network life time in MATLAB with LEACH protocol. The DL-LEACH is prolong the network life cycle by 75 % than LEACH.

Aware Diffusion: A Semi-Holistic Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Routing is a challenging task in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to the limitation in energy and hardware capabilities in WSN nodes. This challenge prompted researchers to develop routing protocols that satisfy WSNs needs. The main design objectives are reliable delivery, low energy consumption, and prolonging network lifetime. In WSNs, routing is based on local information among neighboring nodes. Routing decisions are made locally; each node will select the next hop without any clue about the other nodes on the path. Although a full knowledge about the network yields better routing, that is not feasible in WSNs due to memory limitation and to the high traffic needed to collect the needed data about all the nodes in the network. As an effort to try to overcome this disadvantage, we are proposing in this paper aware diffusion routing protocol. Aware diffusion follows a semi-holistic approach by collecting data about the available paths and uses these data to enforce healthier paths using machine learning. The data gathering is done by adding a new stage called data collection stage. In this stage, the protocol designer can determine which parameters to collect then use these parameters in enforcing the best path according to certain criteria. In our implementation of this paradigm, we are collecting total energy on the path, lowest energy level on the path, and hop count. Again, the data collected is designer and application specific. The collected data will be used to compare available paths using non-incremental learning, and the outcome will be preferring paths that meet the designer criteria. In our case, healthier and shorter paths are preferred, which will result in less power consumption, higher delivery rate, and longer network life since healthier and fewer nodes will be doing the work.

Comprehensive analysis of Highway, Manhattan and Freeway mobility models for vehicular ad hoc network

Mobility model of a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network VANET is one of the key determinants for developing routing protocol for vehicular communication. The mobility pattern in the mobility model is used to simulate the movement characteristics of the vehicles, which plays an eminent role for developing an efficient routing protocol for vehicular network. The main role of the mobility model in a VANET is to influence the route discovery mechanism, reconstruction of failure links and caching procedures. This paper describes Highway, Manhattan and Freeway mobility models that represent the mobile vehicles and their movement is completely dependent on other vehicles. This paper also presents the simulation results that illustrate the importance of various routing protocols, cluster schemes and the standard 802.11p. The simulation output demonstrates how the performance of VANET routing protocol changes significantly, when the mobility model is changed.

Bee-MANET: A New Swarm-based Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Recently, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) have drawn attention by many researchers due to the development of portable devices and wireless network appliances have accounted for ad hoc networks. Many academic researchers have shown great interest in ad hoc networks for twenty years. One of the main fields adopted by researchers studying on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks is to develop routing protocols in wireless systems. Routing protocol development is related to complexity, scalability, adaptability, productivity, and battery life in wireless systems. Routing protocols for wireless systems are developed in order to cope with these problems. In this paper, a new routing protocol for mobile ad hoc network (Bee-MANET) was presented to improve network throughput. Bee-MANET, AODV and Beeadhoc routing algorithms for MANETs are empirically compared in order to research their large-scale behaviors. The results presented as graphs and brief discussion is given. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.20.3.3421

Design and Implementation of a Testbed for Mobile Adhoc Network Protocols

Due to the significant growth in the area of wireless communication in the last few years, Quality of Service (QoS) has become an important consideration for supporting variety of applications. Elaborate testing of newly developed Mobile Adhoc Network’s routing protocols in real world scenarios is a key step for providing QoS to the users. In order to test the developed Adhoc Routing Protocols, an IEEE 802.11 based testbed has been developed in the paper. Some well-known Adhoc network protocols were implemented and tested in user space daemon in Linux. All the key parameters necessary for assessing an Adhoc Network Protocol have been analyzed. A user application was developed in Java NetBeans Integrated Development Environment (IDE) to ensure repeatability and to provide a mobility model to the users in an efficient way. Customized and special purpose nodes have been developed by integrating various hardware components, in order to improve the efficiency and robustness of the testbed. Some of the well-known protocols have been tested by exposing the configured nodes to an outdoor atmosphere to cater all the unforeseen environmental factors, which affect the performance of Adhoc Protocols. Different performance metrics like overhead, throughput, end to end delay, average jitter and packet loss were evaluated by varying mobility, number of hops, packet size and pause time.

Fuzzy logic optimized wireless sensor network routing protocol

Wireless sensor networks WSNs are used in health monitoring, tracking and security applications. Such networks transfer data from specific areas to a nominated destination. In the network, each sensor node acts as a routing element for other sensor nodes during the transmission of data. This can increase energy consumption of the sensor node. In this paper, we propose a routing protocol for improving network lifetime and performance. The proposed protocol uses type-2 fuzzy logic to minimize the effects of uncertainty produced by the environmental noise. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol performs better than a recently developed routing protocol in terms of extending network lifetime and saving energy and also reducing data packet lost.

BeeSensor: An energy-efficient and scalable routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

Design and development of power-aware, scalable and performance-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an active area of research. In this paper, we show that insect-colonies-based-intelligence – commonly referred to as Swarm Intelligence (SI) – serves as an ideal model for developing routing protocols for WSNs because they consist of minimalist, autonomous individuals that through local interactions self-organize to produce system-level behaviors that show life-long adaptivity to changes and perturbations in an external environment. In this paper, we propose bee-inspired BeeSensor protocol that is energy-aware, scalable and efficient. The important contribution of this work is a three phase protocol design strategy: (1) we first take inspiration from biological systems to develop a distributed, decentralized and simple routing protocol, (2) we formally model important performance metrics of our protocol to get an analytic insight into its behavior, and (3) we improve our protocol on the basis of our analysis in phase 2. We then evaluate its performance in a sensor network simulator. The results of our experiments demonstrate the utility of this three phase protocol engineering, which helped BeeSensor in achieving the best performance with the least communication and processing costs – two main sources of energy consumption in sensor networks – as compared to other SI based WSN routing protocols.