Development Of Methodology Research Articles

A Comprehensive Guide to Secure Build Pipelines with Continuous Scanning

As modern software engineering practices embrace faster release cycles and agile development methodologies, ensuring that security keeps pace has become a critical challenge. Traditional security reviews conducted at the end of the development lifecycle are no longer adequate. Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) pipelines and “shift-left” principles have given rise to continuous security scanning integrating security checks directly into the build and deployment processes. This approach not only detects vulnerabilities and misconfigurations earlier but also reduces remediation costs and prevents security issues from reaching production. This paper presents a comprehensive guide to designing and operating secure build pipelines with continuous scanning. We explore the architecture of a typical CI/CD pipeline, identify key security integration points, and discuss various scanning tools and techniques for code quality, open-source dependency checks, container image hardening, infrastructure-as-code validation, and runtime security. Through diagrams, best practices, tables, and real-world case studies, we provide actionable guidance on selecting tools, configuring alerts, enforcing policies, and building a security-aware engineering culture. We also highlight the importance of compliance, secure artifact storage, and integration with Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) systems. By adopting a holistic, automated, and continuously monitored pipeline, organizations can deliver software at speed without compromising on security or compliance requirements. Keywords DevSecOps, CI/CD, Continuous Scanning, Secure Build Pipelines, Software Supply Chain, Shift-Left Security, Vulnerability Scanning, Compliance, Container Security

Near‐Automated Estimate of City Nitrogen Oxides Emissions Applied to South and Southeast Asia

AbstractCities in South and Southeast Asia are developing rapidly without routine, up‐to‐date knowledge of air pollutant precursor emissions. This data deficit can potentially be addressed for nitrogen oxides (NOx) by deriving city NOx emissions from satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sampled under windy conditions. NO2 plumes of isolated cities are aligned along a consistent wind‐rotated direction and a best‐fit Gaussian is applied to estimate emissions. This approach currently relies on non‐standardized choice of upwind, downwind, and across‐wind distances from the city center, resulting in fits that often fail or yield non‐physical parameters. Here, we propose an automated approach that defines many combinations of distances yielding 54 distinct sampling boxes that we test with TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) NO2 observations over 19 isolated cities in South and Southeast Asia. Our approach is efficient, uses open‐source software, is adaptable to many cities, standardizes and eliminates sensitivity to sampling box choice, increases success of deriving emissions from 40% to 60% with one sampling box to 100% (all 19 cities) with 54, and yields emissions consistent with the current manual approach. We estimate that the annual emissions range from 15 ± 5 mol s−1 for Bangalore (India) to 125 ± 41 mol s−1 for Dhaka (Bangladesh). With enhanced success of deriving top‐down emissions, we find support from comparison to past studies and inventory estimates that top‐down emissions may be biased, as the method does not adequately account for spatial and seasonal variability in NOx photochemistry. Further methodological development is needed for enhanced accuracy and use to derive sub‐annual emissions.

On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of Pentadecacene and Its Gold Complexes.

Acenes are an important class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that have gained considerable attention from chemists, physicists, and material scientists, due to their exceptional potential for organic electronics. They serve as an ideal platform for studying the physical and chemical properties of sp2 carbon frameworks in the one-dimensional limit and also provide a fertile playground to explore magnetism in graphenic nanostructures due to their zigzag edge topology. While higher acenes up to tridecacene have been successfully generated by means of on-surface synthesis, it is imperative to extend their synthesis toward even longer homologues to comprehensively understand the evolution of their electronic ground state. Here, we demonstrate the on-surface synthesis of pentadecacene (15ac) from a trietheno-bridged precursor via the atom-manipulation-induced dissociation of protecting groups or the elimination of adatoms in a gold-pentadecacene complex. The generated 15ac was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)/spectroscopy (STS) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), in combination with first-principles spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We found that 15ac exhibits an open-shell singlet ground state with an experimental singlet-triplet gap of 124 meV and an STS transport gap of ∼1.12 eV. The formation of Au-pentadecacene complexes suggested a considerable contribution of polyradical character to the electronic ground state of 15ac. Our work contributes to a fundamental understanding of the electronic properties of long acenes and to the development of a versatile STM tip-assisted methodology for the synthesis of elusive compounds.

Homo-Mannich Reaction of Cyclopropanols: A Versatile Tool for Natural Product Synthesis.

ConspectusThe Mannich reaction, involving the nucleophilic addition of an enol(ate) intermediate to an imine or iminium ion, is one of the most widely used synthetic methods for the synthesis of β-amino carbonyl compounds. Nevertheless, the homo-Mannich reaction, which utilizes a homoenolate intermediate as the nucleophilic partner and provides straightforward access to the valuable γ-amino carbonyl compounds, remains underexplored. This can be largely attributed to the difficulties in generation and manipulation of the homoenolate species, despite various homoenolate equivalents that have been developed. Among the homoenolate equivalents developed, cyclopropanol stands out due to its intriguing reactivities endowed by the highly strained cyclopropane. Upon activation by a metal, cyclopropyl alcohol is prone to undergo an endocyclic C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond cleavage to give a homoenolate intermediate or a β-keto radical intermediate, which sets the stage for a diverse range of transformations. This account outlines our recent progress in the development of homo-Mannich reaction of cyclopropanol and its applications in natural product total synthesis. This new methodology can be classified into two subtypes: 1) the homo-Mannich reaction of cyclopropanol with imines or iminium ions and 2) the homo-Mannich-type reaction of cyclopropanol with heteroarenes. Through different ways to generate imines or iminium ions, tandem or sequential reactions of C-H oxidation/homo-Mannich, Bischler-Napieralski/homo-Mannich, and asymmetric allylation/homo-Mannich have been developed, leading to the rapid assembly of core scaffolds of sarpagine, koumine, ibophyllidine, Aspidosperma, Melodinus, and Kopsia alkaloids. Besides the reactions with imines or iminium ions, cyclopropyl alcohol can undergo ring-opening addition to indole and pyrrole rings to deliver core scaffolds of schizozygane and indolizidine alkaloids. Based on these methodology advancements, we have accomplished the asymmetric synthesis of 29 alkaloids belonging to 8 families. In this Account, we present a complete picture of our works concerning synthetic design, method development, and applications in natural product total synthesis. It is anticipated that the development of new methodologies of cyclopropyl alcohol will find broad applications in the realm of natural product synthesis.

IMulch: an investigation of the influence of polymers on a terrestrial ecosystem using the example of mulch films used in agriculture

BackgroundThis article provides an overview of the iMulch joint project, which analysed the use of polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable mulch films made of a polylactide (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) on agricultural land as a source of microplastic. The development of a detection methodology using Raman spectroscopy and thermo-extraction desorption gas chromatography mass–spectrometry (TED-GC–MS), the adsorption behaviour, ageing in drainage water and soil, their transport behaviour in lysimeters, ecotoxicity, uptake in plants, a life cycle assessment (LCA) and upcycling were considered.ResultsThe PE film tested showed hardly any degradation or fragmentation during the ageing tests. The biodegradable films showed incipient degradation after 8 weeks in drainage water and initial degradation after 12 weeks in soil ageing experiments. Additionally no degradation could be detected in the lysimeter test within the 24 months analysed. The biodegradable films could be metabolized in laboratory tests with some microorganisms present in the soil. This indicates that these films can be degraded in the environment if the conditions for degradation are optimal. No microorganisms or fungi that could degrade the PE film within a respective period of time were detected in the soil. Adsorption of the tested substances was not observed. Incorporated in soil, mulch film microplastic showed retention of extractable pesticides. In the ecotoxicological tests, both film types showed no acute toxic effects in the earthworm Eisenia fetida and the springtail Folsomia candida. Endocrine activity was observed in eluate samples from both films. However, aged films showed fewer effects than non-aged films.ConclusionBoth types of film show no transport or degradation in the tests under real conditions, which means that they remain in the upper soil layer, where they are available to soil organisms and can lead to high concentrations in the future. As the biodegradable film could be degraded, at least under ideal conditions, we recommend its use. However, proof of degradation must first be verified under real field conditions. In addition, we recommend the use of thicker conventional mulch films to minimize the emission of plastic particles. For this purpose, a minimum lower limit for the material thickness should be defined.Graphical

Co-expression of the RPS6KB1 and PDPK1 genes for production of activated p70S6K1 using bac-to-bac baculovirus expression system

BackgroundRibosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1) is a member of the AGC family of serine/threonine kinases which plays a role in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis, cell growth, and survival. Dysregulation of p70S6K1, characterized by its overexpression and/or hyperactivation, has been implicated in numerous human pathologies, particularly in several types of cancer. Therefore, generating active, recombinant p70S6K1 is critical for investigating its role in cancer biology and for developing novel diagnostic or therapeutic approaches.MethodsThe baculovirus dual expression system was utilized, enabling the co-expression of two recombinant proteins in infected cells: (a) His-tagged S6K1 with a deletion of the C-terminal autoinhibitory motif and a phosphomimetic mutation at the mTORC1 phosphorylation site (T389D), and (b) untagged PDPK1 lacking the PH domain. The high activity of the purified kinase was confirmed by immunoblotting, as well as by Kinase-Glo and AlphaScreen kinase assays.ResultsEfficient expression of both recombinant proteins was achieved, resulting in highly pure preparations of His-tagged p70S6K1. The high activity of the purified kinase was confirmed through multiple kinase assays, demonstrating significantly higher levels of substrate phosphorylation compared to the tested commercial product.ConclusionHere, we report a reliable and efficient methodology for the expression and purification of highly active p70S6K1 (His-actS6K1) in quantity and quality that is suitable for biochemical/biophysical studies and high-throughput enzymatic assays. Our developed methodology offers a rapid and cost-effective approach for producing constitutively active His-actS6K1, which can be utilized in academic research and biotechnology.

Highten Discrete Mathematics Learning Through Gamified: A Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Perspective

Objectives: This study aims to address challenges in engaging and motivating students in mathematics learning by integrating gamification aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 4: Quality Education. Theoretical Framework: Drawing on the Dick and Carey instructional design model, the study develops a structured approach to gamifying mathematics education using the Quizizz application. Method: A ten-stage development methodology is adopted, covering needs analysis, instructional design, iterative implementation, and evaluation, specifically tailored for first-semester students at IKPIA Perbanas Jakarta. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that gamification significantly enhances student engagement and comprehension, achieving a 95.83% accuracy rate in mathematics exercises. Discussions underscore the alignment of gamified tools with digital-native students' preferences and their integration into Learning Management Systems (LMS). Gamification complements traditional teaching methods, fostering interactive and effective learning experiences. Research Implications: Gamification offers scalable models for embedding game mechanics into curricular designs, improving motivation and student-centered learning in higher education. Originality/Value: This research highlights the transformative potential of gamification in higher education, contributing innovative insights into its application in mathematics education and its alignment with SDG 4.

A functional data analysis approach for modelling frequency‐modulated tonal sounds in animal communication

Abstract Frequency modulation (FM) is believed to play a major role in encoding information in tonal vocal communication. However, most studies aimed at investigating acoustic variability rely on the manual measurement of acoustic parameters, and the implementation of multivariate techniques, which represent only partially sound FM. Thus, innovative modelling approaches able to capture local FM dynamics are needed for tonal sounds modelling. These kinds of methodological developments in bioacoustics might be key for further understanding animal behaviour and ecology. We propose the application of a functional data analysis (FDA) approach to model extracted FM patterns, which entails the transformation of acoustic signals into continuous functions. We describe a Raven‐to‐R FDA workflow for modelling tonal sounds and we highlight two of its potential applications for classification aims and FM analysis in relation to behavioural, social, and environmental factors. For illustrative purposes, the approach performance was tested on FM patterns (contours) of signature whistles emitted by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), to investigate their acoustic variability and potential information content. Our results show that tonal sounds are inherently of functional nature and can be treated as such for FM analysis. We found that building the FDA sound curves using 25 B‐spline basis functions was the most appropriate setting for the functionalisation of dolphin whistles. Our approach was able to accurately reconstruct the FM patterns of the modelled tonal sounds and even to capture their fine‐scale modulations, with a precision of 80%. Functional clustering showed an accuracy up to 89% for short whistles. Estimated functional coefficients of the regression model suggested that different contextual factors have a significant effect on the FM patterns of SWs. The adoption of an FDA approach appears to be quite promising for the study of frequency‐modulated tonal sounds, both for classification aims and in‐depth FM analysis. The limitations and advantages of the approach were discussed. We developed and tested a new methodology able to fill knowledge gaps in animal communication, and we anticipate it will lead to advances in the ethological and ecological understanding of wild animal populations.

Sheet metal forming processes: Development of an innovative methodology for the integration of the metal forming and structural analysis

Sheet metal forming processes: Development of an innovative methodology for the integration of the metal forming and structural analysis

A Systematic Review of Micropulse Laser Trabeculoplasty (MLT) in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) Management: Efficacy, Safety, and Future Perspectives

Background/Objectives: Micropulse laser trabeculoplasty (MLT) is gaining attention as a non-invasive treatment option for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), offering an alternative to traditional surgeries and medications. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness, safety, and potential of MLT in glaucoma management. Methods: This review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The strength of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, following the 2011 Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) recommendations. Results: We identified 79 articles, and after removing duplicates and screening abstracts, 56 articles were eligible for further review. A detailed full-text analysis was conducted on 26 articles, of which 15 met the predefined inclusion criteria. Conclusions: MLT shows promise as a primary or adjunctive treatment for reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients. Current evidence supports its efficacy and safety; however, additional long-term studies are needed to confirm its durability and compare its effectiveness with traditional surgical and pharmacological approaches. Standardizing treatment protocols and refining patient selection criteria could enhance MLT’s clinical value and support its broader adoption in glaucoma care.

Photoinduced Late-Stage Radical Decarboxylative and Deoxygenative Coupling of Complex Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives.

The simple and efficient conversion of carboxylic acids into structurally diverse organic molecules is highly desirable in chemical synthesis. This review covers recent developments in photocatalytic methodology for late-stage transformations of complex carboxylic acids and their derivatives enabled by radical decarboxylation and deoxygenation, highlighting some representative and significant contributions in this field. These advancements are categorized based on the reactivity patterns exhibited by the carboxylic acids. Several activation modes to generate alkyl or aryl radical intermediates during decarboxylation of carboxylic acids are presented, namely, single-electron transfer (SET) oxidation, ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT), SET reduction, and energy transfer (EnT) processes. On the other hand, direct activation of C-O bonds in carboxylic acids mediated by phosphoranyl radicals has been discussed and illustrates their potential synthetic application for the synthesis of complex aldehydes, ketones and amides.

Photoinduced Late‐Stage Radical Decarboxylative and Deoxygenative Coupling of Complex Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

The simple and efficient conversion of carboxylic acids into structurally diverse organic molecules is highly desirable in chemical synthesis. This review covers recent developments in photocatalytic methodology for late‐stage transformations of complex carboxylic acids and their derivatives enabled by radical decarboxylation and deoxygenation, highlighting some representative and significant contributions in this field. These advancements are categorized based on the reactivity patterns exhibited by the carboxylic acids. Several activation modes to generate alkyl or aryl radical intermediates during decarboxylation of carboxylic acids are presented, namely, single‐electron transfer (SET) oxidation, ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT), SET reduction, and energy transfer (EnT) processes. On the other hand, direct activation of C–O bonds in carboxylic acids mediated by phosphoranyl radicals has been discussed and illustrates their potential synthetic application for the synthesis of complex aldehydes, ketones and amides.

Pengembangan Media Interaktif Canva untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pronunciation Siswa SD Muhammadiyah 8 Banjarmasin

This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of Canva-based interactive PowerPoint media to enhance pronunciation skills among fifth-grade students at SD Muhammadiyah 8 Banjarmasin. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) methodology with a 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), the research identifies specific learning needs, designs prototypes, validates media through expert reviews, and implements it in the classroom. Observations revealed challenges such as limited vocabulary, pronunciation difficulties, and monotonous teaching methods relying on textbooks and audio recordings. The developed media combines visual, audio, and interactive elements, including quizzes, to engage students. Validation results showed high feasibility, with expert ratings averaging over 98%. A trial with 19 students demonstrated a significant improvement in pronunciation, with an average pre-test score of 62.36 increasing to 83.84 in the post-test, supported by an N-Gain of 0.50 (medium effectiveness). Feedback from teachers and students indicated that the media was practical, visually appealing, and motivational. The findings suggest that Canva-based interactive PowerPoint media effectively addresses pronunciation challenges while enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes. This research highlights the transformative potential of integrating digital tools into education, offering practical solutions for language learning at the elementary level

EcoLingua: Optimizing Indonesian Learning through Lumen5 in Digital Era

This scholarly investigation examines the evolution and application of Lumen5-based video instructional media for Indonesian language pedagogy with a specific emphasis on environmental themes. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) methodology through the ADDIE framework, the inquiry produced five interactive videos that address various environmental challenges, including forest fires, flooding, waste management, landslides, and the maintenance of school hygiene. The research encompassed extensive evaluations involving 10th-grade students, utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate the efficacy of the video-centric learning paradigm. Findings indicated a 30% enhancement in students' understanding of environmental concepts in comparison to conventional text-based instructional strategies. Moreover, 80% of the students indicated heightened engagement with the educational content, while 75% exhibited advancements in their digital literacy competencies. The utilization of Lumen5's AI-driven platform was found to be effective in producing interactive, visually stimulating materials that are appealing to Generation Z learners. By aligning with the Merdeka Curriculum and integrating local environmental contexts, this inquiry presents a scalable framework for augmenting both language instruction and environmental awareness in the context of the digital era. The outcomes imply that AI-enhanced video learning platforms possess the potential to effectively reconcile the divide between traditional educational approaches and modern instructional requirements while fostering environmental consciousness among learners.

Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Surface Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: State of the Art and Perspectives.

Metal oxide materials have found wide applications across diverse fields; in most cases, their functionalities are dictated by their surface structures and properties. A comprehensive understanding of the intricate surface features is critical for their further design, optimization, and applications, necessitating multi-faceted characterizations. Recent advances in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy have significantly extended its applications in the detailed analysis of multiple metal oxide nanoparticles, offering unparalleled atomic-level information on the surface structures, properties, and chemistries. Herein, we present an overview of the current state of the art from an NMR perspective. We begin with a brief introduction to contemporary ssNMR methodologies. Subsequently, we introduce and provide critical reviews on the applications of different ssNMR techniques in the detailed characterizations of the surface local structures, disorders, defects, active sites, and acidity on metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as the revelation of mechanisms behind some intriguing chemistries that occur on the surfaces, referencing representative recent studies. Finally, we address the challenges beyond the current status and provide perspectives on the future development and application of advanced ssNMR methodologies in this emerging field.

Architectural Laboratories

This paper examines the emerging role of the laboratory in architecture, investigating how the "lab" framework has transcended its traditional scientific connotations to become integral to creative, practice-based fields. Historically understood as a controlled environment for producing reliable scientific facts, the laboratory has now been appropriated in interdisciplinary contexts, particularly in architecture, where the focus extends beyond the replication of scientific methods to the development of new research methodologies. This shift has been driven by architecture's inherent dualities—science vs. art, theory vs. practice, and living vs. non-living—compounded by increasing complexity in production. Through an exploration of laboratories in universities in detail the paper situates architecture within a possibility of a new practice supported by research. By engaging with thinkers like Bruno Latour, Karen Barad, and Bernard Stiegler, this study highlights the dynamic possibilities of architectural practice when rethinking material agency, data, and human/non-human relationships. It argues that architecture’s appropriation of the lab framework reflects a deeper engagement with the performative systems of matter, technology, and epistemology. Furthermore, the paper underscores the necessity of reconfiguring architectural practice to address contemporary challenges, by fostering new forms of action that transcend conventional boundaries of laboratory. Ultimately, this paper reveals how the laboratory in architecture is not merely a space for the application of scientific methods but a fertile ground for speculative practices and experimental methodologies that challenge established epistemological frameworks. Through this lens, the architect-agent becomes a connector, facilitating a process that resists total control and embraces open-ended, interactive systems, contributing to the creation of new forms of knowledge and practice.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin in Ctenopharyngodon idella Based on the Sparse Sampling Method and a Nonlinear Mixed Effect Model Following Intravenous and Oral Administration.

The objective of this study was to implement population pharmacokinetic (PPK) of enrofloxacin (EF) in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) after a single oral administration and a single intravenous administration based on a nonlinear mixed effect model. The plasma samples collected by the sparse sampling method were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescent detector. The initial pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were evaluated by reference search and the calculation of a naïve pooled method. After oral administration, the concentration-time profile was best described by a one-compartment open model. The absorption rate constant (Ka), apparent distribution volume (V), and systemic clearance (CL) were estimated to be 3.11/h, 4.36 L/kg, and 0.079 L/h/kg, respectively. After intravenous administration, the concentration-time curve was best simulated by a two-compartment open model. The apparent distribution volume of the central compartment (V1), apparent distribution volume of the peripheral compartment (V2), CL, and clearance from the central compartment to the peripheral compartment (CL2) were estimated to be 0.42, 2.05 L/kg, 0.067, and 2.94 L/h/kg, respectively. Finally, the bioavailability was calculated to be 84.81%. The parameter of AUC/minimum inhibitory concentration value was estimated to be more than 506.32 for Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Flavobacterium columnare indicating that EF at 20 mg/kg has high effectiveness for these pathogens. This study supported a concise method for conducting PK study in aquatic animals that facilitated the development of PK methodology in aquaculture.

The potential impact of weight control management on metabolic health during healthy aging

This review highlights the importance of weight management in supporting metabolic health and healthy aging. By taking into account the genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors, effective weight management strategies can help reduce the risk of metabolic disorders and improve overall quality of life. The aging process is a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by a number of socioeconomic, biological, and psychological factors. In an aging society, the importance of healthy living and the significance of delaying aging process have increasingly gaining traction. The emergence of new medical and technological developments has led to the development of anti-aging methodologies designed to extend a healthy life span. Although aging is a natural process that can be accompanied by health problems, research shows that adopting a healthy lifestyle can help to delay and alleviate the negative effects of aging. Extensive clinical studies emphasize the importance of nutrition and regular physical activity in maintaining metabolic health in the healthy aging process. In summary, this review highlights genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors in weight management to support metabolic health and healthy aging, and evaluates the incorporation of personalized medicine in weight management as promising method of interventions to improve the healthy aging process.

Debus-Radziszewski Reaction Inspired In Situ "One-Pot" Approach to Construct Luminescent Zirconium-Organic Frameworks.

Metal-organic frameworks have received extensive development in the past three decades, which are generally constructed via the reaction between inorganic building units and commercially available or presynthesized organic linkers. However, the presynthesis of organic linkers is usually time-consuming and unsustainable due to multiple-step separation and purification. Therefore, methodology development of a new strategy is fundamentally important for the construction and further exploration of the applications of MOFs. Herein, we report an in situ "one-pot" strategy inspired by the Debus-Radziszewski reaction, in which the generation of organic linkers from three kinds of simple and commercially available precursors and sequential construction of MOFs are integrated into one solvothermal condition. Based on this method, two zirconium-tetracarboxylate frameworks (HIAM-4028-op and HIAM-4029-op) were successfully prepared, which exhibit bright blue and near-infrared emissions, respectively. Due to the coordinatively unsaturated metal sites and the low symmetry of HIAM-4028-op, the coordination modes in the single crystal can transfer from the pristine 8-connected Zr6 cluster to 8- and 9-connected and to 9- and 12-connected Zr6 cluster coexisting structures via secondary linker installation. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first time to construct MOFs using a Debus-Radziszewski reaction-inspired in situ "one-pot" strategy, which opens a new way to design and construct MOFs with specific properties and structures.

Asymmetric ion transport through heterogeneous bilayers of covalent organic frameworks

In recent years, with the development of interfacial polymerization methodologies, the successful preparation of covalent organic framework (COF) monolayers featuring ultrahigh pore density and molecule-scale thickness has become a reality. This advancement has enabled ion transport with ultrahigh flux across extremely short paths. Owing to these processes, the COF monolayers have shown wide potential applications ranging from energy conversion and artificial mechanosensing to ion sieving. To date, nanofluidic systems based on COF monolayers are homogeneous, leading to nearly symmetric ion transport properties. Studies on the ionic transport behavior within ultrathin COF heterojunctions are limited and remain challenging. Herein, using a two-step sequential self-assembly and subsequent interfacial polymerization strategy, bi-layered heterogeneous tetraphenylporphyrin-based COF membranes composed of negatively charged and positively charged monolayers were prepared. Using an electric field as a driving force, rectified ion transport was observed for the first time. Notably, this ionic current rectification property could be modulated by the salt concentration and the structural composition of the membrane, and it was universal for various COF heterojunctions with different chemical ingredients. These findings are beneficial for promoting the development of innovative nanofluidic materials and devices.