Developed Countries Research Articles

Impact of Import and Export on Innovation Efficiency in Japan

Japan's economic development has always been a research hotspot in the academic community. Japan experienced a huge trade deficit in 2022, and in the four years before 2022, Japan's import and export fluctuations were very balanced and structurally stable. Based on the fact that Japan will experience a huge trade deficit in 2022, this paper analyzes the relationship and current situation of innovation and trade in Japan with existing theories and data. As an old developed country, Japan is hardly affected by the local competition brought by the trade impact on its local innovation at the present stage. Moreover, the independent research and development of its advantageous industries led by enterprises makes its advantageous industries more competitive in the trade market and obtain more export opportunities. More export opportunities promote innovation in large Japanese companies and create a virtuous cycle of innovation and exports in Japan.

Schistosoma excretory/secretory products: an untapped library of tolerogenic immunotherapeutics against food allergy.

Food allergy (FA) is considered the 'second wave' of the allergy epidemic in developed countries after asthma and allergic rhinitis with a steadily growing burden of 40%. The absence of early childhood pathogen stimulation embodied by the hygiene hypothesis is one explanation, and in particular, the eradication of parasitic helminths could be at play. Infections with parasites Schistosoma spp. have been found to have a negative correlation with allergic diseases. Schistosomes induce regulatory responses to evade immune detection and ensure their long-term survival. This is achieved via excretory/secretory (E/S) products, consisting of proteins, lipids, metabolites, nucleic acids and extracellular vesicles, representing an untapped therapeutic avenue for the treatment of FA without the unpleasant side-effects and risks associated with live infection. Schistosome-derived immunotherapeutic development is in its infancy and novel discoveries are heavily technology dependent; thus, it is essential to better understand how newly identified molecules interact with host immune systems to ensure safety and successful translation. This review will outline the identified Schistosoma-derived E/S products at all life cycle stages and discuss known mechanisms of action and their ability to suppress FA.

Exploring Self-Management Practices in SMES: Insights from an Initial Survey

Self-managed teams are perceived as highly productive and have been actively studied in recent times. Considering this, the notion of the utility of establishing and cultivating such teams in small and medium-sized businesses in Kazakhstan has emerged, aiming to enhance their role in the country's economic development. Therefore, the authors of this article have resolved to conduct an empirical study on teams operating within the SMEs sector of Kazakhstan. This study aims to present the findings of an initial survey conducted among employees of small and medium-sized enterprises to characterize their self-management capacities and identify factors influencing their self-management abilities. For this purpose, representatives of teams in small and medium businesses in Kazakhstan were surveyed. The design of the survey questionnaire involved three field experts to validate and refine the questions. Findings reveal that approximately two-thirds of SME teams in Kazakhstan demonstrate characteristics of cross-functionality, diversity, motivation, and co-location, indicative of their self-managing nature. This suggests agile management's potential for organizational goals. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study aimed to investigate how far the teams in Kazakhstani enterprises are self-managed. Doi: 10.28991/HIJ-2024-05-03-016 Full Text: PDF

Assessment of green development level performance in G20 countries: A dynamic evaluation framework

To achieve sustainable development goals and foster future prosperity globally, the promotion of green development is essential. Nevertheless, persistent regional disparities in green development among the G20 nations stem from differing economic and environmental conditions in dynamic contexts. In light of these conditions, it is essential for governments to evaluate their country's current green development performance in comparison with higher-performing nations and to learn from their experiences. This study introduces a new dynamic evaluation framework that integrates the importance of evaluation indicators using the dynamic entropy weighting method, a Dynamic Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution method, and principal component analysis. This framework serves as a tool for G20 countries to assess their green development levels between 2015 and 2021. A key contribution of this study is the facilitation of the G20's ability to implement relevant reform measures and monitor green development progress in a dynamic environment. This framework can serve as a model for similar evaluations in other regions globally. The study's main findings indicate that G20 countries with high levels of green development possess strong economic foundations and prioritise the balanced development of their economies, societies, environments, and innovation.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BREAST CANCER IN THE ARAB REGION BETWEEN 1999 AND 2024: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Breast cancer (BC) poses a significant health challenge in both developed and developing countries, with limited research in the Arab region compared to the West. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive perspective on breast cancer incidence and mortality trends between 1999 and 2024, considering diverse socio-cultural and economic factors.A thorough literature review was conducted using sources such as PubMed, Medline, and recent WHO publications. Findings revealed that the incidence of breast cancer in the Arab world increased gradually during the period studied. However, the incidence of breast cancer among women in the Arab region was lower than the global average, and the mortality rate among women with breast cancer in the Arab region was lower than the global average. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates have increased since 1990.The country-specific data showed that the more developed Arab countries tended to have a higher burden of breast cancer. Factors such as urbanization, increased life expectancy, and adoption of westernized lifestyles have been associated with the observed increase in breast cancer rates. Despite promising breast cancer screening initiatives, most Arab countries lack a structured universal screening program and participation rates are very low.The increasing incidence and burden of BC in the Arab region is remarkable, especially considering the limited resources of developing countries in this region. Appropriate strategies such as expansion of screening programs and careful resource management are needed to effectively manage the burden of BC.

Tax potential of municipalities as the basis of regional budgets

In the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as RF, Russia), which is a federal state with a three-level budget system, it is assumed that there is tax potential at all levels: federal, regional, and local. With the help of taxes, the financial basis of local governments is formed and the socio-economic development of municipalities is ensured. In developed countries, municipal budgets are formed mainly from the taxes assigned to them. In Russia, they continue to remain the most problematic link in the country’s budget system. The purpose of the article is to study the influence of the taxes assigned to local budgets on the formation of the tax potential of the municipalities. Objectives are the following: analysis and assessment of revenues of the Russian local budgets in dynamics, justification of directions for increasing the tax potential. The methodological basis of the research is founded on a systematic approach, within which the following methods have been used: analysis and synthesis, generalisation, grouping, tabular method, etc. The research has found that over the past years, with the introduction of the Tax Code of the RF, problems of insufficient tax and non-tax revenues remain for most municipalities, low level of the tax potential and predominance of interbudgetary transfers in their budgets are current. Due to the increasing centralisation of the tax revenues, the degree of dependence of the municipalities on the federal centre is high. Without actually enhancing the tax potential of the municipalities, the development of the regional economy is impossible. The re -search results can be used in practice when developing economic policy for municipal development.

A Comprehensive IoT edge based smart irrigation system for tomato cultivation

Agriculture industry is the primary engine for a country's economic development. Growing crops using minimum irrigation water is a major challenge for farmers. In conventional farming, crops may be affected by various diseases due to inadequate irrigation scheduling. Recent proposals have suggested using Edge-IoT, AI, and distributed computing to accelerate the inference procedure utilized in smart irrigation applications. The use of resource-constrained edge servers and edge devices used to deliver smart agriculture applications can cause latency-sensitive workloads to interfere with one another. To address this issue, we design a long-range (LoRa) edge IoT computing-based sustainable and customized smart irrigation framework to capture the real-time data of tomato plants. This helps in automatic underground drip irrigation scheduling. This also predicts total water demand and usage, and measure plant growth status. The edge-IoT cloud data transmission control and optimization has been enforced using Smart irrigation data optimization and robust transmission (SIDORT) Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) system. We develop a hybrid algorithm named Linked least traversal (LLT) for machine-to-machine communication (M2M). Also, a Reinforcement learning (RL) based Optimal Soil Wetness Closeness Policy (OSWCP) for irrigation scheduling has been proposed. The performance of the proposed smart irrigation models has been validated through extensive experiments using real-time data in which OSWCP performance has been measured at a 97.88 % accuracy rate. Additionally, a comparison of our proposed architecture has been accomplished by resolving the existing smart irrigation system challenges.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

The article is devoted to the study of the main trends in the development of digital technologies in the financial sector of the economy, namely, the topic is relevant in the context of rapid globalization, digitalization and transition to digital ecosystems. The modern financial sector of the economy at different stages of its life cycle cannot function without the use of digital technologies. In addition, online activity, browsing social networks, and web pages, and using various applications are essential for civil society. The purpose of this paper is to study the changing impact of advanced technologies on digital security, as well as to substantiate the trends in the development of digital technologies in the financial sector of the economy.The article characterizes the risks arising from the digitalization of the economy - the results of the analysis show that the effective use of these factors can stimulate the competitiveness of financial institutions. The level of threat in data management is investigated, which should be taken into account when forecasting potential threats of digitalization in the financial sector of the economy, which allows the management of institutions to optimize: financial, human and technological resources for risk management and take measures to offset possible losses from cyber threats and restore the stable development of economic systems.The article identifies trends in the development of digital technologies in the financial sector of the economy that require detailed study and provide for the transition to a modern digital financial platform. This transition will not only strengthen the country's domestic market, increasing the level of independence from the import of foreign technologies but will also contribute to improving the global importance of the economy. Therefore, the use of digital technologies in the financial sector of the economy is of key importance, and effective financing in the new economic reality largely ensures the success of the country's socio-economic development.

PRINCIPLES OF TEACHER TRAINING IN THE FINNISH EDUCATION SYSTEM

The article presents in detail the principles of the Finnish educational policy, which are the basis of the principles of school management and teacher training. It presents the principles that are widely used in the process of teacher training in developed European countries and the principles that are characteristic mainly of the Finnish education system. We reveal the peculiarities of the principles of Finnish teacher training by presenting the theories of adaptation of education and masterful learning based on them. The paper analyzes the principles of equality, continuity, teaching evaluation, teaching research, and trust at the same time. It presents the current stage of the teacher training process in the education system in Finland, as well as the factors that form the principles of teacher training, in particular the innovative policy of Finland in the field of education. The article analyzes the principles of systematization, consistency of state policy, strategic direction of reforms, taking into account the socio-economic goals of the country, correction and modernization of programs. It analyses as a special feature, adaptive learning theories, examines in the context of which evaluation approaches and standards. It singles out the principle of individual development of Finnish teacher training. It is noted that it acts as an alternative principle. The idea is emphasized that any principles of Finnish teacher training are based on the principles of educational reforms, which are the starting point in educational policy. The novelty of the research is that, as a result of historical comparative analysis, trends and features of the formation and development of Finnish teacher training principles were revealed.

Systematic Literature Review: Analisis Faktor Risiko Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1 pada Anak dan Remaja di Negara Maju Wilayah Eropa Barat

The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus mostly occurs in children and adolescents has increased significantly every year, especially in developed countries in Western Europe which continue to experience the highest increase. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk factors for type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents in developed countries in Western Europe. This type of research is a systematic literature review. The literature search strategy as a source of information was carried out by accessing electronic databases online, namely Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Article quality assessment using Critical Appraisal Skill Programme (CASP). The results showed that out of 10 (2014-2024), conducted in the United Kingdom (n=1), Sweden (n=1), Germany (n=1), England (n=2), Denmark (n=3), Norway (n=1) and conducted in Norway and Denmark (n=1). Of the 10 articles, 5 out of 10 articles examined BMI on the development of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. The results of this systematic review found that age, gender, race, family history of diabetes, socioeconomic, BMI, nutritional intake in mothers and children, physical activity, infection and smoking will increase the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents in developed countries in Western Europe.

Obstructed Labor at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: A Six-Year Review

Introduction: Unlike most developed countries, obstructed labor with a dead fetus is still a reality in many developing countries, and it is a well-known cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objective: To highlight the characteristics of patients presenting with obstructed labor at a tertiary hospital and determine fetomaternal outcomes. Methodology: A retrospective descriptive study of 45 cases of obstructed labor that were managed in a tertiary hospital from January 2009 to December 2014. Relevant information was extracted from patients’ case files, and the data obtained were analyzed. Results: Obstructed labor constituted 0.75% of all deliveries. All patients were referred in, and thirty (2/3) of them were nulliparous, while 25 (55.6%) were between the ages of 16 and 25. Forty-one (91.1%) of the patients were delivered by emergency caesarean section, while four patients had exploratory laparotomy with uterine repair and bilateral tubal ligation. Thirty-eight (84.5%) of the babies weighed between 2.6-4kg and five (11.1%) weighed more than 4kg. Most of the patients, 91.1%, had prolonged hospital stay with 25% staying over 3 weeks postpartum before being discharged. Eight (17.8%) suffered severe birth asphyxia, and there were five perinatal and two maternal mortalities. The commonest complication was puerperal sepsis. Conclusion: The study showed obstructed labor remains a cause of perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. Effective use of partographs in the peripheral centers, where all the women came from, would ensure early referral before labor became obstructed.

Hearing loss in children with congenital heart disease

Background : Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a dangerous disease, about 50% of deaths will occur in the first month of life. In developed countries almost all types of congenital heart disease have been detected in infancy even at less than 1 month of age, whereas in developing countries many are only detected after the child is older, so in some severe CHD types may have died before being detected. Rubella infection in pregnancy or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) can cause miscarriage, fetal death, or congenital abnormalities after birth. CRS is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), congenital cataracts or glaucoma, congenital heart disease, and developmental delays. Purpose : This case report was submitted in order to find out how to properly treat patients with hearing loss with sensory deafness and congenital heart disease. Case : Reported a 3-year-old 6-month-old boy diagnosed with very severe degree sensorineural deafness and congenital heart disease based on anamnesis, physical examination and examination of OAE, BERA and ASSR for examination of auditory function) and echocardiography examination for examination of cardiac function. Conclusion : From the history, physical examination and examination of OAE, BERA, ASSR showed patients with very severe sensorineural hearing loss of the left and right ear and congenital heart disease, planned use of hearing aids or cochlear implantation and cardiac consul for CHD treatment.

Experiences of water poverty in the metropolitan area of Barcelona: implications for the Global North

ABSTRACT Water poverty, primarily understood as a problem of affordability, is increasingly important in developed countries. It burdens vulnerable households with mounting debts or deprives them of this fundamental resource. Faced with this threat, households may modify their habits to reduce consumption and seek also assistance to reduce the amount of the water bill. Both strategies imply stressful efforts, often exacerbated by unexpected events like the COVID-19 pandemic. Using semi-structured interviews with 35 vulnerable households in a working-class town near Barcelona, in this paper we blend a quantitative assessment of home water habits with a qualitative analysis of strategies to reduce water bill costs. Results reveal a strong commitment to water savings but clashes with essential household needs, particularly for children. Respondents lament that despite intense water saving, bills remain high, given water's perceived expense and limited subsidy access. In sum, addressing the issue of water poverty from the subjective experience of those struggling against it in their daily lives allows to identify situations where basic physical and mental comfort of the more vulnerable is under severe stress. These experiences and perceptions are linked to sociopolitical and economic processes such as accumulation by dispossession or ecological modernization, contributing to water poverty.

Injury prevention in the US Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting programme

BackgroundMany home-based interventions have been demonstrated to reduce unintentional and intentional injuries in young children aged 0–4 years, but an understanding of their inclusion in federally-funded home visiting programmes in...

경제정책 불확실성이 한국 금융 불안에 미치는 영향 분석

Korea is a small open economy and is significantly affected by macroeconomic shocks in major countries. Previous studies have shown that financial markets such as the stock market and foreign exchange market are sensitive to financial instability and economic policy uncertainty in major developed countries. However, these studies have typically focused on individual financial markets and have not comprehensively analyzed how financial stress in Korea is affected by uncertainty in major developed countries from the perspective of financial stability. In this study, we use the spillover index proposed by Diebold and Yilmaz(2009, 2012) to analyze the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in the United States, Europe, Japan, and Korea on Korea's financial stress index (FSI). The study examines the influence of economic policy uncertainty in these major developed countries on Korea's financial stress over time. Furthermore, the findings indicate that during periods of heightened uncertainty, major developed countries have a relatively large impact on Korea's financial stress.

Comparative analysis of corporate social responsibility management: foreign experience

Building the concept of a socially responsible enterprise is an important element of the process of implementing sustainable development at enterprises and in the country as a whole. The purpose of the paper is the analysis and systematization of key aspects of social protection, provision of social services, organization and management of social responsibility of enterprises, organizations and the state as a whole in developed countries of the world in order to develop a mechanism of social responsibility management in Ukraine. To achieve the goal, the following tasks have been set to research modern approaches to social protection and the provision of social services in foreign countries of the world, as well as to analyze the best foreign practices in managing social responsibility at the enterprise, local and state levels. A scheme of interconnection of local social responsibility, consisting of external and internal and operating at the level of the enterprise, region, industry, and state, has been built. The scheme made it possible to substantiate the criteria by which the analysis was carried out - social protection, social services, management of social responsibility by levels (state, local and enterprise or organization level). It was concluded that the management of social responsibility is carried out in countries according to the models of social responsibility chosen by the state in accordance with traditions and culture. At the same time, there is no single classification of these models. The classifications differ only in the complete disclosure of the European model. It has been proven that the models of social responsibility differ in the level of intervention by state authorities regarding social protection and the provision of social services. The conducted comparative analysis will allow to build a mechanism for managing the social responsibility of the enterprise.

Developing a Sustainable Education Protocol for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adhd) in the Context of Developing Country

Abstract Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adhd) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that may significantly impact children’s academic, social, and emotional health. This study has examined the most recent scholarly research on the influence of adhd on children’s academic performance as well inclusive education protocol in different country contexts. Legal and academic interventions for adhd are well-established in developed countries, but there is a significant gap in addressing the needs of children with adhd in developing countries. This research study aims to fill the gap by suggesting a sustainable formal education protocol designed to meet the specific problems and situations of developing countries. The proposed Strategies-Support Services-Collaboration (ssc) protocol is influenced by concepts of inclusion, equity, and sustainability, aiming to address the different challenges encountered by children with adhd in obtaining quality education. The protocol includes measures for early detection and assessment of adhd, customised academic accommodations and support services, teacher training and capacity-building programmes, and collaborations with community resources and healthcare professionals. This research intends to empower educators, policymakers, and communities by proposing a sustainable formal education protocol. The goal is to establish more inclusive and supportive learning settings for children with adhd, thereby enhancing their academic success and general well-being. Integrating children with adhd into formal school aligns with the Sustainable Development Goal (sdg) 4 which aims to offer inclusive and quality education for everyone.

Mitochondrial DNA control-region and coding-region data highlight geographically structured diversity and post-domestication population dynamics in worldwide donkeys.

Donkeys (Equus asinus) have been used extensively in agriculture and transportations since their domestication, ca. 5000-7000 years ago, but the increased mechanization of the last century has largely spoiled their role as burden animals, particularly in developed countries. Consequently, donkey breeds and population sizes have been declining for decades, and the diversity contributed by autochthonous gene pools has been eroded. Here, we examined coding-region data extracted from 164 complete mitogenomes and 1392 donkey mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region sequences to (i) assess worldwide diversity, (ii) evaluate geographical patterns of variation, and (iii) provide a new nomenclature of mtDNA haplogroups. The topology of the Maximum Parsimony tree confirmed the two previously identified major clades, i.e. Clades 1 and 2, but also highlighted the occurrence of a deep-diverging lineage within Clade 2 that left a marginal trace in modern donkeys. Thanks to the identification of stable and highly diagnostic coding-region mutational motifs, the two lineages were renamed as haplogroup A and haplogroup B, respectively, to harmonize clade nomenclature with the standard currently adopted for other livestock species. Control-region diversity and population expansion metrics varied considerably between geographical areas but confirmed North-eastern Africa as the likely domestication center. The patterns of geographical distribution of variation analyzed through phylogenetic networks and AMOVA confirmed the co-occurrence of both haplogroups in all sampled populations, while differences at the regional level point to the joint effects of demography, past human migrations and trade following the spread of donkeys out of the domestication center. Despite the strong decline that donkey populations have undergone for decades in many areas of the world, the sizeable mtDNA variability we scored, and the possible identification of a new early radiating lineage further stress the need for an extensive and large-scale characterization of donkey nuclear genome diversity to identify hotspots of variation and aid the conservation of local breeds worldwide.

Contending with coloniality: Unsettling migration narratives of Venezuelans in Peru

This article explores how Venezuelan migrants in Peru negotiate sometimes-contradictory notions of identity, solidarity and modernity. Building from decolonial scholarship, it argues for the importance of situated racialized accounts of migrants’ experiences. I found that a common identity as Latin Americans facilitated migration, with an emphasis on solidarity and ‘brotherhood’. Yet, Venezuelans’ narratives also reinforced hierarchical notions of development that position whiter populations as more advanced than indigenous populations. Their stories reveal a constant negotiation between discourses of shared identity and hierarchical understandings of development and modernity that are constantly perpetuated under the coloniality of power. My findings reiterate a need to not only consider multiple intersecting components of migrant identities but also the ways in which identities shift and take on different meanings in different spatial contexts. Based on 18 migrant narratives, the article addresses a lacuna of analyses examining how migrants themselves re-theorize race and development. By centering coloniality and racialization in migration, I challenge linear narratives of migration from less developed to more developed countries and show how some migrants grapple with vulnerability while also reinforcing uneven power dynamics of racialized othering.

Psychotherapy of generalized anxiety disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by persistent, poorly controlled anxiety and fears for various reasons. Thoughts are dominated by the themes of danger. Nonspecific symptoms include tension, restlessness, fatigue, poor concentration, irritability and dysautonomia. In the long run, the risk of depression and alcoholism is increased, comorbidity with affective, addictive and other disorders is often encountered. The article provides a brief overview of psychotherapy methods for this disorder. The cognitive behavioral psychotherapy appears to be most effective. One of the main goals of the therapy is training of realistic and objective thinking. Using self-observation, the patient becomes aware of his tendency to seek out and exaggerate threats. The problem-solving training can be used to improve social competence and coping skills. Various relaxation methods and other varieties of psychotherapy are applied. The schema therapy is an integrative approach including elements of different methods. Internet counseling can be used in isolation or as an adjunct to conventional psychotherapy. Anxiety disorders were diagnosed relatively rarely in Russia, and the number of psychotherapists was smaller than in other developed countries. Today, the situation is changing thanks to success of psychotherapy and development of individual rehabilitation regimes.