Design Principles For Development Research Articles

Non-Empirical Law for Nanoscale Atom-by-Atom Wear.

Wear of contact materials results in energy loss and device failure. Conventionally, wear is described by empirical laws such as the Archard's law; however, the fundamental physical and chemical origins of the empirical law have long been elusive, and moreover empirical wear laws do not always hold for nanoscale contact, collaboratively hindering the development of high‐durable tribosystems. Here, a non‐empirical and robustly applicable wear law for nanoscale contact situations is proposed. The proposed wear law successfully unveils why the nanoscale wear behaviors do not obey the description by Archard's law in all cases although still obey it in certain experiments. The robustness and applicability of the proposed wear law is validated by atomistic simulations. This work affords a way to calculate wear at nanoscale contact robustly and theoretically, and will contribute to developing design principles for wear reduction.

Design principles for learning analytics information systems in higher education

ABSTRACT This paper reports a design science research (DSR) study that develops, demonstrates and evaluates a set of design principles for information systems (IS) that utilise learning analytics to support learning and teaching in higher education. The initial set of design principles is created from theory-inspired conceptualisation based on the literature, and they are evaluated and revised through a DSR process of demonstration and evaluation. We evaluated the developed artefact in four courses with a total enrolment of 1,173 students. The developed design principles for learning analytics information systems (LAIS) to establish a foundation for further development and implementation of learning analytics to support learning and teaching in higher education.

1H Thermal Mixing Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with BDPA as Polarizing Agents.

Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) is a sensitivity enhancing technique for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. A recent discovery of Overhauser Effect (OE) DNP in insulating systems under cryogenic conditions using 1,3-bisdiphenylene-2-phenylallyl (BDPA) as the polarizing agent (PA) has caught attention due to its promising DNP performance at a high magnetic field and under fast magic angle spinning conditions. However, the mechanism of OE in insulating-solids/BDPA is unclear. We present an alternative explanation that the dominant underlying DNP mechanism of BDPA is Thermal Mixing (TM). This is ascertained with the discovery that TM effect is enhanced by multi-electron spin coupling, which is corroborated by an asymmetric electron paramagnetic resonance line shape signifying the coexistence of clustered and isolated BDPA species, and by hyperpolarized electron spin populations giving rise to an electron spin polarization gradient which are characteristic signatures of TM DNP. Finally, quantum mechanical simulations using spatially asymmetrically coupled three electron spins and a nuclear spin demonstrate that triple-flip DNP, with hyperfine fluctuations turned off, can yield the 1H DNP profile as observed with BDPA. Clarifying the DNP mechanism is critical to develop design principles for optimizing the PA for achieving optimal DNP efficiency.

Principles of space planning solutions applicable to low-rise buildings in Kesab, Syria

Introduction. Latakia Governorate, Syria, includes Kesab located in a mountainous area. Plains, that are good for construction purposes, are depleted; therefore, mountain slopes have to accommodate new construction projects. The analysis of space planning solutions, designated for single-family residential houses, was performed with regard for the terrain of Kesab. This analysis underlies the fundamental principles of the architectural solutions that take account of the following factors: the slope type/orientation, the layout of buildings in relation to the slope and access routes, the use of the “bearing floor” design system that reduces construction costs, the use of cantilever solutions for first floors, the availability of summer premises protected from overheating in the Kesab climate, the orientation of the slope towards cardinal points, and traditions of Arabic families. Principles of architectural design of single-family residential houses with account taken of the local terrain constitute the subject of this research. The objective is to develop recommendations designated for architectural solutions for single-family residential houses to be built in the mountainous environment of Kesab, to assure indoor comfort depending on the earth grade and terrain orientation towards cardinal points, and to reduce construction costs. Materials and methods. The research is based on the analysis of the Kesab terrain, the analysis of potential construction work to be performed on the slopes having different orientations, the use of the “bearing floor” structural system, the analysis of effective Syrian and Russian regulations and data sources. Results. As a result of research into a single-family residential house built with regard for the Kesab terrain in Syria, the co-authors developed design principles applicable to single-family residential houses in the areas featuring rough terrain. Conclusions. The recommendations are designated for low-rise single-family houses that have different orientations towards cardinal points in the areas that have varied earth grades like Kesab located in the mountain valley.

Addressing the Security Gap in IoT: Towards an IoT Cyber Range.

The paradigm of Internet of Things has now reached a maturity level where the pertinent research goal is the successful application of IoT technologies in systems of high technological readiness level. However, while basic aspects of IoT connectivity and networking have been well studied and adequately addressed, this has not been the case for cyber security aspects of IoT. This is nicely demonstrated by the number of IoT testbeds focusing on networking aspects and the lack of IoT testbeds focusing on security aspects. Towards addressing the existing and growing skills-shortage in IoT cyber security, we present an IoT Cyber Range (IoT-CR); an IoT testbed designed for research and training in IoT security. The IoT-CR allows the user to specify and work on customisable IoT networks, both virtual and physical, and supports the concurrent execution of multiple scenarios in a scalable way following a modular architecture. We first provide an overview of existing, state of the art IoT testbeds and cyber security related initiatives. We then present the design and architecture of the IoT Cyber Range, also detailing the corresponding RESTful APIs that help de-associate the IoT-CR tiers and obfuscate underlying complexities. The design is focused around the end-user and is based on the four design principles for Cyber Range development discussed in the introduction. Finally, we demonstrate the use of the facility via a red/blue team scenario involving a variant of man-in-the-middle attack using IoT devices. Future work includes the use of the IoT-CR by cohorts of trainees in order to evaluate the effectiveness of specific scenarios in acquiring IoT-related cyber-security knowledge and skills, as well as the IoT-CR integration with a pan-European cyber-security competence network.

Peer Teaching Consultants: Design Principles for Instructional Development and Program Alignment

AbstractThis chapter describes a cross‐disciplinary peer teaching consulting program and how graduate student programs and consultant training activities are integrated and aligned around core areas of practice.

Choose your own training adventure: designing a gamified SETA artefact for improving information security and privacy through interactive storytelling

ABSTRACT Online self-disclosure (OSD) on social networking sites can leave individuals and organisations vulnerable to security threats. Following a design science research (DSR) method, we created a gamified, “choose your own adventure” style security education, training, and awareness (SETA) artefact using two formats: text and visual. Both artefacts were designed to identify the security threats that trainees are most susceptible to, debrief them about the threat and its potential consequences, and facilitate behaviour change by letting trainees re-evaluate their decisions. Using a longitudinal randomised controlled experiment, we compared these two artefacts to no intervention and traditional security warning emails by assessing both instrumental (changes in attitudes, intentions, and OSD behaviour) and experiential (memorability and user experience) outcomes. Our survey of 1,718 employees showed that the text-based artefact was better at improving instrumental outcomes, and the visual-based artefact was better at improving experiential outcomes. This study provides a more granular understanding of the linkages between technology artefacts and human experiences through the application of design science thinking. The findings contribute to DSR by developing design principles, testable propositions, and realistic performance evaluation metrics for gamified SETA artefacts, and present practical recommendations for regulating employees’ information security and privacy behaviours inside and outside the workplace.

Body torsional flexibility effects on stability during trotting and pacing based on a simple analytical model

Quadruped animals use not only their legs but also their trunks during walking and running. Although many previous studies have investigated the flexion, extension, and lateral bending of the trunk, few studies have investigated the body torsion, and its dynamic effects on locomotion thus remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of body torsion on gait stability during trotting and pacing. Specifically, we constructed a simple model consisting of two rigid bodies connected via a torsional joint that has a torsional spring and four leg springs. We then derived periodic solutions for trotting and pacing and evaluated the stabilities of these motion types using a Poincaré map. We found that the moments of inertia of the bodies and the spring constant ratio of the torsional spring and the leg springs determine the stability of these periodic solutions. We then determined the stability conditions for these parameters and elucidated the relevant mechanisms. In addition, we clarified the importance of the body torsion to the gait stability by comparison with a rigid model. Finally, we analyzed the biological relevance of our findings and provided a design principle for development of quadruped robots.

Implementation of persuasive design principles in mobile application development: a qualitative study

<span>Persuasive design principles (PDP) of persuasive system features framework have shown impressive results from the context of user engagement and acceptance as well as continuous usage towards the persuasive systems involved. Yet, available literatures do not thoroughly address the implementation of these design principles specifically in mobile applications and there is insufficient discussion on the impact of the principles in relation to the overall achievement of mobile applications. Hence, this research was conducted with the aim to qualitatively explore the way PDP were implemented across three different levels of mobile applications’ attainment. For this study, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with the involvement of fifteen (15) Android mobile applications in the area of utilities category. These mobile applications were then categorized into three categories which is successful, partially successful and less successful based on their numbers of mobile applications downloaded for three consecutive years. The results from the content analysis revealed that each of the PDP were implemented in many ways yet the most common applied principles are reduction, tailoring and personalization. However, the analysis also shows low numbers of implementation from the system credibility and social support category. <span>In addition, most of the mobile applications of the successful category have implemented a lot more PDP as compared to the other two mobile application categories. The results from this study has provide significance towards developers, practitioners as well as the scholars from the contextual perspective of persuasive system framework also the practical values of the principles specifically the implementation in mobile application development.</span></span>

Design Principles for Examining Student Practices in a Technology-Mediated Environment

In this article, we present a set of design principles to guide the development of instructional materials aimed to support preservice secondary mathematics teachers (PSMTs) examining student practices in technology-mediated environments. To develop design principles, we drew on the literature related to technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK; Niess, 2005), video cases as learning objects (Sherin & van Es, 2005), and professional noticing (Jacobs, et al., 2010). After presenting the design principles, we share a task created using these design principles. Finally, we share PSMTs’ reflections about changes in their own understanding after examining students’ practices. Their responses provide insights into the usefulness of the design principles for deepening PSMTs’ mathematical knowledge and knowledge of students’ understanding, thinking, and learning with technology.

Recent advances towards single biomolecule level understanding of protein adsorption phenomena unique to nanoscale polymer surfaces with chemical variations

Protein adsorption onto polymer surfaces is a very complex and ubiquitous phenomenon whose integrated process impacts essential applications in our daily lives such as food packaging materials, health devices, diagnostic tools, and medical products. Increasingly, novel polymer materials with greater chemical intricacy and reduced dimensionality are used for various applications involving adsorbed proteins on their surfaces. Hence, the nature of protein-surface interactions to consider is becoming much more complicated than before. A large body of literature exists for protein adsorption. However, most of these investigations have focused on collectively measured, ensemble-averaged protein behaviors that occur on macroscale and chemically unvarying polymer surfaces instead of direct measurements at the single protein or sub-protein level. In addition, interrogations of protein-polymer adsorption boundaries in these studies were typically carried out by indirect methods, whose insights may not be suitably applied for explaining individual protein adsorption processes occurring onto nanostructured, chemically varying polymer surfaces. Therefore, an important gap in our knowledge still exists that needs to be systematically addressed via direct measurement means at the single protein and sub-protein level. Such efforts will require multifaceted experimental and theoretical approaches that can probe multilength scales of protein adsorption, while encompassing both single proteins and their collective ensemble behaviors at the length scale spanning from the nanoscopic all the way to the macroscopic scale. In this review, key research achievements in nanoscale protein adsorption to date will be summarized. Specifically, protein adsorption studies involving polymer surfaces with their defining feature dimensions and associated chemical partitions comparable to the size of individual proteins will be discussed in detail. In this regard, recent works bridging the crucial knowledge gap in protein adsorption will be highlighted. New findings of intriguing protein surface assembly behaviors and adsorption kinetics unique to nanoscale polymer templates will be covered. Single protein and sub-protein level approaches to reveal unique nanoscale protein-polymer surface interactions and protein surface assembly characteristics will be also emphasized. Potential advantages of these research endeavors in laying out fundamentally guided design principles for practical product development will then be discussed. Lastly, important research areas still needed to further narrow the knowledge gap in nanoscale protein adsorption will be identified.

Comparative Analysis of Au and Au@SiO2 Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions for Evaluation as Platforms in Theranostic Applications.

Gold nanoparticles are utilized in a variety of sensing and detection technologies because of their unique physiochemical properties. Their tunable size, shape, and surface charge enable them to be used in an array of platforms. The purpose of this study is to conduct a thorough spectroscopic characterization of Au and functionalized hybrid Au@SiO2 nanoparticles under physiological conditions and in the presence of two proteins known to be abundant in serum, bovine serum albumin and human ubiquitin. The information obtained from this study will enable us to develop design principles to synthesize an array of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based nanoparticles as platforms for theranostic applications. We are particularly interested in tailoring the surface chemistry of the Au@SiO2 nanoparticles for applications in theranostic technologies. We employ common spectroscopic techniques, with particular emphasis on circular dichroism and heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR) spectroscopy, as combinatorial tools to understand protein conformational dynamics, binding site interactions, and protein corona for the design of nanoparticles capable of reaching their intended target in vivo. Our results conclude that protein adsorption onto the nanoparticle surface prevents nanoparticle aggregation. We observed that varying the ionic strength and type of ion influences the aggregation and aggregation rate of each respective nanoparticle. The conformation of proteins and the absorption of proteins on the surface of Au nanoparticles are also influenced by ionic strength. Using two-dimensional [15N–1H]-HSQC NMR experiments to compare the interactions of Au and Au@SiO2 nanoparticles with 15N-ubiquitin, we observed small chemical shift perturbations in some amino acid peaks and differences in binding site interactions with ubiquitin and respective nanoparticles.

The effects of vanadium substitution on one-dimensional tunnel structures of cryptomelane: Combined TEM and DFT study

Rational design of energy storage materials requires mechanistic understanding which relies on atomic scale characterization of structure and defects. Here we utilize vanadium (V)-substituted one-dimensional cryptomelane as a model material to study structural features critical to electrochemical reversibility of the cathode in lithium-ion batteries. We found the substitution of manganese (Mn) atoms in the tunnel wall with V enhances structural uniformity in the parent KMn8O16 material by inhibiting formation of irregular (2 × 3 and 2 × 1) manganese oxide tunnel structures. Upon lithiation, both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and density functional theory (DFT) reveal significant structural evolution, eventually resulting in phase separation and formation of highly reduced manganese oxide. During this process, Mn4+ accepts electrons donated by intercalated Li, while the V4+ substituent is not electrochemically reduced but acts to stabilize the tunnel framework structure. As a result, the V substituted material shows higher operating voltage and improved electrochemical reversibility. Our results highlight the benefits of V-substitution in cryptomelane, and the significance of integrating characterization with simulation for understanding and developing design principles for lithium ion battery materials.

Design and validation of learning sequences of PGSD Sanata Dharma University student to teach the fraction concept for primary student using Montessori manipulatives

Fraction concept is one of the learning problems that often occurs in elementary students. Elementary student’s misconceptions can be caused by teacher’s misconceptions. PGSD students are teacher candidates, so they must have the correct concept then they can teach the concept of fractions correctly too. Learning must be an inspiration for students when they become teachers later. One medium that can be used to teach fraction concepts is media based on Montessori. Local culture can support the use of Montessori media. This study aims to design and validate the learning sequence of PGSD Students in using Montessori media, to develop design principles to teach fraction concepts in elementary school students. The approach in this research is design research which includes three phases, namely design, trial and assessment. In the design phase, researchers formulate students’ prior knowledge and learning objectives. This is used as the basis for the sequence of learning. This stage of learning is evaluated in a repeat trial phases, the hypothesis design principle is developed and from which the learning stages are redesigned. The results of the assessment phase, together with the experience of the previous cycle and research review, are used to perfect the design principles of the student’s learning sequences so they can teach the concept of fractions correctly.

Energy-Efficient Office Renovation

Energy-Efficient Office Renovation

Design Principles for the Professional Development of Teacher Educators: Illustrations of Narration, Dialogue and Self-study

Teacher education has been recognized increasingly as a profession that fundamentally differs from teaching pupils in schools. This has resulted in teacher educator development programs which address the uniqueness of the profession. In this article we depart from this recognition of teacher education as a profession outlining the specifics of teacher education, and we describe a professional development program for teacher educators run in the Netherlands. We describe its building blocks and three design principles – narrative inquiry, dialogue and self-study – and illustrate their value by examples of evaluations taken from the program.

Energy-Efficient Office Renovation

Energy-Efficient Office Renovation

Elaborating reflective abstraction for instructional design in mathematics: Postulating a Second Type of Reflective Abstraction

ABSTRACTThe goal of our research program is to explicate the learning of mathematical concepts in ways that are useful for instructional design and to develop design principles based on those explications. I review one type of concept and our elaboration of reflective abstraction, coordination of actions (COA) that accounts for its construction. I then postulate a second type of concept and a second type of reflective abstraction that accounts for its construction, the abstraction of commonality (AOC).

How can a design-based research methodology that utilises Mixed-Reality (MR) Technologies be utilized to effectively enhance learning for authentic, high-risk situations?

Even experienced mountain climbers underestimate key dangers and make poor decisions in stressful, high-risk situations when climbing, leading to injury and death. My own experience indicates that effective education can play a key role in managing these risks and improving experienced climber’s decision making. Current educational approaches for climbers, however, are generally limited to textbooks and ‘on the mountain’ learning. It is vital, therefore, that new approaches and methods are developed to improve learning. 
 
 My own experience and emergent case studies indicate that AR (Augmented), VR (Virtual Reality) and MR (Mixed Reality), have affordances (possibilities offered by the technology) to underpin new forms of learning and therefore have the potential to enhance education for high-risk environments. Emergent use of MR immersive technologies includes classroom learning, firefighting and military training. An initial review of literature has indicated though that there are very limited examples of rigorous research on the design and application of MR technologies in authentic education, especially for extreme situations such as mountaineering i.e., no one has rigorously designed for these technologies for learning in extreme environments, evaluated learning outcomes and theorised about how learning can be enhanced. 
 
 In response to this gap/opportunity, this research explores the potential of MR technologies to effectively enhance learning for authentic, high-risk situations. The research will use a Design-based research methodology (DBR) to develop design principles informed by key learning theories as they offer recognised and critical approaches for a new way of learning in an extreme environment. Underpinned by a Constructivist paradigm, initial theoretical frameworks identified include Authentic Learning and Heutagogy (student-determined learning).Herrington and co-authors (2009) recommended 11 design principles for the incorporation of mobile learning into a higher education learning environment, and Blaschke and Hase (2015)’s 10 principles of designing learning for heutagogy. Other theories and frameworks include Constructivist Learning and the ZPD (the Zone of Proximal Development), design for mobile MR learning and user-centred design. Activity Theory will also be utilised in the data analysis.
 
 Initial design principles will be developed by the DBR methodology. These design principles will be tested through the implementation and evaluation of an MR ‘prototype’ app design solution.’ The prototype solution will be iteratively redesigned using further evaluation and feedback from sample cohorts of end-users. Data will be collected from key participant interviews, researcher observation/reflections and biometric feedback. Methodological triangulation (multimodal data approach) will be used to evaluate learning outcomes. The iterative development will lead to transferable design principles and further theorising that can be transferred to other learning situations involving preparation and decision-making as well as knowledge in high-risk contexts. 
 
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Design innovation of mesoscale robotic swarms: applications to cooperative urban sensing and mapping

Development of mesoscale robots is gaining interest in security and surveillance domains due to their stealth and portable nature in achieving tasks. Their design and development require a host of hardware, controls, and behavioral innovations to yield fast, energy-efficient, distributed, adaptive, robust, and scalable systems. We extensively describe one such design and development process by: (1) the genealogy of our embedded platforms; (2) the key system architecture and functional layout; (3) the developed and implemented design principles for mesoscale robotic systems; (4) the various key algorithms developed for effective collective operations of mesoscale robotic swarms, with applications to urban sensing and mapping. This study includes our perception of the embedded hardware requirements for reliable operations of mesoscale robotic swarms and our description of the key innovations made in magnetic sensing, indoor localization, central pattern generator control, and distributed autonomy. Although some elements of the design process of such a complex robotic system are inevitably ad-hoc, we focus on the system-of-systems design process and the component design integration. This system-of-systems process provides a basis for developing future systems in the field, and the designs represent the state-of-the-art development that may be benchmarked against and adapted to other applications.