Deutsch's Theory Research Articles

Eğitim Yönetiminde Kurumsal Çerçevede Örgütsel Adalet Teori ve Yaklaşımlarının İncelenmesi

Organizational justice theories are classified as Adams' equality theory, Deutsch's distribution theory, the justice judicial model developed by Leventhal, Crosby's relative deprivation model, Thibaut and Walker's self-interest model and the group value model. The theory of equality questions whether people have a moral state of the rewards they receive during their perceptions of justice. The concept of equity or equality that makes up the theory consists of distributive justice and mental incompatibility approaches. Observations have been made about the fairness of what employees will receive as a result of their contributions to organizations in the justice judicial model and it has been concluded that this will not be possible under all circumstances. It was argued that it would be fair to obtain the gains deservedly and to create appropriate environments for the needs of employees to be taken into consideration. Distribution theory is related to the distribution of conditions and achievements between individuals that can affect a person's physical, psychological, social and economic status. Decateration theory is related to the distribution of conditions and achievements between individuals. The theory of relative deprivation is a theory that describes a situation experienced by an individual who cannot benefit from equality. In this theory, it refers to the emotion that an individual feels when making contradictory and negative comparisons. According to the control model, individuals' thoughts about the fairness of decisions are a major determinant of the reactions they elicit against the gains they benefit from procedures. In the group value model, it is argued that group interests should take precedence over personal interests. Employees are expected to act together with the group and treat their cats fairly. In this model, individuals want to belong to a group and stay in long-term relationships with their groupmates. Key Words: Educational Institutions, Educational Administration, Organizational Justice

Rethinking the role of team mindfulness in team relationship conflict: A conflict management perspective

SummaryWhy and when does team mindfulness help to reduce team relationship conflict? To answer this question, we develop and test a theoretical model that builds on Deutsch's theory of cooperation and competition. A two‐wave time‐lagged survey was conducted with 68 teams in an airline food service company located in China. The results showed that team mindfulness was negatively related to team relationship conflict via an increased cooperative conflict approach and a decreased competitive conflict approach. Further, high team job demands were shown to weaken the positive direct effect of team mindfulness on a cooperative conflict approach, as well as the indirect effect of team mindfulness on team relationship conflict via a cooperative approach. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.

컨벤션과 의료관광의 융복합을 위한 이해관계자간 협력모형개발 -Deutsch 협력이론을 중심으로-

컨벤션과 의료관광의 융복합을 위한 이해관계자간 협력모형개발 -Deutsch 협력이론을 중심으로-

Fine particle removal by a two-stage electrostatic precipitator with multiple ion-injection-type prechargers

A novel two-stage electrostatic precipitator (ESP) with multiple ion injection type chargers and parallel collection plates was developed and shown to efficiently collect particles from the corrosive waste gas discharged from semiconductor and optoelectronic processes. Multiple carbon brush electrodes for the generation of ions were located outside of the main gas flow, but the injection of clean air and induced voltage between the outer and inner plates of the charging stage carried ions into the main gas flow; thus, gases and particles in the main flow did not corrode or contaminate the charger. The particle collection performance of the ESP was evaluated experimentally for 0.3 μm particles, PM (Particular matter) 10, and PM 2.5 by varying the application voltages to the charging stage, main gas flow rate, and distance of the carbon brush discharge electrode from the main gas flow duct. The novel ESP achieved particle collection efficiency of 89.5% and 99.5% at the best condition when the voltage was applied to only the charging stage and to both the charging and collection stages, respectively. The particle collection efficiency of the charging stage only and the two-stage ESP was characterized according to the corona discharge power and main flow rate based on Deutsch's collection theory. Also, a simplified 2D simulation results show that the electric field is very high not only near outer carbon fibers but also near the outer metallic electrode edge.

Resource convertibility and ordered commutative monoids

Resources and their use and consumption form a central part of our life. Many branches of science and engineering are concerned with the question of which given resource objects can be converted into which target resource objects. For example, information theory studies the conversion of a noisy communication channel instance into an exchange of information. Inspired by work in quantum information theory, we develop a general mathematical toolbox for this type of question. The convertibility of resources into other ones and the possibility of combining resources is accurately captured by the mathematics of ordered commutative monoids. As an intuitive example, we consider chemistry, where chemical reaction equations such as\mathrm{2H_2 + O_2} \lra \mathrm{2H_2O,}are concerned both with a convertibility relation ‘→’ and a combination operation ‘+.’ We study ordered commutative monoids from an algebraic and functional-analytic perspective and derive a wealth of results which should have applications to concrete resource theories, such as a formula for rates of conversion. As a running example showing that ordered commutative monoids are also of purely mathematical interest without the resource-theoretic interpretation, we exemplify our results with the ordered commutative monoid of graphs.While closely related to both Girard's linear logic and to Deutsch's constructor theory, our framework also produces results very reminiscent of the utility theorem of von Neumann and Morgenstern in decision theory and of a theorem of Lieb and Yngvason on the foundations of thermodynamics.Concerning pure algebra, our observation is that some pieces of algebra can be developed in a context in which equality is not necessarily symmetric, i.e. in which the equality relation is replaced by an ordering relation. For example, notions like cancellativity or torsion-freeness are still sensible and very natural concepts in our ordered setting.

Socialization tactics: Antecedents for goal interdependence and newcomer adjustment and retention

This study argues that Deutsch's theory of goal interdependence is useful to examine the dynamics of serial and investiture tactics on newcomer adjustment and retention in work team contexts. Structural equation results of interviews of specific incidents collected from one hundred and two newcomers support the hypothesized model that serial and investiture tactics used by teams promote cooperative goal interdependence and weaken competitive goal interdependence and independent goal relationship between newcomers and their teams. Cooperative goals were also found to promote positive attitudes and strong co-worker relationships whereas competitive and independent goals resulted in intentions to quit and low levels of organizational commitment and job satisfaction.

Intersection of Game Theory and Attribution Theory with Deutsch's Theory of Cooperation and Competition

In this essay, I explore Deutsch’s theory of cooperation and competition offering my own thoughts and a new explanatory diagram. I look at where Deutsch’s work intersects with game theory and attribution theory. I suggest how Deutsch’s ideas might sit with the shift in thinking argued by social constructionists. Throughout this critical examination of Deutsch’s theory, I ask how it might assist conflict resolution trainers to prepare mediators for work in the ‘eye of the storm’ (Adler 2008). Morton Deutsch’s biographer has called him the ‘father of Conflict Resolution’ (Frydenberg 2005). In the second half of the twentieth century he has helped shape both popular and academic thinking about conflict between individuals and among groups. The origins of interest-based conflict resolution are apparent in his work well before the bestselling book Getting to Yes (Deutsch 1949, Fisher et al 1981). From my experience as a trainer of mediators, I contend that Professor Deutsch’s name is mostly unknown to British conflict resolvers despite their practice drawing heavily on the ideas he has developed over the last 60 years. Erica Frydenberg (2005) makes a similar point about business students being more likely to be familiar with the work of Roger Fisher. The extensive reading lists posted on the websites of CEDR and Core Solutions Group do not cite any of Deutsch’s work (CEDR 2009 and CORE 2008).

Quantum mechanics of time travel through post-selected teleportation

This paper discusses the quantum mechanics of closed-timelike curves (CTCs) and of other potential methods for time travel. We analyze a specific proposal for such quantum time travel, the quantum description of CTCs based on post-selected teleportation (P-CTCs). We compare the theory of P-CTCs to previously proposed quantum theories of time travel: the theory is inequivalent to Deutsch's theory of CTCs, but it is consistent with path-integral approaches (which are the best suited for analyzing quantum-field theory in curved space-time). We derive the dynamical equations that a chronology-respecting system interacting with a CTC will experience. We discuss the possibility of time travel in the absence of general-relativistic closed-timelike curves, and investigate the implications of P-CTCs for enhancing the power of computation.

Individual transnationalism, globalisation and euroscepticism: An empirical test of Deutsch's transactionalist theory

Recent trends of mass-level euroscepticism seriously challenge Deutsch's transactionalist theory that increased transnational interactions trigger support for further political integration. While transnational interactions have indeed proliferated, public support for European integration has diminished. This article aims to solve this puzzle by arguing that transnational interaction is highly stratified across society. Its impact on EU support therefore only applies to a small portion of the public. The rest of the population not only fails to be prompted to support the integration process, but may see it as a threat to their realm. This is even more the case as, parallel to European integration, global trends of integration create tensions in national societies. The following hypotheses are proposed: first, the more transnational an individual, the less she or he is prone to be eurosceptical; and second, this effect is more pronounced in countries that are more globalised. A multilevel ordinal logit analysis of survey data from the 2006 Eurobarometer wave 65.1 confirms these hypotheses.

The View from Above and Below: The Effects of Power Symmetries and Interdependence on Conflict Dynamics & Outcomes

Amidst the vast literature on social conflict, there are a few basic theoretical models that have helped advance the understanding and practice of constructive conflict resolution. Among these, one of the most important and influential is Deutsch's theory of conflict resolution (1973, 2006). Based on his earlier work on cooperation and competition in groups (Deutsch, 1949a, 1949b), it specified the basic conditions and processes involved in constructive versus destructive conflict. However, the original formulation of the theory assumed equal power of the parties in conflict (Johnson and Johnson, 2005). Thus, the dynamics and outcomes observed in a majority of the empirical studies supporting the theory occurred under conditions of relatively equal power between the parties. The assumption of equal power therefore constrains both the theoretical scope and practical implications of the theory. Although there have been important advances in research on the dynamics of asymmetries of power and conflict (see Blalock, 1989; Deutsch, 1973; Kim, Pinkley, and Fragale, 2005; Rouhana and Fiske, 1995; Rubin and Brown, 1975; Tjosvold, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1991; Tjosvold, Coleman and Sun, 2003; Zartman and Rubin, 2002), the findings in this area have been replete with contradictions and have resulted in a good deal of conceptual confusion (Zartman and Rubin, 2002). This paper will present three studies investigating a new social-psychological model of the dynamics of power and conflict. The model builds on the works of Lewin (1951), Deutsch (1949a, 1949b, 1973, 1982, 1985), and Kelly and Thibaut (Thibaut and Kelly, 1959; Kelly and Thibaut, 1978; Kelly, 1979, 1984, 1991) on interdependence, and of McClelland (1975) on social power. The three studies presented in this paper will include: 1) an exploratory study of survey data on how conflict behaviors differ when negotiating across different levels of power, 2) qualitative research with focus groups exploring the implications of differences in power and interdependence for conflict rules and behaviors, and 3) an experimental study that will test hypotheses derived from the theoretical model. This paper will have three sections: (1) a summary of the main principles and limitations of Deutsch's theory of conflict resolution, (2) a presentation of the main propositions of the model of power and conflict, and (3) a discussion of the implications of the research for future work in the area.

Nursing Professional Practice Environments

The aim of this study was to examine the impact of nurses' perceived professional practice environment on their quality of nursing conflict management approaches and ultimately their perceptions of unit effectiveness from the perspective of Deutsch's theory of constructive conflict management. Rising reports of hostility and conflict among Canadian nurses are a concern to nurses' health and the viability of effective patient care delivery. However, research on the situational factors that influence nurses' ability to apply effective conflict resolution skills that lead to positive results in practice is limited. A nonexperimental, predictive design was used in a sample of 678 registered nurses working in community hospitals within a large metropolitan area in Ontario. The results supported a modified version of the hypothesized model [chi2(1) = 16.25, Goodness of Fit = 0.99, Comparative Fit Index = 0.98, Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation = 0.15] linking professional practice environment and core self-evaluation to nurses' conflict management and, ultimately, unit effectiveness. Professional practice environment, conflict management, and core-self evaluation explained approximately 46.6% of the variance in unit effectiveness. Positive professional practice environments and high core self-evaluations predicted nurses' constructive conflict management and, in turn, greater unit effectiveness.

Cartesian Dualism, and Universe as Turing Machine

In the field of computability and algorithmicity, there have recently been two essays that are, in my opinion, of great interest: Peter Slezak's Diagonal Deduction, and David Deutsch's Theory, the Church-Turing Principle and the Universal Quantum Computer. Briefly, the former shows that Descartes's Cogito argument is, in crucial places, structurally similar to Godel's proof that there are statements true but unprovable within a formal system such as Principia Mathematica, while the latter provides strong arguments for believing that the universe can be represented as a Turing machine. But suggestive though these essays are, still more suggestive, I think, are the implications of their conjoining. What I propose to do in this essay is to sketch the arguments of Slezak and of Deutsch, and then to discuss some of these implications, particularly for the establishment of a scientific theology. Slezak and Descartes Slezak's argument is quite simple. He begins by reviewing various accounts of Descartes's Cogito argument, and suggests that these accounts lack an essential ingredient: a plausible, textually faithful rational reconstruction of the argument. With a view to filling this lack, he observes that the representational character of ideas in Descartes makes them semantically analogous to pictures or sentences, the object of which is the physical world. Slezak's concern is to demonstrate that the reasoning employed by Descartes can be shown to be compatible with a physicalist account of the mind and, indeed, can be seen to follow from certain kinds of physical or information-processing arrangements-even though, he cautions, there are notoriously troublesome features of subjective, introspective experience which seem to be intractable to any physicalistic reduction (Slezak, 1983, 15). Slezak sets the stage by presenting pertinent observations by such thinkers as Wittgenstein and Gunderson. He quotes, for example, the following words of Gunderson: If a thoroughgoing physicalism . . . is true, why should it even seem so difficult for me to view my mind or self as an item wholly in the world? (Slezak, 1983, 17) Slezak suggests that perplexity such as that cited by Gunderson is of a particular type-one concerning the place of the entity itself in relation to the rest of the world-and using an example of Gunderson's, he points to a parallel between the apparent irreducibility of the mind's relation to the rest of the world and the fact (for instance) that the one thing a periscope cannot locate is its own cross-hairs. Yet, as Slezak implies, the parallel is of limited application; for although the periscope cannot see its own cross-hairs, both periscope and cross-hairs are both expressible in physical terms-whereas, of course, the mind and the body seem irreducible to each other. Slezak's next step is to adopt Gunderson's method of looking at the world W from the point of view of a person M. According to this method, will have an internal model W* of the world. Seen this way, it is logically impossible for itself to appear directly as a physical object in W* among the other physical objects represented in W*, since W* is itself part of M (Slezak, 1983, 19). Slezak is quick to point out, however, that for many ordinary purposes there is no contradiction in representing the self as a physical object. There are problems only when we try to push that representation too far. Next, Slezak seeks to rephrase Descartes's argument in Gunderson's terms. Descartes, of course, started by doubting the existence of the world; rephrased, this doubt can be expressed as the possibility that everything in W* fails to correspond to W. Slezak follows Descartes's own recommendation that thoughts must be arranged in an order like the natural order of the numbers (Slezak, 1983, 24) to achieve an enumeration of propositions to which assent would be given. Such an enumeration might look like the following:1 (1) Grass is green (2) Roses are red (3) Snow is white etc. …

BRIDGING EAST AND WEST TO DEVELOP NEW PRODUCTS AND TRUST: INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERACTION BETWEEN A HONG KONG PARENT AND NORTH AMERICAN SUBSIDIARY

Trusting relationships have been theorised to be critical for specialists to work together but little research has clarified how trust can be fostered. Deutsch's theory of cooperation and competition was used to examine how trust is developed among new product specialists based in the Hong Kong parent and its Canadian subsidiary. Effective conflict management may be critical for both the innovation needed to create new products and for trust. The study proposes that trust is tested and strengthened when people disagree with each other openly and use each other's ideas to be more productive. Results indicate that cooperative goals contribute to an open-minded discussion of views that lead to productive collaborative work, which in turn, results in trust.

Developing Commitment in Japanese Organizations in Hong Kong

Deutsch's theory of cooperation and competition may be usefully extended to understand how employees decide to commit to their organizations. Results ofstructural equation analyses on data colkctedfrom interviews of Chinese and Japanese employees of Japanese multinational organizations operating in Hong Kong indicate that cooperative goals contributed to open discussion between employees, which resulted in productive workand stronger work relationships, which in turn led employees to feel committed. Competitive and independent goals were largely negatively correlated with dynamics and outcomes. These results argue that the theory of cooperation and competition is usefulfor understanding interdependence and interaction in Asian as well as North American organizations. The theory may have the potentialfor structuring interaction that rewards employees, facilitates their relationships and productivity, and results in commitment.

Empowerment in the Manager-Employee Relationship in Hong Kong: Interdependence and Controversy

M. Deutsch's (1949) theory of cooperation and competition may be usefully extended to the study of effective, empowering, managerial leadership in Chinese settings. Results of structural equation modeling and other analyses on data collected from interviews of Chinese managers and employees in Hong Kong indicated that cooperative goals contributed to constructive discussion between managers and employees and that such discussions, in turn, resulted in productive work and stronger work relationships. Cooperative goals and constructive controversy also predicted democratic leadership and the power of employees and managers. The results suggest that Chinese and North American managers may operationalize goals and controversy differently.

Managing Budget Conflicts: Contribution of Goal Interdependence and Interaction

AbstractManagers are confronted with many conflicts when they use a budget. How they discuss their opposing views may have a substantial impact on whether the conflicts contribute to the budget process productively or destructively. This study used the theory of cooperative and competitive goal interdependence to analyze the interaction between managers as they deal with budget conflicts. Structural equation and other analyses of interviews with managers in a large utility indicate that cooperative goals support an open‐minded discussion of opposing views, which in turn promotes productivity and work relationships that result in acceptance of the budgeting system and a sense of team unity. The results were interpreted as suggesting that organizations that structure cooperative goals and develop constructive controversy skills help their managers use their budget conflicts productively.RésuméLes ≪ managers ≫ sont confrontés à de nombreux conflits lorsqu'ils utilisent un système budgétaire. La manière dont ils traitent leurs points de vue divergents influencera fortement le processus budgétaire, soit de façon productive, soit destructive. Cette étude s'est servie de la théorie de l'interdépendance entre les buts de coopération et ceux de compétition, afin d'analyser les interactions entre les ≪ managers ≫, lorsqu'ils sont aux prises avec des conflits d'utilisation d'un budget. Les équations structurelles et les analyses d'entrevues avec les ≪ managers ≫ indiquent dans une large mesure que les buts de coopération permettent une discussion franche sur des points de vue divergents, ce qui améliore la productivité et les relations de travail. De cette façon, il y aura acceptation du système budgétaire et création de solidarité au sein de l'équipe. Les résultats sont interprétés ici dans le but de proposer aux organisations d'utiliser cette structure de buts de coopération et de développer des aptitudes au dialogue constructif lors de controverses, afin d'aider les ≪ managers ≫à utiliser productivement leurs conflits liés au budget.

Making Employee Involvement Work: Cooperative Goals and Controversy to Reduce Costs

Organizations are involving employees to help reduce costs to succeed in the intensely competitive marketplace. However, many researchers have been skeptical of the value of participation. This study uses Deutsch's theory of cooperation and competition to examine the critical mediating variable of the interaction as employees discuss how to reduce costs. Results of structural equation analyses on data collected from interviews when employees participated in reducing costs indicate that cooperative goals contributed to constructive discussion among employees that resulted in productive work and stronger relationships, which in turn led employees to be committed to reducing costs. Competitive goals were negatively correlated with dynamics and outcomes. These results suggest that researchers and managers can agree that employee involvement has potential but employees need cooperative goals and skills to discuss issues open-mindedly and constructively to realize these benefits.

Using and valuing accounting information : joint decision making between accountants and retail managers

Using accounting information can be complex and difficult because it requires joint decision making between two groups, accountants and line managers, whose different perspectives may interfere with communication and exchange. Interpersonal tension and mistrust may further intensify barriers to problem solving. Deutsch's theory of cooperation and competition was used to examine the interaction between managers and accountants as they made decisions with accounting information. Thirty-three managers from a large food retailer were interviewed on critical incidents. Structural equation and other results support the argument that cooperative goal interdependence induces an open-minded discussion of opposing views. This in turn results in productive decisions and strong relationships which in turn lead to appreciating and valuing the importance of collecting and using accounting and financial information. These relationships seemed to hold across accounting roles. Results were interpreted as suggesting that developing strongly cooperative goals and the skills of constructive controversy can facilitate productive problem solving between accountants and line managers.

Managing Conflict in Dutch Organizations: A Test of the Relevance of Deutsch's Cooperation Theory1

Deutsch's theory of cooperative and competitive conflict may be usefully extended to Dutch people. Results of LISREL analyses on data collected from interviews of Dutch employees in 2 companies indicate that competitive goals interfered with the open, constructive discussion of opposing views. However, cooperative goals were not found to contribute to constructive controversy. Dutch who discussed their opposing views openly made progress on the task, worked efficiently, and strengthened their work relationship and their confidence in future collaboration. These results do not argue that Dutch and North Americans handle conflict similarly, for how these groups operationalize the theory may differ significantly. Goal interdependence may have the potential to be a framework for promoting conflict management between Dutch and North Americans.

Managing for customers and employees in Hong Kong: The quality and teamwork challenges

Service marketing, total quality management, and human resource management researchers have proposed that employee teamwork is a foundation for service quality. North American research suggests that developing cooperative relationships and constructive controversy among employees can empower employees to serve customers and to strengthen their work relationships and commitment to the organization. Chinese employees in an American-style restaurant in Hong Kong were interviewed on specific incidents that affected service quality. Correlational and structural equation results support the hypotheses that cooperative goals help employees discuss their diverse views open-mindedly and that this constructive controversy results in quality customer service. Competitive and independent goals were largely negatively correlated with dynamics and outcomes. Results were interpreted as suggesting that service teams should develop strong cooperative goals and the skills and procedures of constructive controversy. Deutsch's theory of cooperation and competition, although developed largely through North American research, seems useful for understanding and developing service quality teamwork in Asia.