Deuteron-induced Reactions Research Articles

Can we improve the calculation of some excitation functions for deuteron-induced reactions?

In this paper, we propose to use the CDCC* approach to calculate (d,p) excitation functions. Starting from the CDCC* results, we derive some (d,p) differential and integrated cross sections, then using a simple semi-phenomenological model, we calculate the excitation functions for this process. We compare our calculations with the experimental cross sections for the 27Al (d, p)28Al, 58Fe(d, p)59Fe, 59Co(d, p)60Co, 75As(d, p)76As, 81Br(d, p)82Br, 84Kr(d, p)85Kr, 86Kr(d, p)87Kr, 108Pd (d, p)109Pd, 140Ce(d, p)141Ce, 142Ce(d, p)143Ce, 141Pr(d, p)142Pr, 165Ho(d, p)166Ho, and 180Hf (d, p)181Hf reactions. We plan to include these cross sections into evaluations of d-induced reactions and this could be a first step for improving of the quality of the next decade cross sections libraries.

Investigation of deuteron-induced reactions on natGd up to 30 MeV: possibility of production of medically relevant 155Tb and 161Tb radioisotopes

Excitation function for the natGd(d,xn)155Tb and natGd(d,n)161Tb nuclear reactions were measured using the standard stacked-foil activation technique in the deuteron energy range of 30 MeV down to 4.2 MeV. The measured cross-section data were compared not only with the earlier reported experimental values but also with the results of a theoretical model as well. Integral yields for155 Tb and161Tb and for their contaminating radioisotopes were also deduced to evaluate the production circumstances. The results revealed that the investigated radioisotopes can not be produced in no-carrier-added form via deuteron way even using 100 % enriched targets (155Gd and 160Gd).

Excitation functions of deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on natural platinum up to 24 MeV

Excitation functions of the natPt(d,x)192,193,194,195,196m2,196,198m,198,199Au, 195m,197Pt and 190(g+m1+0.086m2),192(g+m1),194mIr nuclear reactions were measured from the respective threshold up to 24MeV deuteron energy by using the stacked foil activation technique combined with HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry. Measured data were critically compared with the available literature data and theoretical data extracted from the TENDL-2013 library, and only partial agreement among them was found. Physical thick target yields for the investigated reaction products were also deduced and compared with the directly measured ones in the literature. The deduced yield curves indicate that a low energy cyclotron (<15MeV) and a highly enriched 198Pt target could be used to obtain 198,199Au in no carrier added form. All cross-sections for 190(g+m1+0.086m2),194mIr and those for 193,194,196m2,196,199Au, and 195m,197Pt in the lower energy region are reported for the first time.

On the formation of non-radioactive copper during the production of 64Cu via proton and deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on enriched 64Ni targets

Routine production of 64Cu commonly exploits the 64Ni(p,n) or 64Ni(d,2n) reactions. Above specific threshold energies, however, non-radioactive 63Cu and/or 65Cu are also co-produced. The non-radioactive (cold) Cu can significantly decrease the specific activity (SA) of 64Cu-labelled radiopharmaceuticals. Based on nuclear model calculations for the formation of non-radioactive Cu isotopes, theoretical specific activities (TSA) for 64Cu were estimated. Reported current production methods, however, often yield SA values that are lower than the corresponding TSA predictions by more than an order of magnitude. Most of the non-radioactive Cu causing this has been found to originate from sources other than co-production, indicating that there is still significant potential for method improvement.

Establishing a theory for deuteron-induced surrogate reactions

Background: Deuteron-induced reactions serve as surrogates for neutron capture into compound states. Although these reactions are of great applicability, no theoretical efforts have been invested in this direction over the last decade.Purpose: The goal of this work is to establish on firm grounds a theory for deuteron-induced neutron-capture reactions. This includes formulating elastic and inelastic breakup in a consistent manner.Method: We describe this process both in post- and prior-form distorted wave Born approximation following previous works and discuss the differences in the formulation. While the convergence issues arising in the post formulation can be overcome in the prior formulation, in this case one still needs to take into account additional terms due to nonorthogonality.Results: We apply our method to the $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}(d,p)X$ at ${E}_{d}=15$ and 25 MeV and are able to obtain a good description of the data. We look at the various partial wave contributions, as well as elastic versus inelastic contributions. We also connect our formulation with transfer to neutron bound states.Conclusions: Our calculations demonstrate that the nonorthogonality term arising in the prior formulation is significant and is at the heart of the long-standing controversy between the post and the prior formulations of the theory. We also show that the cross sections for these reactions are angular-momentum dependent and therefore the commonly used Weisskopf limit is inadequate. Finally, we make important predictions for the relative contributions of elastic breakup and nonelastic breakup and call for elastic-breakup measurements to further constrain our model.

Experimental cross-sections of deuteron-induced reaction on 89Y up to 20 MeV; comparison of natTi(d,x)48V and 27Al(d,x)24Na monitor reactions

We measured cross-sections of the deuteron-induced reactions on 89Y in the energy range of 3.9–19.5MeV. Excitation functions for formation of 88Zr, 89mZr, 89Zr, 88Y, 90mY and 87mSr were determined and compared with previously published data and prediction of the TALYS code. Thick target yields for production of 88Zr, 89Zrcum, 88Y, 90mY and 87mSr were calculated from the measured cross-sections. Achievable activity versus radionuclidic purity of medically relevant 89Zr is discussed and compared with the production via the 89Y(p,n) reaction. Parallel use of titanium and aluminium beam monitors revealed systematic difference between the recommended cross-sections of both monitoring reactions and provided new cross-section data for formation of 24Na, 27Mg, 43Sc, 44mSc, 44Sc, 46Sc, 47Sc and 48Sc. The cross-sections for the natTi(d,x)46Sc reactions agree very well with recently proposed recommended values.

Role of breakup and direct processes in deuteron-induced reactions at low energies

Background: Recent studies of deuteron-induced reactions around the Coulomb barrier $B$ pointed out that numerical calculations for deuteron-induced reactions are beyond current capabilities. The statistical model of nuclear reactions was used in this respect since the compound-nucleus (CN) mechanism was considered to be responsible for most of the total-reaction cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}$ in this energy range. However, specific noncompound processes such as the breakup (BU) and direct reactions (DR) should be also considered for the deuteron-induced reactions, making them different from reactions with other incident particles.Purpose: The unitary and consistent BU and DR consideration in deuteron-induced reactions is proved to yield results at variance with the assumption of negligible noncompound components.Method: The CN fractions of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{R}$ obtained by analysis of measured neutron angular distributions in deuteron-induced reactions on $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{63,65}\mathrm{Cu}$, and $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ target nuclei, around $B$, are compared with the results of an unitary analysis of every reaction mechanism. The latter values have been supported by the previously established agreement with all available deuteron data for $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{54,56\ensuremath{-}58,\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{Fe}$, $^{63,65,\mathrm{nat}}\mathrm{Cu}$, and $^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$.Results: There is a significant difference between the larger CN contributions obtained from measured neutron angular distributions and calculated results of an unitary analysis of every deuteron-interaction mechanism. The decrease of the latter values is mainly due to the BU component.Conclusions: The above-mentioned differences underline the key role of the breakup and direct reactions that should be considered explicitly in the case of deuteron-induced reactions.

Activation cross sections of deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on mercury up to 50 MeV

Activation cross sections of deuteron induced reactions on mercury for production of 195g(cum),196m,196g,197,198m,198g,199,200,201,202Tl,194,195g(cum),196m2,196g(cum),198m,199Au and 195m,197m,203Hg were measured up to 50 MeV incident particle energy for the first time. The experimental data are compared with the predictions of the TALYS 1.6 (results TENDL-2014 on-line library) codes and with the scarce literature values. Possible practical use, based on derived thick target yields, is discussed.

Systematic investigation of spectroscopic factors from (d,p) reactions for deuteron nuclear data evaluation

Spectroscopic factors for the (d,p) reactions on 12C, 27Al, 40Ca, and 58Ni for incident deuteron energies up to 100 MeV were extracted systematically by fitting theoretical distorted wave Born approximation calculations to the existing experimental data. The extracted spectroscopic factors show similar incident energy dependence for all the target nuclei. An empirical expression describing the energy dependence has been deduced and implemented in a computational code system developed specially for deuteron-induced reactions. The calculation with the code system reproduces the measured 27Al(d,p)28Al cross sections in the incident energy range from the threshold to 20 MeV and the measured double-differential cross sections for (d,xp) reactions on 12C and 58Ni at 56 and 100 MeV fairly well.

Development of a Calculation Code System for Evaluation of Deuteron Nuclear Data

Abstract A calculation code system for evaluation of deuteron nuclear data is extended so that the stripping reaction to bound states in the residual nucleus can be taken into account properly using a conventional zero-range DWBA approach. The code system is applied to deuteron induced-reactions on 27 Al for incident energies up to 100 MeV. It is found that the spectroscopic factors derived from the present DWBA analysis have incident energy dependence. The calculation using the extended code system reproduces experimental double-differential cross sections for the 27 Al(d,xp) reaction at 25.5, 56, and 100 MeV, and production cross sections of 28 Al in the incident energy range from the threshold to 20 MeV.

Production cross-sections of long-lived radionuclides in deuteron-induced reactions on natural zinc up to 23 MeV

Production cross-sections of long-lived radionuclides 66,67Ga, 64,67Cu, 65,69mZn, and 58m+gCo via a deuteron irradiation on a natural zinc target were measured up to 23MeV using a stacked-foil activation technique combined with HPGe γ-ray spectrometry. The present results showed partial agreements with the earlier experimental cross-sections and also with the theoretical data extracted from the TENDL-2013 library. Physical thick target yields of the investigated radionuclides were deduced using the measured cross-sections, and they found agreements with the directly measured ones in the literatures except for those reported by Dmitriev et al. for 65Zn. Optimal production pathways of the medically important 67Ga radionuclide using a low energy cyclotron are discussed.

Target residues formed in the 4.4 GeV deuteron-induced reaction on gold

The production cross sections for 110 radioactive nuclides, with mass numbers $22\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}198$, were obtained from the interaction of 4.4 GeV deuteron with a $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ target using the induced-activity method. The deuteron beam was obtained from the Nuclotron of the Laboratory of High Energies (LHE), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) at Dubna. Using the charge distribution data, we derived the total mass-yield distribution. The analysis of the mass-yield distribution allowed us to consider the coexistence of different channels in the interaction such as evaporation, fission, and multifragmentation.

New approach to description of [formula omitted] spectra at energies below 50 MeV in Monte Carlo simulation by intra-nuclear cascade code with Distorted Wave Born Approximation

A new approach to describing neutron spectra of deuteron-induced reactions in the Monte Carlo simulation for particle transport has been developed by combining the Intra-Nuclear Cascade of Liège (INCL) and the Distorted Wave Born Approximation (DWBA) calculation. We incorporated this combined method into the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) and applied it to estimate (d,xn) spectra on natLi, 9Be, and natC targets at incident energies ranging from 10 to 40MeV. Double differential cross sections obtained by INCL and DWBA successfully reproduced broad peaks and discrete peaks, respectively, at the same energies as those observed in experimental data. Furthermore, an excellent agreement was observed between experimental data and PHITS-derived results using the combined method in thick target neutron yields over a wide range of neutron emission angles in the reactions. We also applied the new method to estimate (d,xp) spectra in the reactions, and discussed the validity for the proton emission spectra.

Recoil properties of fragments formed in 4.4 GeV deuteron-induced reactions on a gold target

The recoil properties of fragments produced by the interaction of 4.4 GeV deuteron with 197Au target have been studied. New experimental data on recoil properties for 90 nuclei, varying from 24Na to 198Au, were obtained. The technique applied was the {thick-target thick-catcher} and induced activity method. The deuteron beam was obtained from the Nuclotron of the Laboratory of High Energies (LHE), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna. The experimental data were analyzed on the basis of the standard two-step vector model formalism. From this analysis we could find evidence to support the existence of several different mechanisms, such as spallation, fission and fragmentation, in the reaction investigated. Fission contributed appreciably to the formation of products in the mass region of 65 < A < 120. The kinematic characteristics of residual nuclei formed in the present deuteron-induced reaction have been compared to those from proton-induced reactions with gold target.

Activation Cross-sections of Deuteron-induced Nuclear Reactions on Natural Titanium

Activation cross-sections of deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on natural titanium were measured up to 24-MeV energy using a stacked-foil activation technique in combination with HPGe γ-ray spectrometry. Measured cross-sections show an overall good agreement with the earlier measurements, but only a partial agreement with predictions by the TALYS code extracted from the TENDL-2011 library. The new cross-sections of the investigated reaction products find importance in nuclear medicine, accelerator and nuclear technology, and testing of nuclear reaction theories.

Low energy deuteron-induced reactions on Fe isotopes

The activation cross sections for production of $^{51}\mathrm{Cr}$, $^{52,54,56}\mathrm{Mn}$, $^{59}\mathrm{Fe}$, and $^{55,56,57,58}\mathrm{Co}$ radioisotopes in deuteron-induced reactions on natural Fe were measured at deuteron energies up to 20 MeV. Then, within an extended analysis of deuteron interactions with ${}^{\mathrm{nat}}$Fe, all processes from elastic scattering until the evaporation from fully equilibrated compound system have been taken into account. Following the available elastic-scattering data analysis that supports the deuteron optical potential for reaction cross sections calculations, increased attention is paid especially to the breakup (BU) mechanism and direct reactions (DR). The deuteron activation cross-section analysis is completed by consideration of the preequilibrium and compound-nucleus contributions, corrected for decrease of the total reaction cross section due to the leakage of the initial deuteron flux towards BU and DR processes. The overall agreement of the measured data and model calculations validates the description of nuclear mechanisms taken into account, particularly the strong effects of direct interactions that have still not been appropriately considered within previous deuteron activation evaluations.

Systematic Study of Deuteron-induced Reactions from Threshold

Deuteron induced reactions are studied systematically using the Glauber model. The trajectory modification is employed for analyses from threshold energies by taking into account a proper closest approach with Coulomb and nuclear interactions. Comparisons between experimental data and calculations with the optical model and the CDCC method support the effectiveness of the trajectory modification in the Glauber model.

Cross Section Calculations of Deuteron-induced Reactions Using the Extended CCONE Code

We have extended the CCONE code to make it possible to calculate cross sections for deuteron-induced reactions. Elastic breakup and stripping reactions to continuum are calculated using another codes based on the Continuum-Discretized Coupled-Channels theory (CDCC) and the Glauber model, respectively, and the calculated results are inputted to the CCONE code as direct reaction components. Statistical decay from compound nuclei formed by nucleon stripping and deuteron absorption is calculated with the exciton and Hauser-Feshbach models implemented in the original CCONE code. The extended CCONE code is applied to analyses of deuteron-induced reactions on 27Al and 58Ni. CDCC calculations for deuteron elastic scattering show good agreement with the experimental data at incident energies of several tens of MeV. The calculated double-differential (d,xp) cross sections reproduce the measured ones at forward angles for incident energies of 56 and 100 MeV fairly well.

Physical optimization of production by deuteron irradiation of high specific activity 177gLu suitable for radioimmunotherapy

Deuteron-induced nuclear reactions for generation of no-carrier-added (NCA) Lu isotopes were investigated using the stacked-foil activation technique on natural Yb targets at energies up to Ed=18.18MeV. The decay curve of ¹⁷⁷Yb, the growth curve of the cumulative (direct and indirect) and the direct production of (177g)Lu were determined. The analysis of these curves conducts to the evidence that the predominant route for the production of (177g)Lu is the indirect reaction ¹⁷⁶Yb(d,p)¹⁷⁷Yb, which decays to (177g)Lu. In the spectra acquired one year from the EOB the γ lines of (177m)Lu are not evident. A comparison between the calculated activity of (177g)Lu produced with a cyclotron and with a nuclear reactor is given.

232Th(d,4n)230Pa cross-section measurements at ARRONAX facility for the production of 230U

Introduction226Th (T1/2=31min) is a promising therapeutic radionuclide since results, published in 2009, showed that it induces leukemia cells death and activates apoptosis pathways with higher efficiencies than 213Bi. 226Th can be obtained via the 230U α decay. This study focuses on the 230U production using the 232Th(d,4n)230Pa(β−)230U reaction. MethodsExperimental cross sections for deuteron-induced reactions on 232Th were measured from 30 down to 19MeV using the stacked-foil technique with beams provided by the ARRONAX cyclotron. After irradiation, all foils (targets as well as monitors) were measured using a high-purity germanium detector. ResultsOur new 230Pa cross-section values, as well as those of 232Pa and 233Pa contaminants created during the irradiation, were compared with previous measurements and with results given by the TALYS code. Experimentally, same trends were observed with slight differences in orders of magnitude mainly due to the nuclear data change. Improvements are ongoing about the TALYS code to better reproduce the data for deuteron-induced reactions on 232Th. ConclusionsUsing our cross-section data points from the 232Th(d,4n)230Pa reaction, we have calculated the thick-target yield of 230U, in Bq/μA·h. This value allows now to a full comparison between the different production routes, showing that the proton routes must be preferred.