Deuteron Energy Range Research Articles

Investigation of (d, 3n) reaction cross section using theoretical nuclear codes calculations on some nuclear materials

It is important to examine the effects of the nuclear reaction, which is used as a building material in nuclear reactors. Nuclear reactions occur as a result of the interaction between incident particles with the target nuclei. The charged particle-induced reactions have prime importance in understanding the reaction mechanism which can be applicable to understand the particles resulting from the reaction. It is useful to develop shielding the particle accelerators and fusion reactors. The present study contributes to providing the theoretical prediction of excitation functions for 112Cd (d, 3n)111In, 141Pr (d, 3n)140Nd, 167Er (d, 3n)166Tm, 197Au (d, 3n)196Hg and 209Bi (d, 3n)208Po reactions using theoretical model codes such as TALYS-1.95, EMPIRE-3.2.3, and ALICE-2014 within the incident deuteron energy range of threshold energy to 50 MeV. Also, newly developed (d, 3n) cross-section formula (Kavun, 2020) calculations have been performed for these reactions at 20 MeV of deuteron energy. Lastly, all calculated results have been compared with one another and with the previously published experimental data of the EXFOR database.

Measurement of double-differential thick-target neutron yields of the C(d,n) reaction at 12, 20, and 30 MeV

ABSTRACT While designing deuteron accelerator neutron sources for radioisotope production, nuclear data for light elements such as Li, Be, and C have been systematically measured in the deuteron energy range from a few MeV to around 50 MeV. Currently, the experimental data available on double-differential thick-target neutron yields (DDTTNYs) are insufficient, especially for deuteron energies between 18 and 33 MeV. In this study, we measured the DDTTNYs of (d,n) reactions on natC target for incident deuteron energies of 12, 20, and 30 MeV using the multiple-foil activation method to improve nuclear data insufficiency. The neutrons were detected at emission angles of 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, and 45°. We applied the GRAVEL code for the unfolding process to derive the DDTTNYs. The results were compared with the calculation by the deuteron-induced reaction analysis code system (DEURACS), and the DEURACS calculation underestimated our results 12 and 20 MeV deuteron. The present data were also used to confirm the systematics of the differential neutron yields at 0° and total neutron yield per incident deuteron in 12–30 MeV of deuteron energy.

Study of deuteron-proton backward elastic scattering at intermediate energies

We study deuteron- proton elastic scattering in the deuteron energy range between 500 MeV and 2 GeV at the cms scattering angle \theta^*\ge 140^\circθ*≥140∘. The reaction is considered in the relativistic multiple scattering expansion framework. The four reaction mechanisms are included into consideration: one-nucleon exchange, single scattering, double scattering, and the term corresponding to the delta excitation in the intermediate state.The model is applied to describe the angular dependence of the differential cross section at the deuteron energies of between 880 and 1300 MeV. Also the energy dependence of the differential cross section and polarisation observables such as tensor analyzing power T_{20}T20 and polarization transfer from the deuteron to proton \varkappa𝜘 are considered at the scattering angle equal to 180^\circ∘. Contributions of the different reaction mechanisms into the reaction amplitude are demonstrated in comparison with the existing experimental data.

Towards an effective model for (d,p) and (d,n) nucleon-transfer reactions to bound states for FLUKA

A general overview is presented of an effective model for the inclusion of (d,p) and (d,n) nucleon transfer direct reactions to bound states of the residual nucleus in the general-purpose radiation-transport code FLUKA. The model relies on the distorted-wave Born approximation, employing state-of-the-art subroutines for the numerical solution of the radial Schrödinger equation for the deuteron- and nucleon-nucleus wave-functions, as well as contemporary optical potential models for the latter two. A final variation of a handful of deuteron optical potential parameters provides the model with additional flexibility and enhances the agreement with experimental nucleon angular distributions in a considerable range of target nuclei and deuteron energies.

Differential Cross Sections of 9Be(d,p0)10Be, 9Be(d,p1)10Be, 9Be(d,α0)7Li and 9Be(d,α1)7Li reactions

In the present work, the cross sections of the 9Be(d,p0)10Be, 9Be(d,p1)10Be,9Be(d,α0)7Li and 9Be(d,α1)7Li in the deuteron energy range Elab= 1 – 2.2 MeV with an energy step of 20 keV and at detection angles between 120o and 170o were measured, suitable for nuclear reaction analysis. A Si3N4film coated with a thin Be layer was used and the cross sections are determined relatively to the cross section of the natSi(d,d)natSi elastic scattering. Additionally, proton and oxygen beam measurements were carried out in order to determine the atomic areal density which is required to determine the cross sections.

Measurement of deuteron induced gamma-ray emission cross sections on nitrogen for analytical applications

Deuteron induced gamma-ray emission cross-section values from the 14N(d,pγ4-1)15N (Eγ = 1885 keV), 14N(d,pγ6-1)15N (Eγ = 2297 keV), 14N(d,pγ5-0)15N (Eγ = 7299 keV) and 14N(d,pγ7-0)15N (Eγ = 8310 keV) nuclear reactions were measured in the 600–2000 keV range of the incident deuteron energies, in 30 keV steps at the laboratory angle of 90°, utilizing a thin C3H6N6 target evaporated onto a self-supporting Ag film. The thick target gamma-ray yields were measured in the same experimental setup using a thick TiN target. These measurements were conducted using the deuteron beam of the 3 MV Van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator of Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI) in Tehran. The obtained results were compared with the previously reported data. The validity of the measured differential cross sections was verified through a thick target benchmarking experiment. The overall systematic uncertainty of the measured values was estimated and reported.

Investigation of the 27Al(d,x)24Na nuclear reaction for deuteron beam monitoring purpose

Activation cross-sections for the 27 Al(d,x)24 Na nuclear reaction was measured by using a stacked-foil activation technique combined with high purity germanium (HPGe) γ-ray spectrometry over deuteron energy range of 2–24 MeV. Measured data were critically compared with the available literature data and also with the theoretical data extracted from the TENDL data base. Accuracy of the 27 Al(d,x)24 Na cross-sections were confirmed by the simultaneous measurements of the nat Ti(d,x)48 V monitor reaction cross-sections. Present results reproduced well the IAEA recommended nat Ti(d,x)48 V reaction cross-sections, but provide slight deviation with the IAEA recommended 27 Al(d,x)24 Na cross-sections. It may be concluded that the use of 27 Al(d,x)24 Na in deuteron beam monitoring should not be a perfect choice if one has the option to use the nat Ti(d,x)48 V reaction.

Measurements of the 24Mg(d,p0,1,2,3,4) and natMg(d,d0) reactions cross sections in the energy range of 1.2–2 MeV for NRA and EBS applications

Differential cross sections of the 24Mg(d,p0,1,2,3,4) reactions were obtained in the range Ed,lab=1.2–2MeV and at the scattering angles of 90°, 135°, 150° and 165° using a thin Mg target having thickness of 76.7±3.1μg/cm2. The cross section values were determined with an average energy step of ∼25keV while the detailed measurements were carried out with an energy step of ∼5keV around the resonance peaks. Elastic scattering data for three steep backward angles (135°, 150° and 165°) were also studied for the same incident deuteron energy range and steps. The results were compared with those of the previous studies. Moreover, the validity of the measured data has been benchmarked using a thick Mg target at two deuteron beam energies of 1.7 and 2MeV.

Investigation of deuteron-induced reactions on natGd up to 30 MeV: possibility of production of medically relevant 155Tb and 161Tb radioisotopes

Excitation function for the natGd(d,xn)155Tb and natGd(d,n)161Tb nuclear reactions were measured using the standard stacked-foil activation technique in the deuteron energy range of 30 MeV down to 4.2 MeV. The measured cross-section data were compared not only with the earlier reported experimental values but also with the results of a theoretical model as well. Integral yields for155 Tb and161Tb and for their contaminating radioisotopes were also deduced to evaluate the production circumstances. The results revealed that the investigated radioisotopes can not be produced in no-carrier-added form via deuteron way even using 100 % enriched targets (155Gd and 160Gd).

Measurements and assessment of 12C(d,pγ)13C reaction cross sections in the deuteron energy range 740–2000 keV for analytical applications

The total cross sections of the 12C(d,pγ1)13C (Eγ=3089keV), 12C(d,pγ2)13C (Eγ=3684keV) and 12C(d,pγ3)13C (Eγ=3854keV) reactions, as well as differential cross sections for (d,po), (d,p1) reactions and (d,d0) elastic scattering were determined in the 740–2000keV deuteron energy range using a self-supporting natural carbon foil and detecting the gamma-rays and particles simultaneously. In order to test the validity of the measured gamma-ray producing cross sections, benchmark experiments were performed using kapton foils with two different thicknesses. Both the obtained gamma- and particle production cross section results were compared with data existing in literature, and in the case of (d,po) the experimental differential cross section data were compared also with the theoretical evaluated values.

Measurement of gamma-ray production cross sections for nuclear reactions 14N(d,pγ)15N and 28Si(d,pγ)29Si

In this work the differential cross sections for gamma-ray emission from the 14N(d,pγ)15N (Eγ=1885, 2297, 7299 and 8310keV) and from the 28Si(d,pγ)29Si (Eγ=1273, 2028, 2426 and 4934keV) were measured simultaneously with the 14N(d,p4,5,6,7)15N differential cross sections and 14N(d,d)14N elastic scattering cross section using a HPGe detector at 55° and an ion implanted Si detector at 135° with respect to the beam direction in the deuteron energy range 0.65–2.0MeV. The target was a thin silicon-nitride film. Gamma-ray angular distribution measurements were performed to determine the possible anisotropy of the gamma-ray emission, and the measured cross section values were converted into total gamma-ray producing cross sections for most of the gamma-ray emissions. The average uncertainties of nitrogen and silicon gamma-ray production cross sections are 5% and 12%, respectively and 8% concerning the particle production cross section of natN(d,d0)natN and 14N(d,p4,5,6,7)15N reactions.

Cross-section measurement of some deuteron induced reactions on 160Gd for possible production of the therapeutic radionuclide 161Tb

The radionuclide 161Tb (T 1/2 = 6.89 days) is potentially important for internal radiotherapy. It is generally produced through the 160Gd(n,γ)161Gd → 161Tb route at research reactors. In this work the possibility of its production at a cyclotron was investigated. Determination of the excitation function of the 160Gd(d,x)161Tb production route and that of the disturbing 160Gd(d,2n)160Tb side reaction was done over the deuteron energy range up to 50 MeV using the stacked-foil technique and high-resolution γ-ray spectrometry. A comparison of this production route with the established (n,γ) reaction at a nuclear reactor is made.

Measurements of the [formula omitted] differential cross-section on thick and thin targets

The differential cross-section for the 15.1MeV gamma ray produced by the 11B(d,nγ)12C reaction in a thick natural boron target has been measured for incident deuteron energies ranging from reaction threshold to 5MeV. Measurements for a thin natural boron target have been carried out over a similar incident deuteron energy range. These results are compared to previous measurements made by Kavanagh (1958) and Kuan (1964). Measurements of the combined thick target yield for the 6.129, 6.917, and 7.116MeV gamma rays from the 19F(p,αγ)16O reaction have been carried out on a stopping thickness sulfur hexafluoride gas cell for effective incident proton energies ranging from 1 to 4MeV as a consistency check on the procedure used for normalization of the detector response function. The results for the 11B(d,nγ15.1)12C yield a significantly lower cross-section than that previously reported, while the measurements of the 19F(p,αγ) reaction are consistent with previous measurements made by Fessler (2000) and Micklich (2003).

Experimental studies on deuteron-induced activation reactions in IFMIF accelerator structural elements

In order to improve the quality of deuteron-induced activation data required for the safety design of the IFMIF (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility), we have measured (1) the activation cross-section of natLi(d,x)7Be in the deuteron-energy range from 7 to 39MeV and (2) the production rates of radioactive nuclides in thick targets for natLi(d,x)7Be, natC(d,x)7Be, and 27Al(d,x)7Be, 22Na, 24Na reactions at 40MeV using the AVF cyclotron of Tohoku University. We have also estimated the production rates of these nuclides in the thick targets below 40MeV using the cross-sections obtained in this study.The present data compared favorably with other experimental data, IAEA-recommended data, and the data obtained using the recent nuclear reaction code TALYS and the activation code IRACM, which is based on the ALICE-F code. Some calculation results showed marked disagreement with the experimental data.

Correlation Analysis of Intense and High-Energy Deuteron Beam, Pinch Images, and Neutron Yield

The time-integrated imaging of pinched plasma column in the NX2 plasma focus device is performed using a general-purpose digital SLR camera with neutral density filters (ND 0.9). Although it is very simple, some useful information is obtained from the pinch phase of plasma focus device, and the images are compared with the neutron yield, electron, and ion beams produced in the compressed plasma column. The correlation between the pinch images, the range of deuteron energies, and the optimum neutron condition shows two regimes of plasma focus performance: high-pressure regime for maximum neutron yield production and low-pressure regime for high-energy ion (and electron) beam production.

Differential cross-section measurements for the 12C(d, p0)13C reaction and applications to surface analysis of materials

This work involves surface analysis by nuclear techniques, which are non-destructive, and computer simulation. The “energy analysis” method for nuclear reaction analysis is used. Energy spectra are computer simulated and compared to experimental data, giving target composition and concentration profile information. Measured values are presented for the differential cross-section of the 12C(d,p0)13C reaction in the deuteron energy range 0.81–2.07MeV for laboratory detection angles of 165° and 135°, using self-supported two-layered targets consisting of high purity thin films of typically 13μg/cm2 natural carbon and 65μg/cm2 gold. The error in the absolute differential cross-section values is generally ∼6%. The method, using these values, is successfully applied to determination of uniform concentration profiles of 12C, along considerable depths, for a thick flat target of high purity pyrolitic graphite. It is characterised a thin surface film of carbon on a thick flat quartz target. Uniform concentration profiles of 16O are also obtained from (d,p) and (d,α) reactions.

Cyclotron production and radiochemical isolation of the therapeutical radionuclide 186Re

The reaction cross sections and the energy dependences of the yields of 186Re in the reactions natW(d, 2n) and 186W(d, 2n) in the range of low deuteron energies (<14 MeV) were determined. The specific features of the physicochemical behavior of impurity 186Re atoms in irradiated tungsten cyclotron targets were studied in relation to the gas medium composition. The yield of the desired product increases with an increase in the oxygen content in the course of heat treatment of the targets. A simple “dry” procedure was developed for isolation of 186Re with a yield no less than 85% and radiochemical purity no worse than 99.99%. A proto-type of a cyclotron target for commercial production of the therapeutical radionuclide 186Re was suggested.

Triton Production Cross Section in Interaction of keV Deuterons with 13C Nucleus

Triton production cross section has been measured in interaction of 200-350 keV deuteron with 13C nuclei. In this study excitation functions of 13C(d, t)l2C reaction have been measured at eight angles in 10 keV energy steps over 200-350 keV deuteron energy range while angular distributions of 13C(d, t)12C reaction were measured at 200, 250, 270, 290, 310, 330 and 350 keV deuteron energies. The angular distributions of 13C(d, t)12C reaction are forward- peaked and are in disagreement with shape of previously reported data of l3C(d, t)12C reaction at 410 keV deuteron energy. On the contrary the shape of angular distribution measured in this study has a better agreement with the shape of angular distribution of 13C(d, t)12C reaction at 410 keV deuteron calculated using zero-range Distorted Wave Bom Approximation (DWBA) model.

Production of the positron emitter 51Mn via the 50Cr(d, n) reaction: targetry and separation of no-carrier-added radiomanganese

Summary In connection with the production of 46.2 min 51Mn via the 50Cr(d, n)-process, several separation techniques such as ion exchange chromatography, solid phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction and co-precipitation have been investigated; the aim was to separate no-carrier-added radiomanganese from the bulk target chromium. Among the separation systems *MnII/CrIII, *MnII/CrVI and *MnIV/CrVI, the latter applying the co-precipitation of *MnIV with FeIII hydroxide was found to be the optimum; the removal of chromium was rapid and quantitative (remaining content &lt;0.05%) and the separation efficiency was high (99.3% radiochemical yield of *Mn). For production purposes, a sandwiched pellet of the chemical composition Al4·50CrCl3 was developed as a new target. This allowed a quick dissolution after irradiation, thus enabling a fast separation of 51Mn and its production on a MBq scale. A 1 h irradiation at 3 µA (wobbled beam) over an effective deuteron energy range of E d = 12.8 → 7.9 MeV yielded 107 MBq 51Mn. Simultaneously formed nuclides of other elements, such as 38Cl, 24Na, 48V and 51Cr were quantitatively separated using the proposed procedure. Only the shorter-lived radioisotope 52mMn, formed via the 52Cr(d, 2n)52mMn reaction, was present at a low level of 2%, if the enrichment of 50Cr was 95% (with ∼5% 52Cr).

S-factors for the 10B(d,p)11B and 10B(d,α)8Be reactions in the deuteron energy range from 120 to 340 keV

S-factors for the 10B(d,p)11B and 10B(d,α)8Be reactions in the deuteron energy range from 120 to 340 keV