Detrital Apatite Fission-track Ages Research Articles

Old detrital AFT ages from East Greenland do not require plateau erosion

Accurate estimates of past topography are required to reliably reconstruct past ice sheets to infer palaeoclimate. For this reason, understanding erosion rates across East Greenland is crucial to constrain landscape evolution driven by tectonics and climate-dependent erosion rates. Here we analyse published apatite fission-track (AFT) data to constrain the spatial pattern of AFT bedrock ages across the landscape. We compare these bedrock ages with published detrital distribution to highlight ambiguity in the pattern of erosion. In contrast to earlier work, we regress a simple model of exhumation pace through the bedrock ages such that age can vary as a function of both elevation and position. The resulting iso-age surfaces allow us to determine potential source areas for detrital AFT age distributions. We find that old ages observed in detrital distributions are just as likely to be sourced from low-elevation locations that are far from the coast as from high-elevation locations close to the coast. Additional data from lower temperature systems are thus required to make firm conclusions on landscape evolution in the region and distinguish between the two landscape-forming scenarios.

Mesozoic-Cenozoic Exhumation History of the Bogda Range, Eastern Tianshan: Insights from Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology

The Bogda Range (hereafter referred to as the Bogda) is located in the Eastern Tianshan. Interpreting its tectono-thermal history is critical to understanding the intra-continental evolution of the Tianshan. In this study, we report new apatite fission track data from the late Paleozoic–Mesozoic sedimentary rocks in the northern Bogda and the Late Paleozoic granites in the southern Bogda to investigate the exhumation history of the Bogda. Apatite fission track ages dominantly range from the Jurassic to earliest Cenozoic (~143–61 Ma), except for one siliciclastic sample from the Early Permian strata with an older age of ~251 Ma. Thermal history modeling, together with detrital apatite fission track age peaks, reveal that the Bogda underwent three episodes of cooling during the Late Triassic, the Late Cretaceous, and the Late Miocene. The Late Triassic rapid cooling may represent the initial building of the Bogda, which is probably related to the final closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. During the Late Cretaceous, the Bogda may have experienced a moderate exhumation, which was possibly triggered by the extensive tectonic extension in the central–eastern Asian regime during the Cretaceous. The Late Miocene rapid cooling may be a response to the rapid uplift of the whole Tianshan, due to the far-field effect of the continuous India–Eurasia collision since the beginning of the Cenozoic.

Intense metamorphism-generated radiogenic Sr regulated Cenozoic water Sr isotope evolution on the NE Tibetan Plateau: A perspective on Qilian orogen denudation and Asian eolian transport

The India-Asia collision reactivated the early Paleozoic Qilian orogen with an intense metamorphic belt that promoted the release of metamorphism-generated radiogenic Sr into the drainage systems on the NE Tibetan Plateau. This metamorphic impact on the regional dissolved Sr cycle is well observed at the recent−modern scale, but its onset and evolutionary histories are unclear. We present the first basin-scale 52−5 Ma regional dissolved Sr isotopic record in water on the NE Tibetan Plateau by analyzing well-dated basin fluvial-lacustrine sediments in the Xining, Linxia, and Tianshui Basins. The Xining Basin displays an increase in basin water 87Sr/86Sr ratio and a decrease in the sediment εNd values at ca. 25 Ma. This Sr-Nd isotope-deduced provenance change coincides with the reorganization of drainage and erosion regimes that is suggested by an evident rise in the youngest peak and the lag time of detrital apatite fission-track ages from Cenozoic sedimentary basins surrounding the Qilian orogen. The Qilian-sourced eolian dust during ca. 9−8 Ma significantly elevated the river and lake water 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the downwind Linxia and Tianshui Basins, which is consistent with the expansion of the Asian dust system. Our results suggest that large-scale denudation of the Qilian orogen in response to the India-Asia collision initiated in the late Oligocene. Given the remarkable hydrological impact of the Cenozoic reactivation of the Qilian orogen, our study highlights the potentially important role of continental collision−formed metamorphic belts in regulating past regional and even seawater Sr isotope evolution.

A re-evaluation of the Meso-Cenozoic thermo-tectonic evolution of Bogda Shan (Tian Shan, NW China) based on new basement and detrital apatite fission track thermochronology

ABSTRACT Bogda Shan is a mountain belt located at the eastern extremity of the Chinese Tianshan and records a complex and debated exhumation history. Previous studies have reported a young Cenozoic thermal history for the exhumation of Bogda Shan, which is in conflict with the observation of preserved Mesozoic erosion surfaces in the area. This study re-evaluates the Meso-Cenozoic thermo-tectonic evolution of Bogda Shan using apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology. Palaeozoic basement (meta-sandstone) samples collected from the northern and southwestern flanks of the mountain ranges reveal apparent Mesozoic AFT ages ranging from ~202 Ma to ~97 Ma. Inverse thermal history modelling results reveal slow to moderate basement cooling during the early Mesozoic, corresponding to relatively low levels of exhumation. This accounts for the preservation of low-relief Mesozoic peneplanation surfaces recognized at elevations of ~3500–4000 m. None of the presented AFT data and thermal history models show any evidence for significant deep Cenozoic exhumation. In the neighbouring Junggar Basin, a Middle Jurassic sandstone sample records partial resetting of the AFT system during the Cretaceous. This observation conflicts with previous data (from the same Jurassic strata) where complete resetting of the AFT clock during the Cenozoic was suggested. Furthermore, Lower Cretaceous and Palaeogene sediments from the Turpan-Hami Basin show non-reset detrital AFT age populations of ~197, ~135, and ~104 Ma, which are coincident with the main pulses of exhumation recorded in the Chinese North Tianshan. Based on a comprehensive summary of the published data, we argue for a Mesozoic building of the Bogda–Balikun–Harlik mountain chain in the eastern Chinese Tianshan. Subsequent Cenozoic exhumation must have been relatively modest at most (<2 km) as it was not recorded by AFT thermochronology.

Late Cenozoic topographic growth of the South Tianshan Mountain Range: Insights from detrital apatite fission-track ages, northern Tarim Basin margin, NW China

• Rocks with Mesozoic fission track ages were resided in the paleo-partial annealing zone for a long time. • The deformation commenced in the late Oligocene-early Miocene in South Tianshan. • The provenance of the Tarim Basin changed at 10 Ma due to rapid uplift of the South Tianshan Mountain Range. The Cenozoic deformation of the Tianshan Mountain Range within the framework of the India-Eurasia collision has been extensively studied. Previous thermochronologic studies of bedrocks in this range suggest a complex Triassic-Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution and subsequent tectonic quiescence in the Late Cretaceous-Palaeogene. Thus, constraining the exhumation and topographic growth of the Tianshan Mountain Range during the Cenozoic remains a challenge. In this study we report new detrital apatite fission-track ages for a Cenozoic sedimentary succession on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin (Kuqa River section). Thermochronologic age trends along the analyzed succession reveal two major age-shifts in sediments deposited at ∼ 23 Ma and ∼ 10 Ma, which we ascribe to major drainage reorganizations in response to uplift of the South Tianshan Mountain Range, an interpretation corroborated by published detrital zircon U-Pb and heavy mineral data. By comparing detrital apatite fission-track data with existing bedrock data, we infer that both North Tianshan, Yili-Central Tianshan and South Tianshan provided detritus to the Tarim Basin during the early and middle Miocene. At ∼ 10 Ma, the South Tianshan Mountain Range experienced rapid uplift and started forming a topographic barrier that blocked sediments flowing from North Tianshan and Yili-Central Tianshan into the Tarim Basin. We suggest that progressive topographic growth of the South Tianshan Mountain Range favored the aridification of the Tarim region by acting as a barrier to westerly winds.

Exhumation and erosion of the Northern Apennines, Italy: new insights from low-temperature thermochronometers

Abstract. Analysis of new detrital apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from modern river sands, published bedrock and detrital AFT ages, and bedrock apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe) ages from the Northern Apennines provides new insights into the spatial and temporal patterns of erosion rates through time across the orogen. The pattern of time-averaged erosion rates derived from AHe ages from the Ligurian side of the orogen illustrates slower erosion rates relative to AFT rates from the Ligurian side and relative to AHe rates from the Adriatic side. These results are corroborated by an analysis of paired AFT and AHe thermochronometer samples, which illustrate that erosion rates have generally increased through time on the Adriatic side but have decreased through time on the Ligurian side. Using an updated kinematic model of an asymmetric orogenic wedge, with imposed erosion rates on the Ligurian side that are a factor of 2 slower relative to the Adriatic side, we demonstrate that cooling ages and maximum burial depths are able to replicate the pattern of measured cooling ages across the orogen and estimates of burial depth from vitrinite reflectance data. These results suggest that horizontal motion is an important component of the overall rock motion in the wedge, and that the asymmetry of the orogen has existed for at least several million years.

Pulsed rise and growth of the Tibetan Plateau to its northern margin since ca. 30 Ma

The onset of mountain building along margins of the Tibetan Plateau provides a key constraint on the processes by which the high topography in Eurasia formed. Although progressive expansion of thickened crust underpins most models, several studies suggest that the northern extent of the plateau was established early, soon after the collision between India and Eurasia at ca. 50 Ma. This inference relies heavily on the age and provenance of Cenozoic sediments preserved in the Qaidam basin. Here, we present evidence in the northern plateau for a considerably younger inception and evolution of the Qaidam basin, based on magnetostratigraphies combined with detrital apatite fission-track ages that date the basin fills to be from ca. 30 to 4.8 Ma. Detrital zircon-provenance analyses coupled with paleocurrents reveal that two-stage growth of the Qilian Shan in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau began at ca. 30 and at 10 Ma, respectively. Evidence for ca. 30 and 10 to 15 Ma widespread synchronous deformation throughout the Tibetan Plateau and its margins suggests that these two stages of outward growth may have resulted from the removal of mantle lithosphere beneath different portions of the Tibetan Plateau.

Uplift and Expansion of the North Qilian Shan Recorded by Detrital Fission Tracks in the Jiudong Basin, NW China

The North Qilian Shan, located in the northeastern front of the Tibetan Plateau, is an ideal region to study the expansion process of the plateau, which is not clearly revealed due to the lack of direct evidence and an accurate age control. In the Jiudong Basin (foreland basin of the North Qilian Shan), a continuous late Cenozoic sedimentary sequence and a reliable chronostratigraphic framework (post-7 Ma) provide us the material to study this process. In this study, we first analyzed the provenance changes of the sediment by detrital apatite fission track age distributions and apatite particle textures. The result shows that the first provenance change occurred at 4.6–3.6 Ma, when the sediment source changed from the southern to the northern parts of the North Qilian Shan, and it indicates that the North Qilian Shan Fault had propagated to its modern location. The second provenance change occurred at 3.0–2.4 Ma, at when the Yumu Shan and its south region began to provide sediments for the Jiudong Basin, and it indicates that the tectonic deformation in the North Qilian Shan had expanded to the North Yumu Shan Fault. Our finding suggests that two significant expansion events happened since the Pliocene for the North Qilian Shan.

Mesozoic building of the Eastern Tianshan and East Junggar (NW China) revealed by low-temperature thermochronology

The Eastern Tianshan and East Junggar orogenic belts are major constituents of the southwestern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. This study applies low-temperature thermochronology to constrain the thermo-tectonic history of these two domains. Apatite fission track (AFT) dating of Paleozoic basement samples from the Eastern Tianshan and East Junggar dominantly yield Cretaceous (∼126–70 Ma) AFT ages, except for two granitic samples from the East Junggar with older ages of ∼239 and ∼157 Ma, respectively. Thermal history modeling reveals that the Eastern Tianshan and southern part of the East Junggar experienced moderate to rapid basement cooling throughout the Cretaceous. We interpret it as a far-field effect of accretion and collision along the south Eurasia margin since the Early Cretaceous. Major faults were reactivated and thus may have played an important role in controlling localized fast uplift and cooling. We also dated seven Mesozoic sandstone samples collected from the eastern margin of the Junggar Basin. The detrital AFT age peaks, together with inverse thermal history modeling of the basement, reveal that the East Junggar underwent late Permian to Early Jurassic cooling episodes. These cooling events are thought to be related to post-orogenic transpression along major faults and distal effect of Qiangtang-Eurasia collision. Combined with already published evidence, our new data suggest that the Eastern Tianshan and East Junggar did not undergo significant exhumation during the Cenozoic.

Mesozoic-Cenozoic multistage tectonic deformation of the Qilian Shan constrained by detrital apatite fission track and zircon U[sbnd]Pb geochronology in the Yumu Shan area

The Qilian Shan on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau contains structural, sedimentary and tectonothermal records of plateau formation and growth in response to the Indian-Asian continental collision. In this study, we reveal the tectonic deformation evolution of the Qilian Shan by detrital apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology and provenance analysis of a sedimentary section on the northern flank of the Qilian Shan based on paleocurrent measurements and detrital zircon UPb geochronology. The unannealed detrital AFT peak ages span ~154–10 Ma, and the zircon UPb ages range between ~3260 Ma and ~ 178 Ma. Detrital AFT ages showing that the initial exhumation occurs ca. 154–135 Ma and ca. 105–81 Ma and abundant ages of ca. 61–24 Ma indicate the prominent exhumation of the sedimentary provenance from the Qilian Shan at those times. Zircon UPb analysis suggests that the sediments were generally sourced from the Qilian Shan to the south, with moderate provenance changes at ~10 Ma and 5.1 Ma. These geochronological datasets imply that the Qilian Shan experienced multistage deformation during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic, i.e., late Jurassic-early Cretaceous (153.6–135.2 Ma), late Cretaceous (104.5–80.9 Ma), late Paleocene-Oligocene (61–43.1 Ma;38.2–24.6 Ma), mid-late Miocene (10 ± 4 Ma) and Pliocene (5.1–3.6 Ma). During the Cenozoic, the deformation initiated in the late Paleocene reflects the synchronous far-field response of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin to the Indian-Asian plate collision.

Intensified Late Miocene Deformation in the Northern Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau, Constrained by Apatite Fission-Track Thermochronology

The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the North Qaidam-Qilian Shan fold-thrust belt in the northern Tibetan Plateau is important to understanding the tectonic rejuvenation of orogeny and growth of the plateau. However, the deformation processes in this region remain controversial. This study presents new apatite fission track (AFT) data from Paleogene strata in the northern Qaidam Basin to investigate the time of deformation in this site. Thermal modeling of these partially annealed detrital AFT ages shows a thermal history with a noticeable transition from heating to cooling after ∼10 Ma. This transition is attributed to the intensified thrusting and folding of the northern Qaidam Basin since ∼10 Ma. Integrated with published tectonics and thermochronology results, we suggest the North Qaidam-Qilian Shan fold-thrust belt experienced prevailing tectonism since the late Miocene.

Hints on the Late Miocene Evolution of the Tonale-Adamello-Brenta Region (Alps, Italy) Based on Allochtonous Sediments From Raponzolo Cave

Raponzolo is a paleo-phreatic cave explored in 2011 in the Brenta Dolomites (Trentino, Italy), at the remarkable altitude of 2,560 m a.s.l. Differently to all other caves of the area, it hosts well-cemented fine to medium sands of granitic-metamorphic composition. The composition suggests a sediment source from the Adamello and Tonale Unit, separated from the Brenta by one of the most important tectonic lineaments of the Alps (Giudicarie Line). The fine-sand sediment was sampled to determine burial time and thus a minimum age of the cave. Cosmogenic isotopes (26Al and 10Be) in quartz grains allowed to estimate a minimum burial age of 5.25 Ma based on the mean sediment transport time at the surface and infer original altitude of the catchment area. Detrital apatite fission-track (AFT) and U-Pb dating on zircons provide information on the source, both from a regional and altitude (exhumation) perspective. Two populations of detrital AFT ages center at 17 (−2.3 + 2.6) Ma and 23 (−3.3 + 3.9) Ma, whereas the main detrital zircon U-Pb age populations are younger than 40 Ma. These correspond to intrusive and metamorphic sources nowadays outcropping exclusively above 2,200–2,300 m a.s.l. in Northern Adamello and Tonale. The results point to a late Miocene erosion and infilling of the cave by allochtonous sediments, with important implications on the timing of cave speleogenesis, as well as the paleogeographical connection, tectonic evolution and uplift of different structural units of the Alps. The roundness and the well sorted size of the quartz grains suggest a fluvial or aeolian origin, possibly recycled by glacial activity related to cold events reported in high latitude areas of the world at 5.75 and 5.51 Ma. These glacial phases have never been documented before in the Alps. This information confirms that the valleys dividing these geological units were not yet deeply entrenched during the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (5.6–5.5 Ma), allowing an efficient transport of sediments across major tectonic lineaments of the Alps. This study shows the potential of cave sediments to provide information not only on the age of speleogenesis but also on the paleogeography of a wide area of the Alps during the late Miocene.

Early Cenozoic activated deformation in the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from detrital apatite fission‐track analysis

AbstractThe evolution of the tectonic deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the Cenozoic is significant for understanding plateau growth during India‐Asia convergence. However, when deformation began and how it has developed in this pivotal region remain controversial. We focus on the temporal progress of Cenozoic deformation in the Qilian Shan, a major tectonic belt of the northeastern TP. In the present study, detrital apatite fission‐track (AFT) thermochronological analysis was performed on Oligocene‐Quaternary synorogenic sediments in the northern Qaidam Basin, where detritus is sourced from the Qilian Shan. Age components of buried but unannealed detrital AFT samples reveal two static peaks (i.e., peak ages that are consistent upsection) at ca. 60–50 Ma and ca. 40–36 Ma and a moving peak (i.e., peak ages that are younger upsection) with increased lag time during ca. 30–8 Ma. These new detrital AFT ages, integrated with the analysis of sedimentary provenance and data from previously published studies, indicate that Cenozoic tectonic deformation began in the Qilian Shan in the late Paleocene‐early Eocene. Furthermore, the Qilian Shan experienced a subsequent episodic deformation event in the late Eocene and the deformation or erosion of some terranes in the Qilian Shan decelerated during the Oligocene‐Miocene. Our results suggest that the northeastern TP responded to the India‐Asia collision almost instantaneously.

Subsidence and exhumation of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin: Implications for the growth of the Tibetan plateau

AbstractThe subsidence and exhumation histories of the Qiangtang Basin and their contributions to the early evolution of the Tibetan plateau are vigorously debated. This paper reconstructs the subsidence history of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin with 11 selected composite stratigraphic sections and constrains the first stage of cooling using apatite fission track data. Facies analysis, biostratigraphy, palaeo‐environment interpretation and palaeo‐water depth estimation are integrated to create 11 composite sections through the basin. Backstripped subsidence calculations combined with previous work on sediment provenance and timing of deformation show that the evolution of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin can be divided into two stages. From Late Triassic to Early Jurassic times, the North Qiangtang was a retro‐foreland basin. In contrast, the South Qiangtang was a collisional pro‐foreland basin. During Middle Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous times, the North Qiangtang is interpreted as a hinterland basin between the Jinsha orogen and the Central Uplift; the South Qiangtang was controlled by subduction of Meso‐Tethyan Ocean lithosphere and associated dynamic topography combined with loading from the Central Uplift. Detrital apatite fission track ages from Mesozoic sandstones concentrate in late Early to Late Cretaceous (120.9–84.1 Ma) and Paleocene–Eocene (65.4–40.1 Ma). Thermal history modelling results record Early Cretaceous rapid cooling; the termination of subsidence and onset of exhumation of the Mesozoic Qiangtang Basin suggest that the accumulation of crustal thickening in central Tibet probably initiated during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous times (150–130 Ma), involving underthrusting of both the Lhasa and Songpan–Ganze terranes beneath the Qiangtang terrane or the collision of Amdo terrane.

Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the northeastern edge of the Tibetan plateau: Evidence from modern river detrital apatite fission-track age constraints

Thermochronometry of modern river sands exploits the natural sampling of detritus in a river catchment to infer plausible regional exhumation patterns, when combined with available bedrock thermochronometric information. Apatite fission track age distributions for six detrital samples are reported in this study to resolve the exhumation history of the upper reaches of the Heihe River, draining North Qilian Shan and Tuole Shan, the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The apatite fission track (AFT) ages include four major populations: late Paleozoic (300 ± 55–293 ± 43 Ma), early Mesozoic (223 ± 15–205 ± 17 Ma), late Jurassic-Cretaceous (112 ± 6.2–84.8 ± 5.6 Ma), and Cenozoic (63.8 ± 5.9–19.3 ± 1.7 Ma). The ages of these populations correspond well with the deformation and cooling history of the study area. The late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic AFT age populations record cooling events resulting from continental collision between the Qiantang and Kunlun blocks. The late Jurassic-Cretaceous AFT age populations are interpreted to record cooling events associated with exhumation of North Qilian Shan and Tuole Shan due to the collision of the Lhasa block with Asian continent. The Cenozoic AFT age populations record several cooling events. A cooling event is recorded corresponding to exhumation of North Qilian Shan and Tuole Shan due to late stress from the Lhasa-Asia collision, causing deformation nearly synchronous with the India-Asia collision. Another cooling event is recorded corresponding to uplift and exhumation in Oligocene time due to ongoing India-Asia convergence. North Qilian Shan and Tuole Shan were constructed as a distal effect of India-Asia convergence in the early Miocene while approaching their present mountain-river-basin distributions. Thermochronometry applied to Heihe River sediments provide convinced evidence of multi-stage exhumation of most northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in the late Paleozoic-Cenozoic.

Cenozoic deformation history of the Qilian Shan (northeastern Tibetan Plateau) constrained by detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology in the northeastern Qaidam Basin

The Cenozoic deformation history of the Qilian Shan, which is a reactivated fold-thrust belt in the northeastern region of the Tibetan Plateau, is poorly understood but features prominently in the geodynamic mechanism of the evolution of the plateau. The northeastern Qaidam Basin, which is located on the south flank of the Qilian Shan, provides a valuable record of the timing and pattern of the Cenozoic deformation of the Qilian Shan in its synorogenic sediments. This study analyzes the apatite fission-track (AFT) thermochronological signatures of the middle Miocene-Quaternary detrital sediments in the northeastern Qaidam Basin and modern stream sands draining the Qilian Shan as a proxy for the timing of tectonic deformation in the Qilian Shan. Our detrital AFT ages indicate that a Cenozoic initial rapid exhumation event occurred in the Qilian Shan in the late Paleocene-early Eocene (~60–54 Ma), followed by another rapid exhumation event during the middle-late Eocene (~42–38 Ma) and some exhumation during the Oligocene-middle Miocene (~33–14 Ma). Distinct changes in detrital AFT ages at depositional ages of ~12 Ma and ~2.1 Ma suggest that further tectonic deformation affected the Qilian Shan at these times. Our results, along with those of previous studies, suggest that tectonic deformation propagated into the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau almost simultaneously with the India-Asia collision. The spatial evolution of Cenozoic deformation in the Qilian Shan is likely based on the distribution of weak structures in the upper crust.

Tectonic Evolution of the Chos Malal Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt (Neuquén Basin, Argentina) From (U‐Th)/He and Fission Track Thermochronometry

AbstractIn the southern central Andes at 37–38°S latitude, the Chos Malal fold‐and‐thrust belt (FTB), which results from the Late Cretaceous closure of the Neuquén Basin, has generated increasing interest because of its potential for hydrocarbon exploration. Using detailed field mapping, seismic reflection, and well data analysis, we have produced balanced cross sections, which combined with apatite and zircon (U‐Th)/He, and fission track thermochronology from samples distributed along the FTB, bring new constraints on the chronology of the structural development of the Chos Malal FTB. Fully reset samples obtained from the Early Jurassic rocks at the bottom of the sedimentary sequence exposed in the Cordillera del Viento, a major basement‐involved hinterland structure, permit to quantify its cooling rate from 5.4 ± 4.1 and 3.8 ± 3.2 °C/Ma between 70 and 55 Ma down to between 2.0 ± 1.3 and 1.3 ± 0.9 °C/Ma after 55 Ma until the present. Detrital apatite fission track ages from Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sandstones reveal that tectonically driven exhumation through basement‐involved thrusting has occurred at ~15–7 Ma in both the inner and outer sectors of the FTB. Finally, the cooling and exhumation of the Las Yeseras‐Pampa Tril basement‐involved anticlines at the mountain front at ~9–7 Ma, slightly younger than previously assumed, suggests a normal sequence of faulting propagation. Our proposed thermostructural model of the Chos Malal FTB contributes to a better understanding of the tectonic evolution of this segment of the Andes.

Meso-/Cenozoic long-term landscape evolution at the southern Moroccan passive continental margin, Tarfaya Basin, recorded by low-temperature thermochronology

This paper presents the first regional study of low-temperature thermochronology to be undertaken in the Tarfaya Basin at the southern Moroccan passive continental margin. The basin is characterised by vast subsidence since Mid-Triassic times, whereby up to 12km of Meso- to Cenozoic sedimentary rocks accumulated. The study focused on the post-rift vertical movements along a typical “passive” margin and besides dealt with the timing and maximum temperature reached by potential source rocks of the basin. To unravel the t-T development, thermochronological analyses were performed on 50 outcrop and well samples from Meso–Cenozoic rocks. Thermochronological data reveal a continuous subsidence phase in the offshore basin from Mid-Triassic to recent times. In contrast, apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He and apatite fission-track data as well as thermal modelling point to an inversion of the northeastern onshore basin starting in the Palaeogene at 65–55Ma. The rock uplift and exhumation period resulted in the erosion of a 1.0–1.4km thick Cretaceous–Palaeogene sedimentary pile contemporaneously with peak Atlas surface uplift in the Cenozoic. The exhumation stage could be an explanation for the increasing periodic influx of detrital material into the offshore and southern onshore Tarfaya Basin since Palaeocene. Detrital apatite fission-track ages from 92 (±16) to 237 (±35) Ma of the Upper Cretaceous–Neogene succession indicate no heating above 60°C confirming immature to early mature Cenomanian to Campanian and Eocene source rocks in the onshore Tarfaya Basin.

Cenozoic exhumation in the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from detrital fission track thermochronology in the Jiuquan Basin

AbstractThe India‐Asia collision resulted in the Cenozoic framework of faults, ranges, and tectonic basins and the high topography of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, but how and when these features formed remains poorly understood, leading to conflicting tectonic models. However, information on the tectonic evolution of these active orogenic belts is well preserved in synorogenic basin sediments. In this study, we carefully analyze the detrital apatite fission track ages of Cenozoic synorogenic sediments from the Jiuquan Basin to decipher the entire exhumation process of the adjacent Qilian Shan throughout the Cenozoic. Our data indicate that initially rapid Cenozoic exhumation occurred in the Qilian Shan during the late Paleocene‐early Eocene (~60–50 Ma), almost synchronous with the India‐Asia collision. The Qilian Shan subsequently experienced long‐lived exhumation that continued until at least the middle Miocene (~45–10 Ma). During this period of exhumation in the Qilian Shan, tectonic deformation occurred throughout the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. The early Cenozoic deformation in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau may have been caused by the transfer of tectonic stress from the distant India‐Asia collision boundary through the complex lithospheric environment of the Tibetan Plateau. The present tectonic configuration and topography of the Qilian Shan and the northeastern Tibetan Plateau likely became established since the middle Miocene and after the long‐lived deformation began in the early Cenozoic.

The detrital record of late‐Miocene to Pliocene surface uplift and exhumation of the Venezuelan Andes in the Maracaibo and Barinas foreland basins

AbstractA multidisciplinary approach, combining sediment petrographic, palynological and thermochronological techniques, has been used to study the Miocene‐Pliocene sedimentary record of the evolution of the Venezuelan Andes. Samples from the Maracaibo (pro‐wedge) and Barinas (retro‐wedge) foreland basins, proximal to this doubly vergent mountain belt, indicate that fluvial and alluvial‐fan sediments of similar composition were shed to both sides of the Venezuelan Andes. Granitic and gneissic detritus was derived from the core of the mountain belt, whereas sedimentary cover rocks and uplifted foreland basin sediments were recycled from its flanks. Palynological evidence from the Maracaibo and Barinas basins constrains depositional ages of the studied sections from late Miocene to Pliocene. The pollen assemblages from the Maracaibo Basin are indicative of mountain vegetation, implying surface elevations of up to 3500–4000 m in the Venezuelan Andes at this time. Detrital apatite fission‐track (AFT) data were obtained from both stratigraphic sections. In samples from the Maracaibo basin, the youngest AFT grain‐age population has relatively static minimum ages of 5 ± 2 Ma, whereas for the Barinas basin samples AFT minimum ages are 7 ± 2 Ma. With exception of two samples collected from the Eocene Pagüey Formation and from the very base of the Miocene Parángula Formation, no evidence for resetting and track annealing in apatite due to burial heating in the basins was found. This is supported by rock‐eval analyses on organic matter and thermal modelling results. Therefore, for all other samples the detrital AFT ages reflect source area cooling and impose minimum age constraints on sediment deposition. The main phase of surface uplift, topography and relief generation, and erosional exhumation in the Venezuelan Andes occurred during the late Miocene to Pliocene. The Neogene evolution of the Venezuelan Andes bears certain similarities with the evolution of the Eastern Cordillera in Colombia, although they are not driven by exactly the same underlying geodynamic processes. The progressive development of the two mountain belts is seen in the context of collision of the Panama arc with northwestern South America and the closure of the Panama seaway in Miocene times, as well as contemporaneous movement of the Caribbean plate to the east and clock‐wise rotation of the Maracaibo block.