Detraining Research Articles

Detraining and Retraining Effects from a Multicomponent Training Program on the Functional Capacity and Health Profile of Physically Active Prehypertensive Older Women.

Resuming a physical exercise program after a period of cessation is common in older women. Monitoring the responses during this detraining (DT) and retraining (RT) may allow us to analyze how the body reacts to an increase and a reduction in physical inactivity. Therefore, we conducted a follow-up training, DT, and RT in prehypertensive older women to analyze the response to these periods. Twenty-three prehypertensive older women (EG; 68.3 ± 2.8 years; 1.61 ± 0.44 m) performed 36 weeks of the multicomponent training program (MTP) followed by twelve weeks of DT plus eight weeks of RT. Fifteen prehypertensive older women (CG; 66.3 ± 3.2 years; 1.59 ± 0.37 m) maintained their normal routine. Functional capacity (FC), lipid, and hemodynamic profile were assessed before, during 24 and 36 weeks of the MTP, after 4 and 12 weeks of DT, and after 8 weeks of RT. After 24 weeks of the MTP, only SBP did not improve. Four weeks of DT did not affect lower body strength (30-CS), TC, or GL. Eight weeks of RT improved BP (SBP: -2.52%; ES: 0.36; p < 0.00; DBP: -1.45%; ES: 0.44; p < 0.02), handgrip strength (3.77%; ES: 0.51; p < 0.00), and 30-CS (3.17%; ES: 0.38; p < 0.04) compared with 36 weeks of the MTP. Eight weeks of RT allowed patients to recover the benefits lost with detraining, which after only four weeks affected them negatively, and the systematic practice of exercise contributed to greater regulation of BP since 24 weeks of the MTP proved not to be enough to promote positive effects of SBP.

Long-term detraining reverses the improvement of lifelong exercise on skeletal muscle ferroptosis and inflammation in aging rats: fiber-type dependence of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.

We investigated the effects of lifelong aerobic exercise and 8months of detraining after 10months of aerobic training on circulation, skeletal muscle oxidative stress, and inflammation in aging rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the control (CON), detraining (DET), and lifelong aerobic training (LAT) groups. The DET and LAT groups began aerobic treadmill exercise at the age of 8months and stopped training at the 18th and 26th month, respectively; all rats were sacrificed when aged 26months. Compared with CON, LAT remarkably decreased serum and aged skeletal muscle 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. Superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2) levels were higher in the LAT group than in the CON group in skeletal muscle. However, DET remarkably decreased SOD2 protein expression and content in the skeletal muscle and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level compared with LAT. Compared with LAT, DET remarkably downregulated adiponectin and upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression, while phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6K) protein expression decreased, and that of FoxO1 and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbX) proteins increased in the quadriceps femoris. Adiponectin and TNF-α expression in the soleus muscle did not change between groups, whereas that of AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and P70S6K was lower in the soleus in the DET group than in that in the LAT group. Compared with that in the LAT group, sestrin1 (SES1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression in the DET group was lower, whereas Keap1 mRNA expression was remarkably upregulated in the quadriceps femoris. Interestingly, the protein and mRNA levels of SES1, Nrf2, and Keap1 in soleus muscle did not differ between groups. LAT remarkably upregulated ferritin heavy polypeptide 1(FTH), glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4), and solute carrier family 7member 11 (SLC7A11) protein expression in the quadriceps femoris and soleus muscles, compared with CON. However, compared with LAT, DET downregulated FTH, GPX4, and SLC7A11 protein expression in the quadriceps femoris and soleus muscles. Long-term detraining during the aging phase reverses the improvement effect of lifelong exercise on oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and muscle atrophy in aging skeletal muscle. The quadriceps femoris is more evident than the soleus, which may be related to the different changes in the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in different skeletal muscles.

Effect of plyometric training and SAQ training followed by detraining on selected bio-motor abilities of school level kabaddi players

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of Plyometrics training and SAQ training followed by detraining on selected Bio-motor abilities of school level kabaddi players. The investigator selected a total of thirty (N=30) male kabaddi players between the age group of 12-18 years from CMS high school Olassa Kottayam Districts. 10 subject of them, as SAQ training (N=10), Plyometric training (n=10) and control group (n=10) were selected as subjects. Total duration was for 8week All the subjects were tested on selected criterion variables prior to and immediately after the six weeks of Kabaddi training programme. The de training effect had measured after the two weeks of training. The study aimed at mainly to find out the impact of Plyometric training and SAQ training followed by detraining on selected Bio-motor abilities of school level kabaddi players. The bio motor variables (dependent variables) selected for the study were explosive strength and agility. Thus data collected on the above variables from thirty kabaddi players were fit into three equal groups. Hence Analysis of covariance (ANACOVA) was applied for find out the significance level. The result indicates that there was significant difference in explosive strength Hence the research hypothesis first stated has been accepted in the case of explosive strength Further it was hypothesized that there would be a significant improvement on bio-motor abilities due six weeks of SAQ training. The pretest scores and post test scores were compared to find out effect of the training. The result indicates that there was significant difference in agility.

OBSTACLES TO DISTANCE EDUCATION FOR STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES AND WAYS TO FACE THEM: FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF FEMALE TEACHERS

Distance education for students with learning disabilities has been used as an official practice in Saudi Arabia since COVID-19’s outbreak. This study’s aim was to explore the obstacles to DE for these students and ways to face them based on teachers’ opinions. In Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province, 111 female LDs teachers working in public elementary schools were randomly selected. The researchers collected data using online surveys and analyzed the data with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. The teachers rated obstacles to DE related to (1) students with LDs, (2) teachers, and (3) DE system infrastructure. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean scores of the teachers’ views based on educational level or number of DE training courses attended, but there were statistically significant differences between the views of teachers with more than 10 years of experience and those of other teachers. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the average scores of teachers’ views on ways to face DE obstacles associated with any of the studied variables. The teachers provided recommendations to support students with LDs, enhance family engagement in making instructional decisions, and provide DE training to students with LDs and their teachers.

Effects of 2-Year-Long Maintenance Training and Detraining on 558 Subacute Ischemic Stroke Patients' Clinical-Motor Symptoms.

This study aimed to determine the effects of a 2-yr-long maintenance training (MT) exergaming and detraining (DT) on clinical-motor symptoms in subacute ischemic patients with stroke (PwST). The hypothesis was that MT motor rehabilitation program would further increase the effects of the initial rehabilitation. After high-intensity and high-frequency exergaming twice or once a day, 5 times per week for 5 wk (EX2: 50 sessions; EX1: 25 sessions, results reported previously), 558 PwST were randomized to EX2-MT, EX2-DT, EX1-MT, and EX1-DT. MT exergaming consisted of once a day, 3 times per week for 2 yr, and DT did not train. Outcomes were measured at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The data were analyzed using longitudinal linear mixed-effects models and general linear hypotheses testing. Modified Rankin Score (primary outcome), body mass, Mini-Mental State Examination score, Beck Depression Inventory, measures of quality of life, Berg Balance Scale, 6-min walk test, and four measures of center of pressure path tended to retain the initial rehabilitation-induced gains in the MT patients in selected outcomes (especially walking capacity). The scores tended to mildly worsen after DT, partially supporting the hypothesis. MT successfully maintained, but only in selected variables did it further increase the initial exergaming rehabilitation-induced robust improvements. DT modestly reduced the initial exergaming rehabilitation-induced improvements. MT programs might be needed after initial stroke rehabilitation to reduce subsequent losses of quality of life and further improve clinical-motor symptoms.

Effect of Detraining and Tapering Strategies on the Strength Performance of Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes

&lt;p&gt;目的 :分析跆拳道青少年選手完成 12週阻力訓練後，執行停訓 (detraining, DT) 或減量訓練 (tapering, TP)對力量表現之影響。方法 : 22名完成 12週阻力訓練之現役男性青少年跆拳道選手為受試者，以最大肌力水準分層隨機分配為 11位停訓組 (detraining group. DTG) 及 11位減量組 (tapering group, TPG)。TPG維持前一期訓練計畫中「速度與爆發力訓練期」之訓練強度與頻率，但訓練量減半的阻力訓練。前一期阻力訓練結束 48小時進行前測，前測結束後第 7天及第 14天分別進行中測與後測。依變項包括最大肌力、50毫秒發力率、100毫秒發力率及反向跳高度。以單因子相依變異數分析及獨立樣本t檢定比較組內與組間差異，組內差異若達顯著水準以 Bonferroni 法進行事後比較。結果 : DTG 中測與後測之最大肌力顯著優於前測 (p &lt; .01)，中測之50毫秒發力率顯著優於前測 (p &lt; .05)。TPG中測的最大肌力、50毫秒發力率、100毫秒發力率及反向跳高度顯著優於前測 (p &lt; .01)，後測的50毫秒發力率亦優於前測及中測 (p &lt; .01)。組間比較發現 DTG 中測的最大肌力進步率顯著優於TPG(p &lt; .01)，但 TPG 後測的 50毫秒發力率進步率顯著優於 DTG (p &lt; .01)。結論 : 7天與14天的DT與TP均能維持前一期阻力訓練之成果。7天 TP 比7天的 DT有更多力量發展的優勢且 14天TP的 50毫秒發力率達最高進步率。故TP策略比DT策略更有利跆拳道選手專項所需的力量表現。&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Purpose: The study was to analyze the effect of detraining (DT) and tapering (TP) after 12-week resistant training on the strength performance of adolescent taekwondo athletes. Methods: 22 active male teenage taekwondo athletes who completed 12 weeks of resistance training were selected as subjects, and were randomly assigned to 11 detraining group (DTG) and 11 tapering group. TPG maintains the training intensity and frequency of the &amp;quot;speed and explosive power training period&amp;quot; in the previous training plan, but the training volume was halved. The pre-test was conducted 48 hours after the end of the previous resistance training cycle, and the mid-test and post-test were conducted on the 7th and 14th days after the pre-test. The dependent variables included maximal strength, 50-ms rate of force development (RFD), 100-ms RFD, and the height of countermovement jump. Repeated measured ANOVA and independent sample t-test were used to compare the differences within and between groups. Bonferroni’s method was used for post-hoc comparison if the differences within groups reached a significant level. Results: In DTG, the maximal strength at the mid-test and post-test was significantly greater than that of the pre-test (p&lt; .01), and the 50-ms RFD at the mid-test was significantly better than that of the pre-test (p &lt; .05). In TPG, the maximal strength, 50-ms RFD, 100-ms RFD, and the height of countermovement jump of the post-test were significantly better than those in the pre-test (p&lt; .01), and the 50-ms RFD was significantly greater than the pre-test and mid-test. Between-group comparisons found that DTG was significantly better than TPG in the improvement of maximal strength (p &lt; .01), but the 50-ms RFD at TPG post-test was significantly better than DTG post-test (p &lt; .01). Conclusions: Both 7-day and 14-day DT and TP can maintain the training effect of pervious resistant training program. The 7-day TP could develop more strength than the 7-day DT, and the 50-ms RFD improved the most in 14-day TP. Therefore, the TP strategy is more beneficial to the strength performance required by taekwondo athletes than the DT strategy.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Multicomponent Exercise Program for Improvement of Functional Capacity and Lipidic Profile of Older Women with High Cholesterol and High Triglycerides.

Background: Physical inactivity is a primary cause of most chronic diseases. In addition, the negative effects of aging, physical inactivity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases of older women. Exercise is considered fundamental for the treatment and prevention due to the benefits in the health of this population, but detraining periods after exercise can reverse them. Multicomponent exercise (ME) is a combined method of aerobic and resistance training that can improve the lipidic profile of older women with high cholesterol and triglycerides. Methods: Seventeen older women (EG: 65.3 ± 4.7 years, 1.52 ± 4.12 m) followed a supervised ME program of nine months and three months of detraining (DT), and fifteen older women (CG: 66.4 ± 5.2 years, 1.54 ± 5.58 cm) continued their daily routine, without exercise. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), blood glucose (GL) and functional capacity (FC) were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the program and after three months of DT. Results: ME program improved (p < 0.05) lipidic profile: GL (−15.6%), TC (−15.3%), TG (−19.3%) and FC: agility (−13.3%), lower body strength (27.78%), upper body strength (26.3%), cardiorespiratory capacity (11.2%), lower body flexibility (66.67%) and upper body flexibility (85.72%). DT declined the lipidic profile and FC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Lipidic profile and functional capacity can be improved with nine months of ME. Besides the negative effects of DT, three months were not enough to reverse the benefits of exercise in older women with high values of TG and TC.

A Preliminary Study of Pre-Season Taekwondo Preparation Strategy: Personal Isolation Training Effect for Elite Athletes.

Background: The global coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19) has had a considerable impact on athletic competition and team sports training. Athletes have been forced to train alone at home. However, the isolation training model effects are still unknown. Purpose: This study compared the effects of personal isolation training (PIT) and detraining (DT) on specific sport performances (flexibility, power, reaction time, acceleration, and aerobic capacity) and body composition in elite taekwondo athletes. Methods: Eleven elite taekwondo athletes were recruited as voluntary subjects. Athletes were randomly paired by weight into the personal isolation training group (PIT group: N = 5, age: 21.2 ± 0.4 years, BMI: 22.2 ± 0.8 kg/m2) or detraining group (DT group: N = 6, age: 19.8 ± 0.3 years, BMI: 23.1 ± 1.0 kg/m2). All subjects performed the same training content prior to the pre-test (T1). When the pre-test was completed, all subjects underwent 12 weeks of PIT or DT. Athletes were then administrated the post-test (T2). The athlete’s sport performances and body composition were measured to compare the differences between the two groups (PIT and DT) and two phases (T1 and T2). Results: There were no significant differences in kicking reaction time and flexibility in both groups (p > 0.05). The PIT showed significant improvements in 10 m (10M) sprint performance (p < 0.05), and displayed a progress trend in Abalakov jump performance. In addition, the PIT resulted in a better change response in 10M sprint performance (PIT: −4.2%, DT: +2.1%), aerobic endurance performance (PIT: −10.2%, DT: −18.4%), right arm muscle mass (PIT: +2.9%, DT: −3.8%), and trunk muscle mass (PIT: +2.2%, DT: −1.9%) than DT (p < 0.05). The fat mass percentage showed a negative change from T1 to T2 in both groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: PIT showed a trend toward better body composition (arm and trunk muscle) and sport performances (10M sprint and aerobic capacity) compared to DT. This finding may provide information on the effectiveness of a personal isolation training model for optimal preparation for taekwondo athletes and coaches. It may also serve as a useful and safe guideline for training recommendations during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

Sustained swimming exercise training decreases the individual variation in the metabolic phenotype of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Cultured fish can be induced to swim, although the suitability and benefits remain to be tested. Sustained swimming exercise (SSE) training and detraining (DET) were applied in juvenile gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and the metabolic rates were investigated. Fish with a total body mass of 80.5 ± 1.5 g and total length 17.2 ± 0.1 cm were maintained untrained (spontaneously swimming activity, UNT), swim-trained (induced sustained swimming activity, SSE) at 1 BL s−1 for 28 days, or detrained (28 days of swimming followed by 10 days of untraining, DET). Standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR), and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) were assessed (n = 10). In addition, the effects of SSE training (51 days) on blood and plasma parameters were investigated before and immediately after applying a high-intensity swimming (HIS) protocol. SMR, MMR, and EPOC values were not different between SSE, UNT, or DET fish (143.2, 465.5 mg O2 kg−1 h−1, and 459.1 mg O2 kg−1, respectively). Spite the lack of differences between treatments, the dispersion in the residuals for SMR, MMR, and absolute aerobic scope (AAS) values followed the order UNT > DET > SSE, indicating that swim training decreases the individual variation of these metabolic parameters. Haematological parameters, plasma glucose, lactate, and cortisol levels were similar between SSE and UNT groups before HIS. Plasma glucose and lactate levels increased in both groups after HIS, being higher in the SSE group. Plasma cortisol levels were similar between both groups after HIS. Results suggest that SSE training improves energy use and reduces individual variation in SMR and MMR, an effect that declines with detraining.

Can Exercise Help Regulate Blood Pressure and Improve Functional Capacity of Older Women with Hypertension against the Deleterious Effects of Physical Inactivity?

Background: Sedentarism and inactivity are risk factors for the development of hypertension. Thus, the prevention of the natural process of biological and physiological aging of older women through physical exercise results in higher benefits in preventing cardiovascular diseases and can be a key factor for its treatment. Multicomponent exercise (METP) is a training method that may help older women with hypertension by improving their quality of life and their response to treatment. Methods: Twenty-eight older Caucasian women with hypertension (66.7 ± 5.3 years, 1.59 ± 0.11 m) performed a supervised METP program of nine months followed by three months of detraining (DT), and seventeen older women (68.2 ± 4.7 years, 1.57 ± 0.16 cm) with hypertension maintained their daily routine, without exercise. Blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate, and functional capacity (FC) were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of the program, and after three months of DT. Results: The ME program improved (p < 0.05) systolic BP (−5.37%), diastolic BP (−5.67%), resting heart rate (−7.8%), agility (9.8%), lower body strength (27.8%), upper body strength (10.0%), and cardiorespiratory capacity (8.6%). BP and FC deteriorated after the DT period (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Nine months of multicomponent exercise were sufficient to improve functional capacity and promote benefits in blood pressure, although was not sufficient to allow BP to reach the normal values of older women. The three month DT period without exercise caused the reversal of BP improvements but maintained the functional capacity of older women.

DOES THREE MONTHS OF DETRAINING PROMOTE DIFFERENT CHANGES IN OLDER ADULTS WITH OR WITHOUT HYPERTENSION AND HIGH CHOLESTEROL?

Cardiovascular deceases are the leading cause of death worldwide in older adults and exercise is one method that can bring benefits against their risk factors, such hypertension and high cholesterol. Exercise can be applied in older adults through different methods, like multicomponent training and can promote lifestyle changes. PURPOSE: Can multicomponent training (MT) and detraining (DT) promote different effects in blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol (TCHOL) and cardiorespiratory capacity of older women with or without hypertension and high cholesterol (HT and HCHOL)? METHODS: Sixteen older women without HT and HCHOL (CG: n = 16, 65.4 ± 1.8 years), and fifteen older women with HT and HCHOL (EG: n = 15, 67.7 ± 4.2 years) followed a six-month multicomponent exercise program before a three-month detraining period. Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed through 6-min walk test(6MWT), Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure through a Omron Digital Blood Pressure Monitor HEM-907, and total cholesterol (TCHOL) blood sample were assessed in accordance with the procedures of Diabetes Atlas Committee. All assessments were conducted before and after the exercise program and after three months of detraining. RESULTS: MT resulted in declines in SBP (EG: -4.00%, p < 0.01; CG: -2.38%, p < 0.01), DBP (EG: -7.07%, p < 0.01; CG: -7.73%, p < 0.01), TCHOL (EG: -13,29%, p < 0.01; CG: -5.26%, p < 0.01) and improvements in 6MWT (EG: 7.49%, p < 0.01; CG: 4.49%, p < 0.01). DT led to negative effects in SBP (EG: 2.69%, p < 0.01; CG: 3.04%, p < 0.01), DBP (EG: 7,54%, p < 0.01; CG: 7.46%, p < 0.01), TCHOL (EG: 6,26%, p < 0.01; CG: -3.16%, p < 0.01) and 6MWT (EG: -8.70%, p < 0.01; CG: -3.19%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Besides the benefits of MT the DT period was enough to reverse the benefits of exercise in BP, TCHOL and cardiorespiratory fitness of booth groups. MT in older adults with hypertension and HCHOL group promoted greater improvements in HCHOL and cardiorespiratory fitness than in the CG.

Analysis of the Open University of Brazil Program as a National Policy for Public Distance Education in Brazil

This paper aims to understand how free distance education policies in Brazil, the Open University of Brazil (OUB) System, and public relations between this program and the weakening of distance education in Brazilian public education. Discuss the relationships between DE and teacher training in Brazil, as well as the program's weaknesses in directing teaching, and engage in dialogue with DE resistances in other areas of training in Brazilian public universities. We point out the ineffectiveness of expanding vacancies to train teachers and the perspective of planning the use of distance education in public universities, or what leads to the growing resistance to this model of education within institutions. Finally, that to strengthen distance education in Brazilian public education, and it is necessary to set aside programs of unstable duration, such as the OUB, and to think about public policies that affect the regularity and breadth of training areas in distance education.

Falls in Turkish Women During Pregnancy: Prevalence, Affecting Factors and Treatment-seeking Behavior

Background & aim: Physiological, anatomical and hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy could increase pregnant women�s risk of falling, which could lead to negative outcomes for both women and fetuses. This study aims was to identify the prevalence and influencing factors of falls in Turkish women during pregnancy as well as these women�s treatment-seeking behavior. Methods: This retrospective and descriptive study was conducted with 622 pregnant women who presented for prenatal follow-up at NiA�de Training and Research Hospital in Turkey using the convenience sampling method. The data were collected with the �Structured Questionnaire Form� and �Trait Anxiety Inventory�, and analyzed using SPSS 24.0 software using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared and Student's t-tests and logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of falls in pregnant women at term was found as 17.7. The falls most commonly occurred at home (62.3), on stairs (16.8), and on wet (16.8) or uneven ground (13.9). The rates of injury and going to a hospital after such a fall were 63.6 and 14.2, respectively. Trait anxiety mean scores did not show a significant difference in terms of pregnancy fall history (p>0.05).Regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between a fall history during pregnancy and medication use (OR=1.680; p=0.025) and clothing style (OR=1.836; p=0.025). Conclusion: Approximately two out of ten pregnant women have a history of falling, with the falls usually being associated with preventable causes. It is recommended that pregnant women be informed by midwives and other healthcare professionals about falls, avoiding risk factors and seeking medical treatment.

Effects of Cardiovascular, Resistance and Combined Exercise Training on Cardiovascular, Performance and Blood Redox Parameters in Coronary Artery Disease Patients: An 8-Month Training-Detraining Randomized Intervention

It is well-documented that chronic/regular exercise improves the cardiovascular function, decreases oxidative stress and enhances the antioxidant capacity in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the chronic effects of different types of training and detraining on cardiovascular function and the levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in these patients. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of cardiovascular, resistance and combined exercise training followed by a three-month detraining period, on cardiovascular function, physical performance and blood redox status parameters in CAD patients. Sixty coronary artery disease patients were randomly assigned to either a cardiovascular training (CVT, N = 15), resistance training (RT, N = 11), combined cardiovascular and resistance training (CT, N = 16) or a control (C, N = 15) group. The training groups participated in an 8-month supervised training program (training three days/week) followed by a 3-month detraining period, while the control group participated only in measurements. Body composition, blood pressure, performance-related variables (aerobic capacity (VO2max), muscle strength, flexibility) and blood redox status-related parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), catalase activity (CAT), protein carbonyls (PC)) were assessed at the beginning of the study, after 4 and 8 months of training as well as following 1, 2 and 3 months of detraining (DT). CVT induced the most remarkable and pronounced alterations in blood pressure (~9% reduction in systolic blood pressure and ~5% in diastolic blood pressure) and redox status since it had a positive effect on all redox-related variables (ranging from 16 to 137%). RT and CT training affected positively some of the assessed (TAC, CAT and PC) redox-related variables. Performance-related variables retained the positive response of the training, whereas most of the redox status parameters, for all training groups, restored near to the pre-exercise values at the end of the DT period. These results indicate that exercise training has a significant effect on redox status of CAD. Three months of detraining is enough to abolish the exercise-induced beneficial effects on redox status, indicating that for a better antioxidant status, exercise must be a lifetime commitment.

Effect of Previous Strength Training Episodes and Retraining on Cross-Sectional Area and Protein Contents of Rat Soleus Muscle

PURPOSE: This study tested the hypothesis that previous strength training episodes favorably contribute to muscular hypertrophic adaptations in rat soleus muscle after long-term detraining and retraining in rats.METHODS: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=24) aged 8 weeks were randomly assigned to four groups: control (CON), detraining (DT), strength training (ST), and retraining (RT). The strength training was a regular bout of ladder climbing exercise that consisted of three sets of five repetitions and three days per week for eight weeks. A cylinder containing weights was loaded to the bottom of each rat’s tail. The weights carried during each training session were initially 50% of body weight and progressively increased by 10% per session. Rats in the DT underwent twenty weeks of detraining periods immediately after eight weeks of strength training. Rats in the ST were aged matched to the RT group and underwent eight weeks of strength training at the same duration with the RT group. Rats in the RT were conducted to the resistance training for eight weeks following the detraining period. Soleus muscles were collected at the end of the training episodes to examine alterations in cross-sectional area and protein contents.RESULTS: ST showed a significant increase in cross-sectional area of the rat soleus muscle, compared with CON. It was interestingly demonstrated that RT markedly elicited hypertrophy of soleus muscle, compared with all other groups. It was supported that RTinduced hypertrophy was related to increased myofibrillar protein contents of the soleus muscle.CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that although prolonged training cessation occurs previous strength training episodes have a positive impact on restoring muscular contractile properties and hypertrophy after retraining.

Strength Adaptions And Body Composition Changes Following High Vs. Low Volume Resistance Training And Detraining

Resistance training (RT) is used for improving strength and body composition. However, it is still under debate whether higher RT volume (HV) is necessary in novices, or if lower volume (LV) is equally effective. In addition, effects of detraining (DTR) following HV and LV RT are not well understood. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of a 12-week HV program (3 sets, 10 repetitions) compared to LV RT (1 set, 10 repetitions) to concentric muscle failure on strength and body composition, followed by four weeks of DTR in male and female subjects. METHODS: Forty-two untrained subjects were randomly assigned to either LV (female n=10; male n=10; age 32.9±11.8y, height 174.2±8.4cm; weight 70.3±13.5kg) or HV RT (female n=11; male n=11; age 33.0±9.6y, height 174.2±11.2cm; weight 72.4±18.1 kg). RT consisted of two RT sessions per week (squat, bench press, arm and leg flexion and extension). Measurements were taken prior to and post RT, and after DTR. Body composition was assessed using BIA. Strength measurement (10-RM) was done using the aforementioned exercises. Six subjects were eliminated from the study due to various reasons, resulting in 36 subjects included for further analysis (HV female n=10, male n=8; LV female n=9, male n=9). Compliance was 100%. Comparisons were made using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS: Both groups increased strength through RT with no difference between groups (squat HV 61.1% vs. LV 59.0%, p<0.001; bench press HV 28.9% vs. LV 31.3%, p<0.001; leg extension HV 54.6% vs. LV 50.2%, p<0.001; leg flexion HV 30.9% vs. LV 30.3%, p<0.001; arm extension HV 51.0% vs. LV 44.8%, p<0.001; arm flexion HV 36.9% vs. LV 31.7%, p<0.001). Body mass (p=0.182), fat mass (p=0.238), and fat-free mass (p=1.000) was unaltered by RT. After DTR strength in arm flexion (p=0.007), arm extension (p=0.001), bench press (p<0.001), and squat (p=0.039) decreased to the same extend in both groups. Leg flexion and extension strength was unaltered following DTR, while fat-free mass increased (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: HV and LV RT was equally effective in untrained subjects to increase strength. Novices could therefore save time with LV, with similar results. Yet, RT alone was not sufficient to change body composition. Following DTR strength gains were still elevated but in some measurements slightly lower than post RT.

Exercise And Detraining Change Lipid Profile In Older Women?

Exercise in older adults results in very important benefits to health and quality of life. Low cardiorespiratory capacity, high cholesterol (HCHOL) and high triglycerides (HTRIG) are three of the mayor risk factors for cardiovascular diseases that can be improved with regular exercise. PURPOSE: Would regular exercise (RE) and detraining (DT) promote different effects in total cholesterol, triglycerides and cardiorespiratory capacity of older women with or without lipid disorders (HCHOL and HTRIG)? METHODS: Seventeen older women with HCHOL and HTRIG were recruited for the lipid disorder group (LDG) and twenty-three older women without HCHOL and HTRIG were recruited for the no lipid disorder group (CG) (LDG: n = 17, 68.7 ± 2.1 years; CG: n = 23, 69.4 ± 3.7 years). Booth groups followed a nine-month multicomponent exercise program before a three-month detraining period. Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed through 6-min walk test(6MWT), and total cholesterol (TCHOL) and triglycerides (TG) blood sample were assessed in accordance with the procedures of Diabetes Atlas Committee. All assessments were conducted before and after the exercise program and after three months of detraining. Mixed-model ANOVA was used to examine differences within and between groups. RESULTS: In booth groups RE promoted declines in TCHOL (LDG: -7.93%, p < 0.01; CG: -9.12%, p < 0.01), TG (LDG: -10.89%, p < 0.01; CG: -11.14%, p < 0.01) and 6MWT (LDG: 10.87%, p < 0.01; CG: 12.39%, p < 0.01), and DT led to negative effects on TCHOL (LDG: 5.81%, p < 0.01; CG: 7.8%, p < 0.01) and TG (LDG: 9.41%, p < 0.01; CG: 9.07%, p < 0.01), and 6MWT (LDG: -4.78%, p < 0.01; CG: -6.20%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Three months of DT are enough to reverse the benefits of exercise in TCHOL of non-lipid disorder older women, and regular exercise in older women with lipid disorders promotes benefits in cardiorespiratory capacity, TG and TCHOL with lower impact compared to older women without this disorders but are strong enough to be retained after three months of DT.

Effects of Three Months of Detraining on the Health Profile of Older Women after a Multicomponent Exercise Program.

Physical exercise results in very important benefits including preventing disease and promoting the quality of life of older individuals. Common interruptions and training cessation are associated with the loss of total health profile, and specifically cardiorespiratory fitness. Would detraining (DT) promote different effects in the cardiorespiratory and health profiles of trained and sedentary older women? Forty-seven older women were divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG) (EG: n = 28, 70.3 ± 2.3 years; CG: n = 19, 70.1 ± 5.6 years). Oxygen uptake (VO2) and health profile assessments were conducted after the exercise program and after three months of detraining. The EG followed a nine-month multicomponent exercise program before a three-month detraining period. The CG maintained their normal activities. Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant increases in total heath and VO2 (p < 0.01) profile over a nine-month exercise period in the EG and no significant increases in the CG. DT led to greater negative effects on total cholesterol (4.35%, p < 0.01), triglycerides (3.89%, p < 0.01), glucose (4.96%, p < 0.01), resting heart rate (5.15%, p < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (4.13%, p < 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (3.38%, p < 0.01), the six-minute walk test (7.57%, p < 0.01), Pulmonary Ventilation (VE) (10.16%, p < 0.01), the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) (9.78, p < 0.05), and VO2/heart rate (HR) (16.08%, p < 0.01) in the EG. DT may induce greater declines in total health profile and in VO2, mediated, in part, by the effectiveness of multicomponent training particularly developed for older women.

Effects of training, detraining, and retraining on strength, hypertrophy, and myonuclear number in human skeletal muscle.

Previously trained mouse muscles acquire strength and volume faster than naïve muscles; it has been suggested that this is related to increased myonuclear density. The present study aimed to determine whether a previously strength-trained leg (mem-leg) would respond better to a period of strength training than a previously untrained leg (con-leg). Nine men and 10 women performed unilateral strength training (T1) for 10 wk, followed by 20 wk of detraining (DT) and a 5-wk bilateral retraining period (T2). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after each training period and analyzed for myonuclear number, fiber volume, and cross-sectional area (CSA). Ultrasound and one repetition of maximum leg extension were performed to determine muscle thickness (MT) and strength. CSA (~17%), MT (~10%), and strength (~20%) increased during T1 in the mem-leg. However, the myonuclear number and fiber volume did not change. MT and CSA returned to baseline values during DT, but strength remained elevated (~60%), supporting previous findings of a long-lasting motor learning effect. MT and strength increased similarly in the mem-leg and con-leg during T2, whereas CSA, fiber volume, and myonuclear number remained unaffected. In conclusion, training response during T2 did not differ between the mem-leg and con-leg. However, this does not discount the existence of human muscle memory, since no increase in the number of myonuclei was detected during T1 and no clear detraining effect was observed for cell size during DT; thus, the present data did not allow for a rigorous test of the muscle memory hypothesis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY If a long-lasting intramuscular memory exists in humans, this will affect strength-training advice for both athletes and the public. Based on animal experiments, we hypothesized that such a memory exists and that it is related to the myonuclear number. However, a period of unilateral strength training, followed by detraining, did not increase the myonuclear number. The training response, during a subsequent bilateral retraining period, was not enhanced in the previously trained leg.

Blood Flow Restriction Does Not Attenuate Short-Term Detraining-Induced Muscle Size and Strength Losses After Resistance Training With Blood Flow Restriction.

Teixeira, EL, de Salles Painelli, V, Silva-Batista, C, de Souza Barros, T, Longo, AR, Lasevicius, T, Schoenfeld, BJ, Aihara, AY, and de Almeida Peres, B. Blood flow restriction does not attenuate short-term detraining-induced muscle size and strength losses after resistance training with blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2082-2088, 2021-After a short-term resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR), we investigated the effects of 12 days of detraining (DET), without an exercise stimulus, on quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA) and muscle strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]), with 1 leg receiving daily intermittent BFR during DET vs. the same nonexercise condition without BFR (CON) in the contralateral leg. Both subjects' legs were evaluated for QCSA and 1RM before (PRE) and after (POST) both legs being unilaterally submitted to 3 weeks (4 days per week) of low-load (3 sets of 15 repetitions, 30% 1RM) resistance training with BFR. The DET period started immediately after POST, where each leg was randomly submitted to a daily intermittent BFR protocol or CON, without any associated exercise stimulus. Quadriceps cross-sectional area and 1RM were reassessed after DET. Both legs at CON and BFR conditions increased QCSA (6.3 and 6.8%, respectively; both p < 0.0001) and 1RM (9.5 and 10.1%, respectively; both p < 0.05) from PRE to POST. Both legs at CON and BFR conditions reduced QCSA (-4.6 and 4.9%, respectively; both p < 0.0001) and 1RM (-9.0 and -8.2%, respectively; both p < 0.05) from POST to DET, with no significant differences between conditions (p > 0.05). We conclude that muscle strength and hypertrophy gains obtained in 3 weeks of resistance training with BFR are not maintained after 12 days of DET. Moreover, the application of BFR, without an associated exercise stimulus, does not attenuate such losses.