Deterrent Factors Research Articles

Does the Type of Cheating Influence Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Cheating?

There has been a plethora of studies outlying the various factors which may affect undergraduate student cheating, generally focusing on individual, situational and deterrent factors. But beyond these factors, does the type of cheating affect students’ perceptions of cheating? We found that there were differences in regards to gradable cheating such as cheating on homework, tests and papers versus non-gradable cheating such as illegally downloading software/music from the Internet or photocopying materials which violate the university’s academic integrity policy. Gender, discussion of ethical issues in class and enforcement of cheating reduces the acceptance of cheating across types of cheating. Less time spent on the Internet reduces the acceptance of only non-gradable cheating and the type of institution and knowing the consequences of cheating reduces the acceptance of only gradable cheating.

Dyadic death due to family custom in marriage

In dyadic death, a there is a lack of studies addressing the effectiveness of the family pressure through these deaths. In this study, the effectiveness of the customs on the marriages is discussed with a related case of dyadic death. A 27 years old male and a 19 years old female were found dead in a car out of a city center away from hometown. In the external examination, there was an entrance wound on the right temporal region and an exit wound on the left temporal region of the man, and the contrary for the woman. Both of the exit wounds were contact wound. Both of the deceased were originally from the east part of Turkey and stated to be single; and the woman was reported to the security units as missing two days before the incident. As the motivation of the suicide, a note near to the man was explaining that the deceased couple loved each other for one year yet the family of the women had not let them to get married. Being an obstacle for the marriage even for adults and a cause of suicide because of family pressure is indicative of strict application of the family customs, in Turkey. The authors propose that issue of whether the 84. Article of the Turkish Penal Code should be or not applied as a deterrent factor reducing pressure of family customs.

Pastoral Pública: a possibilidade de uma práxis a partir da Teologia Pública

Public theology is being discussed in Brazil recently. Although it originated in the United States, as discourse and practice took place visibly in South Africa Public Theology in Brazil has some peculiarities and difficulties. Its peculiarity is due to liberation theology have the same proposals dialogic and social mediations, the difficulty to what is proposed Public theology is about the denominational and religious plurality which becomes a deterrent factor when it comes to speech homogeneous for the Brazilian society and Latin American in general. This paper comprises part of a debate that has as its background the Public Theology, but want to look for another perspective to dialogue with the culture and postmodernism. This bias would be the Pastoral in its public dimension.

Scavenger deterrent factor (SDF) from symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are symbiotically associated with bacteria in the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively. The symbiotic bacteria produce a chemical compound(s) that deterred ants from feeding on nematode-killed insects (i.e., cadavers) and has been previously referred to as an Ant Deterrent Factor (ADF). We studied the response of different arthropod scavenger species which included the ant Lepisiota frauenfeldi, cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, wasps Vespa orientalis and Paravespula sp., and calliphorid fly Chrysomya albiceps, to ADF. These scavengers (ants, crickets, and wasps) were exposed to cadavers with and without the nematode/bacterium complex or to Photorhabdus luminescens cultures of different ages on different substrates. The ant, cricket, and wasp species did not feed on nematode-killed insects containing the nematode/bacterium complex that were 2days old and older but fed on 1-day-old nematode-killed and freeze -killed insects. Crickets consumed 2- to 7-day-old axenic nematode-killed insects, 1-, 4-, and 5-day-old insects killed by the bacterium, Serratia marcescens, and freeze-killed, putrid insects that were up to 10days old. The crickets only partially consumed 2- and 3-day-old insects killed by S. marcescens which differed significantly from the 1-, 4-, and 5-day-old killed insects by this bacterium. Ants fed only on 5% sucrose solution (control) and 1- to 3- day old cultures of P. luminescens containing 5% sucrose but not on older cultures of P. luminescens. Wasps did not feed on meat treated with P. luminescens supernatant, whereas they fed on meat treated with Escherichia coli supernatant and control meat. Calliphorid flies did not oviposit on meat treated with P. luminescens supernatant but did oviposit on untreated meat. Based on the response of these scavengers, the chemical compound(s) responsible for this deterrent activity should be called “scavenger deterrent factor” (SDF).

A Production Planning Model using Fuzzy Neural Network: A Case Study of an Automobile Industry

production forecast based on order received is adversely affected by deterrent factors in supply chain management (SCM). Although several mathematical models have been attempted by researchers, the accuracy of such forecast still need to be improved. In the present paper the various deterrent factors influencing the supply chain have been considered adequately to forecast the production plan on the order received. The model is based on the machine learning using fuzzy neural network architecture and validated with real data on automobile production. The result is compared with that obtained by conventional multiple regression model and the former is found to be quite satisfactory, the error being as low as 2.9847 e-006

Immediate single implant restorations in mandibular molar extraction sockets: a controlled clinical trial

In the replacement of missing teeth, a paradigm shift is currently observed with immediate implant placement and/or restoration, particularly in the aesthetic zone. In molar sites, however, anatomical, occlusal and biomechanical considerations remain deterrent factors influencing the outcome of this treatment paradigm. The aim of this report was to evaluate immediate placement and immediate restoration of strongly tapered wide-diameter implant in fresh mandibular molar extraction sockets. Twenty-four 8- or 9-mm diameter implants were placed in either a fresh molar extraction socket or a healed site. All the implants received provisional crowns within 48h. The provisional crowns were replaced with full ceramic crowns after 8weeks of implant placement. The overall implant success rate after 1year of service for the 24 implants in two treatment groups was 75%. Success rates were 83.3% and 66.7% for the delayed and immediate placement groups respectively, with no significant difference observed between the two groups (P=0.35). Implant stability measurements identified the immediately placed implants to be more stable immediately after surgery than delayed placed implants. In contrast, the delayed placed implants were more stable after 8week healing time. The rehabilitation of single missing mandibular molars by immediately placed and restored wide-diameter implants was associated with a relatively high failure rate.

Banded cucumber beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) resistance in romaine lettuce: understanding latex chemistry

Many plants subjected to herbivore damage exude latex, a rich source of biochemicals, which plays important roles in host plant resistance. Our previous studies showed that fresh latex from Valmaine, a resistant cultivar of romaine lettuce Lactuca sativa L., applied to artificial diet is highly deterrent to feeding by banded cucumber beetle, Diabrotica balteata LeConte, compared to the latex of a closely related susceptible cultivar Tall Guzmaine. The deterrent factor(s) could be extracted from Valmaine latex with water–methanol (20:80). In this study, further fractionation of the methanolic crude extract of Valmaine latex was performed using reverse-phase and ion-exchange solid-phase extraction to isolate the deterrent compounds. Retention of deterrent compounds on anion and cation exchange resin suggested the presence of highly polar compounds with both carboxylic and amine groups in Valmaine latex. Further bioassay-directed fractionation of cation exchange extract using LC/MS indicated the presence of at least 3 major and an unknown number of minor compounds in the bioactive fraction between 3 and 4 min. The m/z 210 out of the 3 major compounds showed strong amino acid characteristics (glutamine and/or glutamic acid) when subjected to further MS n degradation. Our studies suggest that nitrogenous ingredients of latex play a key role in Valmaine resistance to D. balteata, and latex may be a source of bioactive compounds with a potential use in pest management.

Managing Older Worker Training: A Literature Review and Conceptual Framework

This article reviews literature on educational gerontology, adult education, and training and identifies factors that may encourage or discourage older workers from participation in training. Previous research has emphasized models based on either motivation or deterrent factors. This article offers a unique exploratory model combining five motivational and two deterrent factors that hold the potential for predicting older worker's participation in training. Research based on the proposed model can help explain older learner's participation in work-related training and, thereby, provide practitioners with clues to enhance training programs for older workers.

Countering Corrupting Conflicts of Interest: The Example of Hong Kong

This paper views corruption as arising from a conflict of interests, in which the corrupt actor pursues a private interest at the expense of an official or professional duty. In this way, conflicts of interest are at the root of corrupt behaviour in both the public and the private sector. Such conflicts can be countered by structural strategies that subject the agent to limited discretion, increased supervision or transparency. An independent anti-corruption agency is a powerful check of this type. Conflicts of interest can also be combated by increasing the cost of pursuing the private interest, whether that cost be monetary or in the form of a loss of freedom or reputation. Increasing the probability that such cost will be incurred augments the deterrent factor, and thus the quality of oversight, investigation and prosecution will increase the cost of corruption to potential actors and reduce the frequency of its occurrence. The Hong Kong anti-corruption regime combines all of these techniques in exemplary fashion. This paper uses the example of Hong Kong to analyze how corrupting conflicts of interest can be countered through law and related programmes.

Beehive fences as effective deterrents for crop-raiding elephants: field trials in northern Kenya

Increasing elephant populations in Kenya since 1989 have been widely praised as a conservation success story. However, where elephants and agricultural land overlap, incidents of human‐elephant conflict are on the increase. Wildlife managers and farmers are now trying different farm-based deterrents to keep elephants out of crops. Here, we present data on the effectiveness of a novel beehive fence deployed in a Turkana community of 62 communally run farms in Kenya. Specifically, 1700 m of beehive fences semi-surrounded the outer boundaries of seventeen farms, and we compared elephant farm invasion events with these and to seventeen neighbouring farms whose boundaries were ‘protected’ only by thorn bush barriers. We present data from 45 farm invasions, or attempted invasions, recorded over 2 years. Thirteen groups of elephants approached the beehive fences and turned away. Of the 32 successful farm invasions, only one bull elephant broke through the beehive fences. These results demonstrate that beehive fences are more effective than thorn bush barriers at deterring elephants and may have a role to play in alleviating farmer‐elephant conflict. Additionally, the harvesting of 106 kg of honey during the trial period suggests that beehive fences may also improve crop production and enhance rural livelihoods through honey sales.

Why Don'T I Get the Joke?

In the popular public discourse about crime, punishment and imprisonment, there is often a theme which says there are deserving victims of crime. This is not a marginal discourse. Being raped in prison, according to the New South Wales Corrective Services Minister who at that time was responsible for the prison system, is 'inevitable' and, in fact, prison rape may be a useful 'deterrent factor'. Illustrating the contradiction of a prisoner convicted of rape, the NSW Corrective Services Commissioner Ron Woodham publicly described the man as an 'oxygen thief ', meaning presumably that he was stealing the air he breathes and perhaps by implication should be suffocated or otherwise deprived of the air to which he is self-evidently not entitled. So, after prisoners rape each other, they should be killed? As Corrective Services Commissioner in NSW, Mr Woodham has the overarching duty of care for people in custody in that state.

Effect of Organic Poultry Purchase Frequency on Consumer Attitudes Toward Organic Poultry Meat

Because of the growing consumers' interest in organic meat, consumers' (N = 976) attitude toward organic meat was evaluated. Most respondents (59%) occasionally purchased organic chicken. To determine the organic chicken consumer profile, the organic chicken consumption frequencies of different demographic groups were compared. The results show dependence on age (P= 0.039) and ethnicity (P = 0.015). Older respondents as well as respondents who identified themselves as Caucasians tended to buy organic chicken more frequently. However, many other socio-demographic factors were not correlated with organic chicken consumption: gender (P = 0.185), education (P = 0.235), household income (0.867), living with partner or not (P = 0.235), and number of children (P = 0.883). Taste was identified as the most important meat quality attribute (perceived as [very] important by 94% of the respondents). Other important meat quality criteria were: general appearance, overall health, price, nutritional value, and containing no medical residues. "Organically produced" appeared to not be that important compared with other criteria. When respondents bought organic chicken more often, the importance of most of the meat quality attributes shifted to higher levels of importance, except for the price where an adverse effect was shown. The main motivation factors to buy organic chicken were the perception that organic chicken has fewer residues (pesticides, hormones, antibiotics), is safer, and healthier. The high price for organic meats was the strongest limiting factor for organic meat purchases followed by poor availability. Approximately 41% of the non-buyers and 30% of the occasional buyers perceived organic meat as not or hardly likely to be available in their supermarket. This study obtained a better knowledge of consumers' attitudes and perception of organic chicken as well as the effect of various demographics on the likelihood of buying organic chicken. For marketing purposes of organic meats, it helps to know which attributes consumers perceive as important, where the consumer purchases organic chicken, and what the perceived availability of organic chicken is. Additionally, the motivation and deterrent factors are described indicating why the consumer does or does not purchase organic chicken. This information can be valuable to help promoting organic meats to the consumers.

South Africa’s Nuclear Programme and the Cold War

AbstractIn March 1993, South African State President F. W. de Klerk stunned the world with an announcement that the South African Apartheid Government had developed six and a half nuclear bombs during a top‐secret 15‐year programme. A number of factors led to the decision to develop nuclear weapons; the most important being Pretoria’s fear from the mid‐1970s that a communist takeover in Southern Africa was imminent and that they needed a suitable deterrent to ensure the security of South Africa and their own position of power. It was specifically the involvement of Cuba and the Soviet Union in the Angolan Civil War that led Pretoria to a formal decision in 1978 to develop a limited nuclear capability. At the end of the 1980s, however, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, the independence of Namibia, and the imminent democratisation of South Africa brought a rapid end to the perceived ideological and security threat to South Africa and indeed made the deterrence factor of the nuclear arsenal obsolete. In August 1989, Pretoria decided to destroy the arsenal, thereby becoming the first country to voluntarily destroy a nuclear arsenal before acceding to the NPT, which happened in July 1991. This article provides a chronological overview of Apartheid South Africa’s development of a nuclear arsenal, within the framework of the Cold War.

The socioeconomic and demographic determinants of crime in Iran (a regional panel study)

The raising trend both in violent and property crime are of major concern in Iran. Using a panel data modeling (province wide), the paper provides an econometrics assessment of the relationship between crime against properties and violent crimes as functions of deterrent, social, economic and demographic factors in Iran, in the framework of Becker-Ehrlich crime supply theory. The findings indicate that, although deterrence hypothesis is not confirmed for burglary and assault, it explains the variations of murders and threats. Economic factors play key role in burglary and threat explanation, but they do not affect willful murders, however, Literacy explains both murders and threats. Average of families’ income is explored as a deterrent factor for crime against properties.

Treatment of asthma: Identification of the practice behavior and the deviation from the guideline recommendations

Background:Despite an exponential development of the understanding of the disease with availability of good therapy and feasibility of good control along with availability of globally accepted guidelines, there remains a significant gap between the guidelines and prevailing practice behavior for treating asthma all over the globe. This perhaps stands as the single most deterrent factor for good asthma care worldwide. The objective of the study is to analyze the asthma prescriptions to find out the available status of the practice behaviour and the deviations from the guideline in asthma practice.Materials and Methods:The asthma prescriptions of the referred patients presenting to the OPD services of the IPCR, Kolkata were photocopied and collected. They were further analyzed based on the available information upon a format being prepared on four major areas as qualifications, clinical recording habit, practice of evaluating patients, and treatment habit that stands apparent from the prescribed medications. The doctors were divided into three categories as a) MBBS, b) MD/DNB (medicine and respiratory medicine), and c) DM (non respiratory sub-specialities) and statistical analysis has been performed comparing the three groups as per the performance in the four pre-decided areas.Results:All the groups fall short of any guideline or text of asthma care in all the areas involved.Conclusion:The practice behaviour of our doctors for asthma care appears deficient in several areas and seems far from guideline recommendations. This needs further evaluation and adoption of appropriate interventions.

Routine HIV Testing in Health Care Settings: The Deterrent Factors to Maximal Implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa

The sub-Saharan region of Africa is the most severely affected HIV/AIDS region in the world. The population of this region accounts for 67% of all people living with HIV/AIDS and 72% of all AIDS-related deaths. As international collaboration makes access to HIV treatment more widely available in this region the need to increase the population's awareness of its serostatus becomes greater. The incorporation of provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (routine HIV testing model) as part of a routine medical care would not only increase the population's serostatus awareness but also lead to a better understanding of HIV prevention and treatment and ultimately, increased utilization of available HIV/AIDS prevention programs on a much larger scale. This mini-review summarizes some important regional, sociocultural, economic, legal, and ethical issues that may be deterrent factors to maximal implementation and integration of provider initiated HIV testing and counseling as part of routine medical care in the sub-Saharan African region.

Does punishment of minor sexual offences deter rapes? Longitudinal evidence from France

Using original French panel data, this paper investigates the relevance of the broken windows theory in case of an offence category featured by the absence of monetary benefits. Estimates from random and fixed effects models highlight the deterrent effect of sanctions for rapes and minor sexual offences. The enforcement activity of rapes is the most deterrent factor both for rapes and other sexual offences, compared with the rapes- and minor sexual offences-reducing impact of an increase in the enforcement activity for minor sexual offences. Our results cast doubt on the broken windows theory. From a normative perspective, it would be more efficient to deter the authors of rapes rather than those of less severe sexual offences.

Barriers to Continuing Education among Working Muslim Women in Government and Semi-Government Organizations in Malaysia

The forces of the knowledge-based and global economy have made it essential for every citizen to contribute towards the development of the country. In the case of Malaysia where women comprise a crucial half of the productive workforce, their contribution can have significant impact on the country's development. Today many Muslim women in Malaysia are educated and making important contribution to the country's economy and monetary contribution towards better standard of living for their families. However, not many women further their education once they have joined the workforce and started their families. This article reports on research conducted among 85 Muslim women working in eight government and semi-government departments in Perak (a northern state in Malaysia) and seeks to provide information on their (a) reasons for non-participation and (b) relationship between reasons for non-participation and demographic variables. Data indicated three barriers: financial constraints, family commitment and lack of benefits which reflect situational and dispositional barriers consistent with earlier findings. The inquiries also showed that demographic characteristics together with deterrent factors do have an impact on women particularly in advancing their education.

Determinants of success in open source software networks

PurposeOpen source software (OSS) products have rapidly acquired a notable importance in the last years among consumers and firms all over the world. They are mostly developed and distributed through online social networks thanks to the voluntary and collaborative actions of their members. However, their innovation and development has to face up the existence of free‐riders which can benefit from the knowledge developed in the online social network. This paper aims to understand the factors that moderate the opportunistic behaviour in OSS development and distribution, which will help to correctly manage the OSS innovations.Design/methodology/approachThe influence of reputation on members' satisfaction and participation intentions in OSS online social networks are measured. Additionally, the impact of being an active and satisfied member on his/her commitment and intention to use the OSS products are studied. After the validation of measurement scales the hypotheses are contrasted with structural modelling.FindingsThis research show that perceived reputation acts as a deterrent factor of free‐riders. More specifically, reputation exerts a positive and significant effect on member's satisfaction with previous interactions and an indirect effect on participation intentions in the social network through satisfaction. Besides, these two outcomes of reputation boost the members' affective commitment to the OSS and, as a consequence, the intention to use OSS products is also increased.Practical implicationsReputation and satisfaction are two crucial aspects in explaining the success of an online social network since they serve to guarantee the interaction among its members. In addition, participation continuance intentions in an online network may help to increase the levels of affective commitment and loyalty to the mutual interest of the network (the OSS in this case). This result may be especially relevant for commercial networks, which are based on the admiration to a brand, firm or product.Originality/valueThe analysis of online social networks as a development and distribution channel and the role of reputation in promoting members' participation (that is, avoiding opportunistic behaviour) represent a new contribution to the analysis of online social networks. This research field has acquired a notable popularity in recent years.

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery in the elderly patients

Abstract The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the results of coronary artery surgery in the elderly patients and to compare the outcome with a younger group. Two hundred thirteen patients aged 70 years and older who underwent on-pump coronary artery surgery were retrospectively studied and data were compared with those of 524 patients aged 50–69. The groups were similar with respect to preoperative characteristics except for sex distribution and the incidences of peripheral vascular disease and prior cerebrovascular accident. The use of internal mammarian artery grafts was significantly lower in the elderly patients (80.3% versus 91.6%, p<0.001). The 30-day mortality for the elderly group was 4.7% while that of younger group was 2.3%. The elderly patients had a significantly higher incidence of postoperative low cardiac output, pulmonary complications and acute renal failure. The elderly group also had also significantly longer intensive care unit length of stay (1.9 versus 1.7 days, p=0.006) and postoperative length of stay (10.1 versus 7.4 days, p<0.001). Although mortality and complication rates are higher, coronary artery surgery can be performed with acceptable risk in the elderly patients. Old age alone should not be a deterrent factor for surgical revascularization in coronary artery disease.