Deterministic Generation Research Articles

A Benchmark for Controllable Text -Image-to-Video Generation

Automatic video generation is a challenging research topic, attracting interests from different perspectives, including Image-to-Video generation (I2V), Video-to-Video generation (V2V), and Text-to-Video generation (T2V). To pursue more controllable and fine-grained video generation, a novel video generation task, named Text-Image-to-Video generation (TI2V), and a corresponding baseline solution, named Motion Anchor-based video Generator (MAGE), were proposed. However, two other factors, namely clean datasets and reliable evaluation metrics, also play important roles in the success of the TI2V task. In this paper, we present a complete benchmark for the TI2V task which includes synthetic video-text paired datasets, a baseline method, and two evaluation metrics. More specifically: (1) Two versions of synthetic datasets are built based on CATER containing rich combinations of objects and actions, as well as the resulting changes of brightness and shadow. We also provide both explicit and ambiguous text descriptions to support deterministic and diverse video generation, respectively. (2) A refined version of MAGE, dubbed MAGE+, is proposed with an innovative motion anchor structure to store appearance-motion aligned representation, which can be further injected with explicit condition and implicit randomness to model the uncertainty in data distribution. (3) To evaluate the quality of generated video especially given ambiguous description, we introduce action precision and referring expression precision to assess the quality of motion based on captioning-and-matching method. Experiments conducted on proposed datasets, as well as relevant datasets, verify the effectiveness of our baseline and show appealing potentials of TI2V task. Code and data are available at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/Youncy-Hu/MAGE</uri> .

Scedasticity descriptor of terrestrial wireless communications channels for multipath clustering datasets

Fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems increased the bandwidth, improved the speed, and shortened the latency of communications systems. Various channel models are developed to study 5G. These channel models reproduce the stochastic properties of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas by generating wireless multipath components (MPCs). The MPCs that have similar properties in delay, angles of departure, and angles of arrival form clusters. The multipaths and multipath clusters serve as datasets to understand the properties of 5G. These datasets generated by the Cooperation in Science and Technology 2100 (COST 2100), International Mobile Telecommunications-2020 (IMT-2020), quasi deterministic radio channel generator (QuaDRiGa), and wireless world initiative new radio II (WINNER II) channel models are tested for their homoscedasticity based on Johansen's procedure. Results show that the COST 2100, QuaDRiGa, and WINNER II datasets are heteroscedastic, while the IMT-2020 dataset is homoscedastic.

Symmetrically dispersion-engineered microcombs

Normal-dispersion microcombs have gained significant attention for their features, including high conversion efficiency, deterministic generation, and thermal management-free operation. However, most of the demonstrated microcombs in the normal-dispersion regime heavily rely on asymmetric local dispersion anomalies, which introduce odd-order dispersion components and originate asymmetric spectral characteristics. In this study, we present a scheme that employs two symmetrically positioned local dispersion alterations on either side of the pump mode. This configuration enables direct mode-locked microcombs, referred to as ‘dark pulses’ or ‘platicons’, while preserving spectral symmetry. The platicon microcombs exhibit efficient conversion, spectral symmetry, and can be generated with high repeatability. Furthermore, we demonstrate the deterministic generation of perfect platicon crystals with highly symmetric spectra by precisely controlling the position of the two symmetric dispersion alterations relative to the pump mode. Our proposed method offers a reliable approach for achieving power-efficient microcombs with highly symmetric spectra, and can be transferred to other integrated nonlinear platforms.

Generation of 1 GB full entropy random numbers with the enhanced-NRBG method

Random numbers have significant applications in fundamental science, high-level scientific research, cryptography and several other areas where there is a pressing need for high-quality random numbers. We present an experimental demonstration of a non-deterministic random bit generator from a quantum entropy source and a deterministic random bit generator mechanism to provide high quality random numbers of 1 GB data size. Quantum entropy is realized by a series of quantum chips based on radioactive isotope Americium-241. The extracted raw random numbers are further post-processed to generate a high-entropy seed for the hash based deterministic random bit generator. We discuss the implementation of randomness extraction algorithm and Hash-DRBG algorithm in detail. The random numbers pass all the randomness measures provided in standard statistical test suites.

Deterministic generation of phononic Fock states via weak nonlinearities

Deterministic generation of phononic Fock states via weak nonlinearities

Deterministic generation of shaped single microwave photons using a parametrically driven coupler

Deterministic generation of shaped single microwave photons using a parametrically driven coupler

Bi2O2Se-Based Bimode Noise Generator for the Application of Generative Adversarial Networks.

In the emerging technology, the generative aversive networks (GANs), randomness, and unpredictability of inputting noises are the keys to the uniqueness, diversity, robustness, and security of the generated images. Compared with deterministic software-based noise generation, hardware-based noise generation introduces physical entropy sources, such as electronic and photonic noises, to add unpredictability. In this study, bimode Bi2O2Se-based noise generators have been demonstrated for the application of GANs. Harnessing its ultrahigh carrier mobility, excellent air stability, marvelous optoelectronic performance, as well as the unique surface resistive switching effect and defect locations in the energy diagram, Bi2O2Se provides a good material platform to easily integrate with multiple device architectures for generating noises in different physical sources. The noise of the black current mode in a photodetector architecture and the random telegraph noise in a memristor mode were measured, characterized, compared, and analyzed. A method of Markov chain equipped with K-means clustering was carried out to calculate the discrete noise states and the transition probability matrix between them. To evaluate the generated properties of the GANs based on the hardware noise source, the inception score and Fréchet inception distance were evaluated.

All-Electrical 9-Bit Skyrmion-Based Racetrack Memory Designed with Laser Irradiation.

Racetrack memories with magnetic skyrmions have recently been proposed as a promising storage technology. To be appealing, several challenges must still be faced for the deterministic generation of skyrmions, their high-fidelity transfer, and accurate reading. Here, we realize the first proof-of-concept of a 9-bit skyrmion racetrack memory with all-electrical controllable functionalities implemented in the same device. The key ingredient is the generation of a tailored nonuniform distribution of magnetic anisotropy via laser irradiation in order to (i) create a well-defined skyrmion nucleation center, (ii) define the memory cells hosting the information coded as the presence/absence of skyrmions, and (iii) improve the signal-to-noise ratio of anomalous Hall resistance measurements. This work introduces a strategy to unify previous findings and predictions for the development of a generation of racetrack memories with robust control of skyrmion nucleation and position, as well as effective skyrmion electrical detection.

Resolving Nonclassical Magnon Composition of a Magnetic Ground State via a Qubit.

Recently gained insights into equilibrium squeezing and entanglement harbored by magnets point toward exciting opportunities for quantum science and technology, while concrete protocols for exploiting these are needed. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that a direct dispersive coupling between a qubit and a noneigenmode magnon enables detecting the magnonic number states' quantum superposition that forms the ground state of the actual eigenmode-squeezed magnon-via qubit excitation spectroscopy. Furthermore, this unique coupling is found to enable control over the equilibrium magnon squeezing and a deterministic generation of squeezed even Fock states via the qubit state and its excitation. Our work demonstrates direct dispersive coupling to noneigenmodes, realizable in spin systems, as a general pathway to exploiting the equilibrium squeezing and related quantum properties thereby motivating a search for similar realizations in other platforms.

Deterministic generation of arbitrary ultrasmall excitation of quantum systems by composite pulse sequences

Deterministic generation of arbitrary ultrasmall excitation of quantum systems by composite pulse sequences

Versatile octave-spanning soliton crystals with high conversion efficiency in a Si3N4 microresonator.

Microresonator-based soliton crystals are a key recent advancement in the study of the rich nonlinear dynamics of soliton states. The soliton crystals are self-organized temporal pulses filling the microresonator cavity and have strong comb lines with wide spacing making them of great interest in many potential applications such as communication and meteorology. However, achieving a broad spectrum, tunable repetition rates, and high conversion efficiency are still a challenge. Here, we report the deterministic generation of versatile octave-spanning soliton crystals with various repetition rates via avoided mode crossings. In addition, we investigate the conversion efficiency of the obtained soliton crystals and achieved above ∼50% in one of the devices with a suitable coupling. Our results pave the way for accessing coherent broad and tunable on-chip soliton crystals, thus requiring a rigorous and viable microcavity design to engineer the desired mode coupling position.

Spectrally shaped and pulse-by-pulse multiplexed multimode squeezed states of light

Spectral- and time-multiplexing are currently explored to generate large multipartite quantum states of light for quantum technologies. In the continuous variable approach, the deterministic generation of scalable entangled states requires the generation of a scalable number of squeezed modes. Here, we demonstrate the simultaneous generation of 21 squeezed spectral modes at the repetition rate of our laser, i.e., 156 MHz. We exploit the full repetition rate and the pulse shaping of a femtosecond light source to combine, for the first time, frequency- and time-multiplexing in multimode squeezing. This paves the way for the implementation of multipartite entangled states that are both scalable and fully reconfigurable.

Control and stabilization of Kerr cavity solitons and breathers driven by chirped optical pulses

We investigate the impact of chirped driving fields on the dynamics and generation of Kerr cavity breathers and solitons. Synchronous phase and amplitude modulation of the pumping field can be exploited in order to control soliton dynamics. Here we show that using a phase-modulated super-Gaussian pump permits to stabilize the oscillations of breathing solitons. Moreover, our scheme permits to obtain new dynamical attractors, with a prescribed temporal intra-cavity pattern. Straightforward applications are the deterministic generation of optical frequency soliton combs, optical tweezers, and more generally, all-optical manipulation of light pulses.

Deterministic rendering of structural color induced by atypical nano-gratings in ultra-precision diamond cutting

Ultra-precision diamond cutting (UPC) has been recently proposed for fast generation of nano-gratings to render diffractive structural color on various metallic surfaces. However, the complex nanoscale generation mechanism and atypical grating topography provide the significant challenges for deterministic rendering of structural color with standard representations. In this paper, an innovative diffraction prediction model is firstly proposed to describe the diffractive spectrum of atypical gratings under the full considerations of cutting process parameters, double working facets, material optical properties and environmental conditions. The standard CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram for grating-induced structural color is released for color gamut determination and optimization, where the color gamut range is defined by a novel concept of average saturation. The experimental results demonstrate the deterministic generation of three groups of nano-gratings with desired 3D topography, of which the measured angle-dependent diffractive spectrum and rendering color attributes show good agreements with theoretical results. Moreover, the new topography-modulation based strategies for achieving maximal color gamut and manipulating the ternary color attributes are clarified. The outcome of this paper lays the scientific foundations for deterministic rendering and performance enhancement of structural color enabled by UPC processes.

Analysis of pseudorandom number generation processes in EP CRYSTALS-Dilithium

The paper provides an analysis of pseudorandom number generation processes in the Crystals-Dilithium post-quantum electronic signature scheme, a finalist in the NIST PQC post-quantum cryptography competition. The main focus is on the pseudo-random number generator based on the AES block cipher in counter mode. A formal model was built for this pseudo-random number generator that meets the requirements of the latest version of the AIS 31 standard, containing requirements for secure pseudorandom number generators. A pseudo-random number generator based on the AES block cipher in counter mode is shown to satisfy the requirements of functional class DRG.3, provided that the initial value for the generator is obtained from a truly random number source (either a physically truly random or a non-physical truly random source) or another generator of pseudo-random numbers having a security class not lower than the DRG class.3. In addition, the use of shake128/256 for the generation of pseudorandom sequences in Crystals-Dilithium will be analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, recommendations are given regarding the compilation parameters depending on the conditions of use. Namely, it is concluded that an AES-based generator is more vulnerable to side-channel attacks, from which it follows that it is not recommended to use the DILITHIUM_USE_AES flag unless there are additional guarantees to protect the machine from side-channel attacks. If the operating system's cryptographic API is trusted, it is recommended to use the DILITHIUM_RANDOMIZED_SIGNING compilation flag. In systems with low trust in the cryptographic API of the operating system, it is possible to use a variant with deterministic signature generation.

On the streamwise vorticity generation and distribution in an angular particle wake

We investigate the streamwise vorticity generation mechanism and distribution pattern in an unbounded steady inertial flow past a fixed Platonic polyhedron. Three angular positions are selected: an edge facing the flow (E), a face facing the flow (F) and a vertex facing the flow (V). We provide compelling evidence that the generation of the streamwise vorticity is primarily caused by the tilting of the transverse vorticity that originates from the particle front surface. Each inclined face on the front surface generates a pair of opposite-signed streamwise vortices. They are advected to the particle wake and form a chiral vorticity pattern which preserves the symmetry of the particle front surface. Two particles at dual angular positions exhibit highly similar vorticity patterns. Our study reveals a striking similarity between the vorticity patterns and the far-field optics diffraction pattern of a light beam past a polygonal aperture. We discover the deterministic vorticity generation mechanism to predict the streamwise vorticity patterns based on the distribution of edges and inclined faces on the particle front surface. Conversely, the vorticity patterns themselves can serve as a diagnostic tool to infer the geometry of the opaque particle front surface. Additionally, the vorticity patterns can be used to predict the stable angular position of a freely settling angular particle, which tends to be such that the number of streamwise vorticity pairs in the wake is maximized.

Quantum Control of a Single Magnon in a Macroscopic Spin System.

Nonclassical quantum states are the pivotal features of a quantum system that differs from its classical counterpart. However, the generation and coherent control of quantum states in a macroscopic spin system remain an outstanding challenge. Here we experimentally demonstrate the quantum control of a single magnon in a macroscopic spin system (i.e., 1mm-diameter yttrium-iron-garnet sphere) coupled to a superconducting qubit via a microwave cavity. By tuning the qubit frequency insitu via the Autler-Townes effect, we manipulate this single magnon to generate its nonclassical quantum states, including the single-magnon state and the superposition of single-magnon state and vacuum (zero magnon) state. Moreover, we confirm the deterministic generation of these nonclassical states by Wigner tomography. Our experiment offers the first reported deterministic generation of the nonclassical quantum states in a macroscopic spin system and paves a way to explore its promising applications in quantum engineering.

Secured computed tomography scanner using a random bit.

Patient data in current computed tomography scanner machines are transferred through several communication channels, such as WiFi, to the mobile channel platform. Therefore, patient information is an important security concern. Medical imaging must be protected using various methods. The current hardware-dependent method for generating random bits exhibits predictable or inconvenient physical characteristics. Therefore, a more flexible random-bit generation technique is to be devised. We propose a deterministic random bit generation algorithm that uses a mathematical periodic function. After randomizing the image using the proposed random bit, the performance is analyzed and compared with that of the processed image. The random bit generation method using a mathematical algorithm shows higher entropy than the random bit generated by hardware.

Coherent driving of direct and indirect excitons in a quantum dot molecule

Quantum dot molecules (QDMs) are one of the few quantum light sources that promise deterministic generation of one- and two-dimensional photonic graph states. The proposed protocols rely on coherent excitation of the tunnel-coupled and spatially indirect exciton states. Here, we demonstrate power-dependent Rabi oscillations of direct excitons, spatially indirect excitons, and excitons with a hybridized electron wave function. An off-resonant detection technique based on phonon-mediated state transfer allows for spectrally filtered detection under resonant excitation. Applying a gate voltage to the QDM-device enables a continuous transition between direct and indirect excitons and, thereby, control of the overlap of the electron and hole wave function. This does not only vary the Rabi frequency of the investigated transition by a factor of $\approx3$, but also allows to optimize graph state generation in terms of optical pulse power and reduction of radiative lifetimes.

A Post-Event Generator Start-Up Strategy for Renewable Penetrated Transmission System Considering Dynamic Frequency Regulation

Restoring transmission systems (TSs) with a high penetration of renewable generation is a troublesome task. To enhance the resilience of these TSs, a deterministic post-event generator start-up strategy (GSUS) is proposed in this paper, where the conventional and renewable units are co-operated. However, the utilization of renewable generation yields a concern that the recovering TS may be exposed to the risk of frequency instability since the renewable units have the characteristics of low inertia and high uncertainty. Consequently, dynamic frequency regulation (DFR) is considered while a novel approximate method is proposed to linearize the non-convex DFR constraints. Besides, a novel uncertainty set associated with restoring states is established to model the nodal power fluctuations. On the basic of the above works, a robust GSUS with DFR is developed. To solve this GSUS efficiently, an adaptive robust-based methodology is proposed to explore the “worst” realization of the uncertainty and then the non-convex bi-level robust constraints are reformulated. Finally, the effectiveness of our works is verified on a real-world 129-bus TS.