Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol Research Articles

Improving Performance of Cluster Heads Selection in DEC Protocol Using K-Means Algorithm for WSN

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have found more and more applications in remote control and monitoring systems. Energy management in the network is crucial because all nodes in the WSN are energy constrained. Therefore, the design and implementation of WSN protocols that reduce energy depletion in the network is still an open scientific problem. In this paper, we propose a new clustering protocol that combines DEC (deterministic energy-efficient clustering) protocol with K-means clustering, called DEC-KM (deterministic energy-efficient clustering protocol with K-means). DEC is a very energy-efficient clustering protocol that outperforms its predecessors, such as LEACH and SEP. K-means ensures more effective clustering and shorter data transmission distances within the network. The shorter distances improve the network’s lifetime and stability and reduce power consumption. Additional heuristic rules in DEC-KM ensure improved cluster head selection, taking into account node energy level and position and minimising the risk of premature cluster head exhaustion. The simulation results for the DEC-KM protocol using MATLAB show that cluster heads have shorter distances to nodes in cluster areas than for the original DEC protocol. The proposed protocol ensures reduced energy consumption, outperforms the standard DEC, and extends the stability period and lifetime of the network.

A New Energy Efficient Multitier Deterministic Energy-Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) may be incorporated with thousands of small nodes. This gives them the capability to effectively sense, communicate, and compute parameters. However, the security and life span of a WSN node is a primary concern. This paper is focused on introducing a mathematical model of a modified Multitier Deterministic Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEC) based on novel election multi-tier random probability protocol for agricultural WSNs to enhance the life span of a WSN node along with a comparison of it with existing DEC protocol. In the proposed model, the selection of cluster heads, (CH), is done based on the energy drain pattern and location of the sensor nodes, which increased the lifespan of sensor nodes. In addition, several WSN probabilistic routing protocols to save energy throughout data transmissions like Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS), DEC, and Stable Election Protocol (SEP) are explained. Moreover, it has been found that, after some mathematical modification in existing DEC routing, it will be capable to give a more positive result and reduce the energy drain in WSN nodes using a selective cluster head technique based on residual energy of sensor nodes. The DEC protocol is also compared with our proposed modified protocol for showing the energy-efficiency. The energy efficiency of clustering is associated with the field of energy sustainability of wireless sensor networks which is in the scope of Symmetry journal.

PSO-DEC: PSO based deterministic energy efficient clustering protocol for IoT

Deterministic Energy-efficient Clustering protocol (DEC) is a dynamic, distributive and self-organized method to decrease the energy depletion in the network. DEC protocol promises to a better and fixed number of Cluster Heads (CH) selections based on the remaining energy in its every round. DEC has various demerits like non-consideration of intra-cluster distance, disregard of the degree of the node. To address these issues of DEC, this paper proposes Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol, PSO-DEC. In this work, K-means clustering is used for initially clustering on the heterogeneous network and hybrid PSO-DEC is used for CH selection. MATLAB based recreation output shows that PSO-DEC outwits on conventional DEC and improved the lifetime of the network. The performance matrices are evaluated and calculated results indicate a significant improvement over the conventional protocols.

DSWS- Distributed Sleep/Wake Scheduling Scheme for DEC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

To improve the lifespan by reducing the energy utilization of battery-driven sensors in wireless network applications has grown into a challenging task in the fields of communication. Sleep/wake programming mechanism is evidenced to be an well-organized method to meet the challenges and to maintain good energy conservation in sensor networks. In this study, we take enhanced DEC (Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering protocol) with distributed sleep/wake scheduling scheme i.e. purely deterministic model that make effective use of clustering to organize the WSN. In this proposal cluster division of sensor nodes is based on coverage sensing metrics and through dynamic selection mechanism, it allows additional node in every group to be active concurrently. The results obtained using the concept of DSWS-DEC outperform various existing in terms of coverage and energy preservation.

Traffic Aware Channel Access Algorithm for Cluster Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Partition of nodes into clusters is one of the most accepted method for achieving energy efficiency and scalability in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we have modified the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm to partition the network into clusters such as to ensure that the resulted clusters are both spatially efficient and are sharing equal data transmission load. Further in this paper, we have re-defined the medium access protocol for cluster heads. The proposed medium access protocol is dependent upon the data traffic at the Cluster heads. Cluster heads with high traffic are given preference to access the channel and cluster head(s) having low traffic are made to wait for comparatively higher back-off time. By giving more time to cluster heads with lower initial data to collect more data, energy efficiency of the system is increased and contention losses are decreased due to reduction in number of transmissions between cluster heads and sink. The proposed method has been simulated and compared with LEACH protocol, a FCM based clustering protocol and Zonal based Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol. The simulation results show that our proposed method performs better in terms of network performance parameters viz. network lifetime, energy dissipation, throughput and packet delivery ratio.

Zonal based Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for WSNs

Wireless Sensor Network has gained a tremendous attention of researchers due to its vast applications. Wireless sensor network consists of small size and low powered smart sensor nodes deployed in the region to be monitored. Sensor nodes sense the data and send the sensed data to sink directly or by coordinating with other sensor nodes. It is difficult to change the network topology and battery of sensor nodes. Hence, a key point to increase stability period and network lifetime is to efficiently utilize the energy of sensors. In this paper, we propose a new protocol, zonal based deterministic energy efficient clustering protocol (ZDEC) in which sensor field is divided into zones. Cluster heads are elected based on residual energy such that each zone contains minimum one cluster head. Our proposed protocol ensures uniform distribution of cluster heads which leads to the uniform energy dissipation over the sensor field. Simulations show that our proposed protocol increase stability period and network lifetime when compared with LEACH, ESEP and DEC in heterogeneous environment significantly.