Determination Of Creatine Kinase Research Articles

Study on the Dynamic Changes of Myocardial Injury Markers in Radiotherapy for Esophageal Carcinoma and Its Correlation with Cardiac Dosimetry

It was hypothesized that radiotherapy for esophageal cancer could cause radiation-induced heart damage. To investigate the dynamic changes of myocardial enzyme, high-sensitive troponin T (hs-TnT), N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide precursors (PRO-BNP) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) during radiotherapy and six months after radiotherapy for middle and lower thoracic squamous cell carcinoma, and to analyze the correlation between these indicators and dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters of the heart. A total of 35 patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent radical concurrent chemoradiotherapy were enrolled in the study. Radiation therapy was performed for up to 6 weeks. All patients received Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Total radiation dose was from 50.4Gy to 60 Gy in each patient with a dose of 1.8-2.0 Gy per fraction. Blood samples to determine creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (α-HBDH), hs-TnT, PRO-BNP and LVEF were measured before radiotherapy, during (10th -20th fraction), at the end of radiotherapy, 1, 3, 6 months after radiotherapy. The dynamic changes of the above indexes were analyzed. The correlation between the above indexes and the mean heart dose (Dmean), V5-V60 (dose-volume histograms data were recorded in discrete 5Gy dose levels) of the heart in the course of radiotherapy was also analyzed. The Serum hs-TNT and LVEF show an upward trend during radiotherapy, at the end of radiotherapy and 6 months after radiotherapy for esophageal cancer. The hs-TnT of patients before, during, at the end of radiotherapy and 1, 3, and 6 months after radiotherapy were 7.2pg/ml, 9.1pg/ml, 9.1pg/ml, 9.0pg/ml, 9.4pg/ml, and 8.1pg/ml, respectively (p<0.05). The LVEF were 63.7%, 62.4%, 62.0%, 62.5%, 62.2%, 61.9% respectively (p<0.05). The pro-BNP showed an upward trend during radiotherapy and gradually returned to normal after radiotherapy. The CK and CK-MB showed a downward trend during radiotherapy and 1 month after radiotherapy, and gradually returned to normal 3 months after radiotherapy. Compared with the low dose group (the average dose of heart < 2000cGy), the high dose group (≥2000cGy) had a greater increase in hs-TNT, pro-BNP and LVEF, and a slower recovery time. There was no correlation between the changes of myocardial enzyme, hs-TnT, PRO-BNP, LVEF and the heart mean dose, V5-V60 during radiotherapy (p>0.05). Cardiac injury induced by concurrent chemoradiotherapy for middle and lower thoracic esophageal cancer can lead to the increase of serum hs-TNT and pro-BNP and the increase of LVEF in the early stage of treatment, and this phenomenon is more obvious in the high-dose group. The hs-TnT and PRO-BNP are sensitive parameters to reflect the heart damage in esophageal cancer radiotherapy, which may provide reference for the heart protection during radiotherapy.

Sprint Resisted and Assisted Priming for Peak Performance.

Krzysztof, K, Aleksander, M, Adam, Z, and Krzysztofik, M. Sprint resisted and assisted priming for peak performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2354-2361, 2023-This study aimed to investigate resisted and assisted sprint, or a combination of both, as a conditioning activity (CA) on creatine kinase activity, biceps femoris stiffness, postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE), and priming in a sprint. Ten female sprinters (age: 20.1 ± 2.3 years, body mass: 56.4 ± 4.2 kg, body height: 171 ± 5 cm, training experience: 5.6 ± 2 years) participated. Before the warm-up, blood samples were drawn to determine creatine kinase at baseline. After the warm-up, biceps femoris stiffness was determined, and consequently, 50-m sprint time (with 0- to 20-m and 20- to50-m split time evaluation) was assessed 5 minutes before (pre-CA) and in the seventh minute after the completion of each CA (4 sets of 40 m either: 10% body mass resisted [RST]; 105% maximum velocity assisted [AST] sprint; or 2 sets of each sprint as the CA [COMB]), as well as after 48 hours of recovery. Furthermore, another blood sample was taken 48 hours later, before the warm-up, to assess changes in creatine kinase activity. A significantly higher 20-m sprint time at post-CA ( p = 0.006; ES = 0.4) and post-48 ( p = 0.011; ES = 0.59) compared with pre-CA in the RST condition was found, whereas a significantly lower sprint time was reported in post-48 compared with post-CA ( p = 0.019; ES = 0.44) in the COMB condition. However, a significantly lower 30-m flying sprint time at post-CA ( p < 0.001; ES = 0.28) and at post-48 ( p = 0.014; ES = 0.22) compared with pre-CA in the RST condition was revealed. Moreover, a significantly lower 30-m flying sprint time at post-48 compared with the pre-CA ( p = 0.007; ES = 0.7 and p = 0.003; ES = 0.77) and with the post-CA ( p = 0.019; ES = 0.61 and p = 0.009; ES = 0.68) in the AST condition and COMB was reported. Furthermore, a significantly lower 50-m sprint time at post-48 compared with pre-CA ( p = 0.015; ES = 0.51 and p = 0.011; ES = 0.64) and with post-CA ( p = 0.005; ES = 0.46 and p = 0.001; ES = 0.55) in the AST and COMB condition were found. The creatine kinase activity at post-48 during AST was significantly lower than during RST ( p = 0.028; ES = 0.73) and COMB ( p = 0.028; ES = 1.48). No significant changes were found for biceps femoris stiffness ( p = 0.085; η 2 = 0.199). The COMB and AST contributed to the improvement of the 50-m sprint time 48 hours after activation, which may be a good precompetition approach. However, during training sessions aiming to induce an acute PAPE effect and improve the 30-m flying sprint time, the best solution might be to use low-volume-resisted sprints.

Hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide attenuates skeletal muscle damage and improves physical exhaustion test performance in triathletes.

To investigate the effects of hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide on the percentage of oxygen consumption, second ventilatory threshold, duration and total distance covered, and skeletal muscle damage during an exhaustion test in elite triathletes. The study was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Nine male triathletes performed a progressive incremental test on a treadmill ergometer (1.4 km h-1·3 min-1) 30 min after ingesting either 50 g of maltodextrin plus four tablets of 700 mg hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with 175 mg of glutamine dipeptide diluted in 250 ml of water (MGln) or four tablets of 700 mg maltodextrin plus 50 g maltodextrin diluted in 250 ml of water (M). Each athlete was submitted to the two dietary treatments and two corresponding exhaustive physical tests with an interval of one week between the interventions. The effects of the two treatments were then compared within the same athlete. Maximal oxygen consumption, percentage of maximal oxygen consumption, second ventilatory threshold, and duration and total distance covered were measured during the exhaustion test. Blood was collected before and immediately after the test for the determination of plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) activities and lactate concentration (also measured 6, 10, and 15 min after the test). Plasma cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1ra) and C-reactive protein levels were also measured. A single dose of MGln increased the percentage of maximal oxygen consumption, second ventilatory threshold duration, and total distance covered during the exhaustion test and augmented plasma lactate levels 6 and 15 min after the test. MGln also decreased plasma LDH and CK activities indicating muscle damage protection. Plasma cytokine and C-reactive protein levels did not change across the study periods. Conditions including overnight fasting and a single dose of MGln supplementation resulted in exercising at a higher percentage of maximal oxygen consumption, a higher second ventilatory threshold, blood lactate levels, and reductions in plasma markers of muscle damage during an exhaustion test in elite triathletes. These findings support oral glutamine supplementation's efficacy in triathletes, but further studies require.

An electrochemical immunosensor based on graphite paper electrodes for the sensitive detection of creatine kinase in actual samples

• The electrochemical immunosensor designed very stable, low-cost and sensitive method for determination of Creatine Kinase. • CK immunosensor exhibited high analytical performance with a linear range 0.150 pg/mL and low detection limit (0.045 pg/mL). • Disposable graphite paper electrodes were firstly used to detection CK antigen for a novel biosensor system. • The optimization was performed for all fabrication steps of the electrochemical biosensor system. The enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is one of the most well-established biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. For acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diagnosis, CK has a clinical comorbidity rate of 90%. This study has developed a novel electrochemical immunosensor using disposable graphite paper electrodes (GP). The GP electrodes were modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNP) to facilitate CK detection. Afterwards, GP electrodes were covalently immobilized with 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (6-MH), resulting in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Then, the electrodes were formed with a 3-Glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3-GOPE) agent. Afterwards, the electrodes were immobilized with anti-CK (antibody creatine kinase) protein. In the final immobilization step, BSA (bovine serum albumin) protein was used to block non-covalent interactions. All parameters of the proposed immunosensor were optimized, including concentrations and incubation times. Analytical characteristics such as square wave voltammetry, linear determination range, repeatability, reproducibility, and regeneration of biosensors were determined. All characterization steps were monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV). Moreover, the single frequency impedance (SFI) technique interacted with anti-CK and CK antigens. Furthermore, the proposed immunosensor was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The proposed immunosensor exhibited a wide detection range (0.1–50 pg mL −1 ), and low limit of detection (LOD), and a low limit of quantification (LOQ); 0.045 pg mL −1 and 0.171 pg mL −1 , respectively. Finally, the developed biosensor was tried in an actual blood sample, which showed it could be utilized in clinical applications.

Dynamic Changes Of Cardiac Biomarkers During Radiotherapy For Esophageal Cancer And Its Correlation With Cardiac Dosimetry

Hypothesis: myocardial biomarkers were elevated in esophageal cancer during radiotherapy, which was associated with cardiac dose. To investigate the dynamic changes of myocardial enzyme, high-sensitive troponin T (hs-TnT), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide precursors (PRO-BNP) during radiotherapy and one month after radiotherapy for middle and lower thoracic squamous cell carcinoma, and to analyze the correlation between these indicators and dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters of the heart. Twenty-one patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (twelve cases with middle location, and nine cases with lower location) who underwent radical concurrent chemoradiotherapy were enrolled in the study. Radiation therapy was performed for up to 6 weeks. All patients received Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Total radiation dose was 60 Gy in each patient with a dose of 2.0 Gy per fraction. Blood samples to determine creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), alpha-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase (α-HBDH), hs-TnT and PRO-BNP were taken before radiotherapy, during (30Gy), at the end of radiotherapy (60Gy) and one month after radiotherapy. The dynamic changes of the above indexes were analyzed. The correlation between the above indexes and the mean heart dose (Dmean), V5-V60 (dose-volume histograms data were recorded in discrete 5Gy dose levels) of the heart in the course of radiotherapy was also analyzed. The hs-TnT and PRO-BNP showed an increasing tendency during radiotherapy. The hs-TnT of patients before, during, at the end of radiotherapy and 1 month after radiotherapy were 5.27pg/ml, 6.54 pg/ml, 9.68 pg/ml and 8.46 pg/ml, respectively (p = 0.036). The PRO-BNP were 76.3pg/ml, 121.75pg/ml, 142pg/ml, 92.84pg/ml, respectively (p = 0.024). One patient had a 30-fold increase in PRO-BNP at the end of radiotherapy (40.91pg/ml VS 1258 pg/ml). The changes of myocardial enzyme were not significant during the treatment. The CK of patients before, during, at the end of radiotherapy and 1 month after radiotherapy were 63U/L, 41U/L, 40.5U/L and 46U/L, respectively (p = 0.092). The CK-MB were 14U/L, 10 U/L, 11.5 U/L, 8.5 U/L respectively (p = 0.074). The LDH were 201.5U/L, 171.5 U/L, 167 U/L, 172 1 U/L respectively (p = 0.199). The α-HBDH were 152.5 U/L, 135 U/L, 127 U/L, 135.4 U/L, respectively (p = 0.583). There was no correlation between the changes of myocardial enzyme, hs-TnT, PRO-BNP and the heart mean dose, V5-V60 during radiotherapy (p>0.05). PRO-BNP increased significantly in the high-dose group (Dmean ≥20Gy) compared with the low-dose group (Dmean <20Gy) (p = 0.041). hs-TnT and PRO-BNP are sensitive parameters to reflect the heart damage in esophageal cancer radiotherapy, which may provide reference for the heart protection during radiotherapy.

Using Infrared Thermal Imaging to Study the Response of Athletes to Overload Training

Objective: To study the changes of body surface temperature of Taekwondo athletes during overload training, and provide new ideas and means for athletes to evaluate their body response after overload training. Methods: The infrared thermography technique was used to monitor the body surface temperature of the chest and abdomen of the Taekwondo athletes, and the changes of body surface temperature were observed. The experiment used Beckman automatic biochemical analyzer to determine creatine kinase (CK) index. The experiment used the RPE scale to test the self-fatigue sensation. On the training day, the training starts at 9:00 am every day and the training is completed in 2 hours. The training starts at 14:00 in the afternoon and the training is completed in 2 hours. The morning training requires a minimum heart rate of 130 beats/min, and keeps it for more than 30 minutes. The training end time is 11:00; afternoon training requires a minimum heart rate of 170 beats/min, and maintained for more than 30 minutes, the training end time is 16:00. Results: The athletes’ sports injury parts increased significantly after exercise, which can indirectly reflect the athlete’s physical fatigue reaction state after overload training. Body surface temperature has a good consistency with creatine kinase (CK), heart rate, and body function response, indicating that body surface temperature values can replace creatine kinase (CK), heart rate, and self-physiological response, indicating that infrared thermography can be accurate. The physiological response status after overload training was assessed. Conclusion: The thermal imaging camera can accurately identify and analyze the injury and physiological response status of athletes. Infrared thermography studies show that the body surface temperature of athletes has a certain correlation with (CK); the body surface temperature and physiological fatigue response of athletes have certain Correlation law; the body surface temperature of the athlete has a correlation with the heart rate; the body surface temperature of the athlete’s sports injury site after the sports injury is significantly increased, which indirectly reflects the physical fatigue response of the athlete after overload training.

Is There a Role for Compression Socks in Basketball? Potential Impact on Performance.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of wearing compression socks (CS) on perceived exertion, biochemical parameters and performance parameters in untrained females after a basketball‐simulating exercise.MethodsSeven untrained females (age 24.9 ± 0.4 years, height 161.7 ± 4.3 cm and weight 56.2 ± 7.0 kg) completed a basketball‐simulating exercise protocol on two occasions, in a random, counter‐balanced order: wearing either CS or placebo socks (PL) during exercise and recovery. Participants were requested to perform up to 6 circuits within 28 s each. Simulated basketball exercise included jogging, running, sprints, jumps, shuffles, all performed on a basketball court. Capillary blood samples were collected pre‐exercise and 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 15, and 20 min post‐exercise for lactate determination. Three counter‐movement jumps (CMJ) were performed pre‐, 20 min post‐ and 72 h postexercise. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was obtained pre‐ and immediately postexercise. Three capillary blood samples were obtained pre‐, 20 min post‐ and 72 h postexercise for the determination of creatine kinase (CK) concentration. Data were analyzed by two‐way ANOVA with repeated measures for CK and CMJ and by paired t tests for RPE, lactate, comfort and tight scales.ResultsNo differences were found between CS and PL for CMJ (Figure 1, p = 0.11), CK (p = 0.31), peak postexercise lactate (p = 0.21), 20 min post‐exercise lactate (p = 0.88), RPE (p = 0.52) and comfort (p = 0.36). However, tight feeling of socks was higher in CS when compared with PL (Figure 2, p &lt; 0.001).ConclusionDespite increased compression, CS did not exert a positive impact on RPE, lactate peak and clearance, performance or a muscle damage marker after a basketball‐simulating exercise protocol in untrained female individuals.Support or Funding InformationThe authors received no specific funding for this work.Counter‐movement jump height in compression and control groups. Values are mean ± SD.Figure 1Perceptual scales of comfort and tight feeling of socks prior to exercise between compression and control groups. Values are mean ± SD.Figure 2

Safety management in treatment with antimalarials in rheumatology. Interdisciplinary recommendations on the basis of asystematic literature review.

Antimalarial medication (AM) plays an important role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Updated evidence-based recommendations on the safety management of rheumatological treatment with AM are presented. Asystematic literature search in the databases Medline (PubMed) and Cochrane identified 1160 studies on the safety of treatment with AM in rheumatology. In addition, amanual search was carried out and 67 publications considered to be particularly relevant by the authors were analyzed in more detail. These publications served as abasis for consensus-based recommendations. Treatment with AM in rheumatology should be carried out with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with adosage not exceeding 5 mg/kg body weight/day. Patients should undergo abasic ophthalmological examination within the first 6 months of AM treatment. Pre-existing maculopathy, renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate, GFR <60 ml/min), tamoxifen comedication, adaily dose of >5 mg/kg HCQ or treatment with chloroquine (CQ) show an increased risk for AM-induced retinopathy. These patients should undergo an annual ophthalmological check from the beginning of the treatment, whereas patients with no risk factors are recommended to start this only after 5years of taking the medication. The ophthalmological examination should comprise at least both an appropriate subjective and an objective method and these are usually an automated visual field test and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Avisual field test revealing aparafoveal sensitivity loss and an OCT showing aparafoveal circumscribed loss of the photoreceptor layer or focal interruptions of the structural line of the outer segment are signs of a possible AM retinopathy. Determination of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood is appropriate to screen for cardiomyopathy and myopathy and should be checked before starting the treatment and then ca. every 3 months. The use of cardiac biomarkers, such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or troponin in serum, electrocardiograph (ECG) or cardiac imaging should be considered depending on the situation. An intake of HCQ is safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding according to the current state of knowledge and is protective for mother and child in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The updated recommendations on AM treatment in rheumatology in particular include amore rigorous measuring of doses, risk stratification in monitoring and defined ophthalmological examination methods to detect a possible retinopathy.

Safety management of the treatment with antimalarial drugs in rheumatology. Interdisciplinary recommendations based on asystematic literature search

Antimalarial medication (AM) plays an important role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Updated evidence-based recommendations on the safety management of rheumatological treatment with AM are presented. Asystematic literature search in the databases Medline (PubMed) and Cochrane identified 1160 studies on the safety of treatment with AM in rheumatology. In addition, amanual search was carried out and 67 publications considered to be particularly relevant by the authors were analyzed in more detail. These publications served as abasis for consensus-based recommendations. Treatment with AM in rheumatology should be carried out with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with adosage not exceeding 5 mg/kg body weight/day. Patients should undergo abasic ophthalmological examination within the first 6 months of AM treatment. Pre-existing maculopathy, renal insufficiency (glomerular filtration rate, GFR <60 ml/min), tamoxifen comedication, adaily dose of >5 mg/kg HCQ or treatment with chloroquine (CQ) show an increased risk for AM-induced retinopathy. These patients should undergo an annual ophthalmological check from the beginning of the treatment, whereas patients with no risk factors are recommended to start this only after 5years of taking the medication. The ophthalmological examination should comprise at least both an appropriate subjective and an objective method and these are usually an automated visual field test and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Avisual field test revealing aparafoveal sensitivity loss and an OCT showing aparafoveal circumscribed loss of the photoreceptor layer or focal interruptions of the structural line of the outer segment are signs of a possible AM retinopathy. Determination of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in blood is appropriate to screen for cardiomyopathy and myopathy and should be checked before starting the treatment and then ca. every 3 months. The use of cardiac biomarkers, such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or troponin in serum, electrocardiograph (ECG) or cardiac imaging should be considered depending on the situation. An intake of HCQ is safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding according to the current state of knowledge and is protective for mother and child in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The updated recommendations on AM treatment in rheumatology in particular include amore rigorous measuring of doses, risk stratification in monitoring and defined ophthalmological examination methods to detect a possible retinopathy.

Changes in blood enzyme activities and some liver parameters in goats with subclinical ketosis

The aim of the present study was to establish the changes in blood enzyme activities and some liver parameters in goats from the Saanen breed in different physiological conditions with subclinical ketosis (SCK). A total of 113 dairy goats with yearly milk yield of 680 L, in their 2nd to 3rd lactation were included in the study. The goats were divided in three groups: pregnant; recently kidded and lactating. Blood samples were obtained from all animals for determination of β-hydroxybutyrate (ВНВА), glucose (mmol/L), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT, U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT, U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, U/L), alkaline phosphatase (AР, U/L), creatine kinase (CK, U/L), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT, U/L), total protein (TP, g/L), albumin (ALB, g/L) and total bilirubin (TB, μmol/L). The animals were classified as healthy (control) and with SCK according to their blood BHBA levels. Blood BHBA concentrations indicative for clinical ketosis (ВНВА &lt;1.6 mmol/L) were not established in goats from the three groups. Blood biochemical analysis of activities of ASAT, ALAT, LDH, АP, CK and GGT in goats from the three groups with SCK demonstrated a various extent of statistically significant hyperenzymaemia vs control groups. The concentrations of total bilirubin were statistically significantly elevated vs healthy groups, while blood glucose, total protein and albumin values decreased, in result of the impaired liver function in goats with SCK.

Inhibiting miR-155 protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via targeted regulation of HIF-1α in rats.

Objective(s):The aim of this study was to identify the role of miR-155 in the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury through targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). Materials and Methods:We constructed rat models with myocardial I/R injury and H9C2 cell models with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) damage. Anti-miR-155 and HIF-1α short hairpin RNA (shRNA) were used to treat rats and H9C2 cells to measure infarct area (IA) by TTC staining, determine creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities by automatic biochemical analyzer, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels by ELISA, and detect apoptosis-related proteins by Western blotting. TUNEL staining and flowcytometry were employed to evaluate the apoptosis, JC-1 staining to detect mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and MTT assay to determine H9C2 cell viability.Results:After I/R and H/R, significant elevations were observed in IA, apoptosis, CK, LDH, cTnT, cTnI, and miR-155 levels with reduced HIF-1α. Besides, H/R-induced H9C2 cells presented decreases in MMP and Bcl-2/Bax, but increases in cytosolic/mitochondrial ratio of cytochrome C (Cyt-C) and expressions of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9. However, both rats and H9C2 cells showed an opposite tendency concerning the above after anti-miR-155 treatment. Nevertheless, HIF-1α shRNA effectively reversed protective effects of anti-miR-155 on alleviating I/R- and H/R- induced injury.Conclusion:Inhibiting miR-155 could reduce myocardial infarct size, suppress I/R-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and maintain the MMP to alleviate I/R-induced injury via specific regulation of HIF-1α.

Effect of Crocus Sativus Linnaeus (saffron) supplementations combined with circuit resistance training on total creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase MB levels in young untrained men

Summary Cardiovascular diseases are among the main cause of deaths in developing countries. This study aims to investigate the effect of circuit-resistance training with saffron supplementation on some cardiovascular risk factors in young untrained men. Twenty-three healthy untrained men participated in a randomized controlled, double blind study and were divided in two groups: placebo–training (PT, n = 11) and saffron stigma (sargoal)–training (ST, n = 12) groups. Participants were trained in a circuit-resistance training program (12 stations, 30 second/station) for 5 days/week for the duration of 2 weeks. The ST group received supplement in form of capsules (250 mg) twice per day (morning and immediately after each training session) while the PT group received water. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before and after the last training session to determine creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentrations. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in cardiovascular risk factor (P > 0.05) except for plasma levels of LDH (P = 0.025) between the two groups. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the 2 weeks circuit-resistance program was able to induce significant changes in measurement variables and supplementation by saffron somewhat reinforced the effect of circuit-resistance training program.

Sex influences diaphragm muscle response in exercised mdx mice.

Physical exercise promotes increased muscle damage in the mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Studies suggest that the estrogen level in females makes them less susceptible to muscle injuries. The aim of this study was to characterize the diaphragm (DIA) muscle response to physical exercise in male and female mdx mice. The animals were divided into four groups: female sedentary mdx; male sedentary mdx; female mdx submitted to exercise; and male mdx mice submitted to exercise. Blood samples were used to determine creatine kinase (CK). Regenerated muscle fibers were indicated by the presence of central nucleus and also inflammation areas were determined in DIA muscle sections. The alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) were determined by means of immunohistochemistry evaluation in the dystrophic DIA muscle. Male mdx animals submitted to exercise showed increased CK levels and inflammatory area. The quantification of regenerated fibers was higher in male animals, submitted or not to physical exercise. Greater alpha and beta ER expression was verified in the females submitted to exercise in the DIA muscle than in the other experimental groups. Therefore, estrogen may have contributed to the prevention of increased inflammatory process and DIA injury in females submitted to exercise.

Can exercise-induced muscle damage be related to changes in skin temperature?

Objective: Measurement of skin temperature using infrared thermography has become popular in sports, and has been proposed as an indicator of exercise-induced muscle damage after exercise. However, the relationship between skin temperature and exercise-induced muscle damage is still unclear. Here we set out to investigate the relationship between skin temperature and exercise-induced muscle damage. Approach: Twenty untrained participants completed a protocol of exercise for calf muscles. Before and after exercise blood samples were collected to determine creatine kinase and acetylcholinesterase activity. Thermal images were recorded from the exercised muscles to determine skin temperature. Delayed onset muscle soreness was quantified. Correlations between skin temperature and exercise-induced muscle damage were analyzed considering thermal data, creatine kinase and acetylcholinesterase activity at different time moments. Main results: We found delayed onset muscle soreness and an increased creatine kinase activity 48 h after exercise (P < 0.01). Skin temperature parameters (average, maximal, amplitude and difference pre- and post-exercise, immediately after and 48 h after) did not correlate with the creatine kinase responses (P > 0.05). Acetylcholinesterase activity remained stable (P = 0.59). Significance: We recommend caution when considering changes in skin temperature as dependent on the level of localized and symmetric muscle damage considering calf muscles in untrained participants.

Non-neurotoxic activity of Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venom from Thailand

BackgroundEnvenoming by kraits (genus Bungarus) is a medically significant issue in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus) venom is known to contain highly potent neurotoxins. In recent years, there have been reports on the non-neurotoxic activities of krait venom that include myotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. However, research on such non-neurotoxicity activities of Malayan krait venom is extremely limited. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the myotoxic, cytotoxic and nephrotoxic activities of B. candidus venoms from northeastern (BC-NE) and southern (BC-S) Thailand in experimentally envenomed rats.MethodsRats were administered Malayan krait (BC-NE or BC-S) venom (50 μg/kg, i.m.) or 0.9% NaCl solution (50 μL, i.m.) into the right hind limb. The animals were sacrificed 3, 6 and 24 h after venom administration. The right gastrocnemius muscle and both kidneys were collected for histopathological analysis. Blood samples were also taken for determination of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. The human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293) was used in a cell proliferation assay to determine cytotoxic activity.ResultsAdministration of BC-NE or BC-S venom (50 μg/kg, i.m.) caused time-dependent myotoxicity, characterized by an elevation of CK and LDH levels. Histopathological examination of skeletal muscle displayed marked muscle necrosis and myofiber disintegration 24 h following venom administration. Both Malayan krait venoms also induced extensive renal tubular injury with glomerular and interstitial congestion in rats. BC-NE and BC-S venoms (100–0.2 μg/mL) caused concentration-dependent cytotoxicity on the HEK-293 cell line. However, BC-NE venom (IC50 = 8 ± 1 μg/mL; at 24 h incubation; n = 4) was found to be significantly more cytotoxic than BC-S venom (IC50 = 15 ± 2 μg/mL; at 24 h incubation; n = 4). In addition, the PLA2 activity of BC-NE venom was significantly higher than that of BC-S venom.ConclusionsThis study found that Malayan krait venoms from both populations possess myotoxic, cytotoxic and nephrotoxic activities. These findings may aid in clinical diagnosis and treatment of envenomed patients in the future.

Reproducibility of measurement techniques used for creatine kinase, interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein determination over a 48 h period in males and females

ABSTRACTTo examine the reproducibility of three measurement techniques used to determine creatine kinase, interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, 50 participants had blood samples taken on two occasions. Fingertip plasma samples were analysed using the Reflotron for CK determination. Venous blood samples collected into serum separator tubes were used for IL-6 and hs-CRP analyses. IL-6 was measured using an enzyme linked immune assay development kit. The hs-CRP was measured by an in-house ELISA method. Dependent t-tests showed no systematic bias between samples. The interdian CV was 20.0% for CK, 15.3% for IL-6 and 44.2% for hs-CRP. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90 for CK, 0.98 for IL-6 and 0.70 for hs-CRP. The 95% limits of agreement were −69.7 to 63.5 IU/L for CK, −1.48 to 1.80 pg/ml for IL-6 and −1.10 to 0.91 µg/L for hs-CRP. The results demonstrate low absolute reproducibility, which may obscure a true experimental effect.

Responses of low and high compression during recovery after repeated sprint training in well-trained handball players

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of wearing various levels of compression following repeated and exhausting sprint exercise on variables related to recovery. Twelve well-trained handball players performed three sessions of repeated and exhausting sprint exercise (30 × 30m). Directly after each session the participants wore tights extending from below the hip to the foot with either 0, 10, or 25 mm Hg of compression onto the thigh and calf muscles. 48 h after the training session all participants performed 5 × 30m sprints and counter movement jumps. Before, directly after, 24 h, and 48 h after the training session venous blood samples were drawn for the determination of creatine kinase (CK), urea, C-reactive protein (CRP). At the same time points, subjective ratings of the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS) questionnaires were obtained. The results for plasma concentrations of CK and urea showed ‘likely’ to ‘very, very likely’ beneficial effects for compression garments exerting 10 mm Hg of compression (p = 0.06–1.0). With regard to sprint and jump performance no differences were evident between 0, 10, and 25 mm Hg (p = 0.07–1.0). In addition, subjective scores from the ARSS did not differ between conditions over time (p > 0.05). We conclude that the application of 10 mm Hg leg compression compared to 0 and 25 mm Hg of compression during 48 h of recovery from repeated and exhausting sprints lowered the plasma concentrations of CK and urea with no improvements in recovery for performance.

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) accelerates the sternomastoid muscle regeneration process after myonecrosis due to bupivacaine

BackgroundBecause of its long-lasting analgesic action, bupivacaine is an anesthetic used for peripheral nerve block and relief of postoperative pain. Muscle degeneration and neurotoxicity are its main limitations. There is strong evidence that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) assists in muscle and nerve repair. The authors evaluated the effects of a Gallium Arsenide laser (GaAs), on the regeneration of muscle fibers of the sternomastoid muscle and accessory nerve after injection of bupivacaine. MethodsIn total, 30 Wistar adult rats were divided into 2 groups: control group (C: n=15) and laser group (L: n=15). The groups were subdivided by antimere, with 0.5% bupivacaine injected on the right and 0.9% sodium chloride on the left. LLLT (GaAs 904nm, 0,05W, 2.8J per point) was administered for 5 consecutive days, starting 24h after injection of the solutions. Seven days after the trial period, blood samples were collected for determination of creatine kinase (CK). The sternomastoid nerve was removed for morphological and morphometric analyses; the surface portion of the sternomastoid muscle was used for histopathological and ultrastructural analyses. Muscle CK and TNFα protein levels were measured. ResultsThe anesthetic promoted myonecrosis and increased muscle CK without neurotoxic effects. The LLLT reduced myonecrosis, characterized by a decrease in muscle CK levels, inflammation, necrosis, and atrophy, as well as the number of central nuclei in the muscle fibers and the percentage of collagen. TNFα values remained constant. ConclusionsLLLT, at the dose used, reduced fibrosis and myonecrosis in the sternomastoid muscle triggered by bupivacaine, accelerating the muscle regeneration process.

Effect of hyperoxygenated solution on myocardial injury in rats with acute carbon monoxide poisoning

Objective To evaluate the effect of hyperoxygenated solution on myocardial injury in the rats with acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Methods Thirty pathogen-free adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-300 g, were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6 each) using a random number table: control group (C group), acute CO poisoning group (ACP group), and different doses of hyperoxygenated solution groups (HP1-3 groups). CO 120 ml/kg was injected intraperitoneally to establish the model of acute CO poisoning.Hyperoxygenated solution 10, 15 and 20 ml/kg were infused via the caudal vein at 1 h after intraperitoneal injection of CO in HP1-3 groups, respectively.At 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of CO, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein for determination of plasma creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and alpha-hydroxybutyrate acid dehydrogenase (α-HBDH) activities using the automatic biochemical analyzer.The rats were then sacrificed, and myocardial specimens were obtained for examination of the pathological changes with a light microscope. Results Compared with group C, the plasma LDH, α-HBDH, CK and CK-MB activities were significantly increased in ACP and HP1-3 groups (P<0.01). Compared with group ACP, the plasma LDH, α-HBDH, CK and CK-MB activities were significantly decreased in HP1-3 groups (P<0.05 or 0.01). Compared with group HP1, the plasma LDH, α-HBDH, CK and CK-MB activities were significantly decreased in HP2, 3 groups (P<0.05). The pathological changes of myocardium were significantly attenuated in HP1-3 groups as compared with group ACP. Conclusion Hyperoxygenated solution can attenuate myocardial injury in the rats with acute CO poisoning. Key words: Oxygen; Carbon monoxide poisoning; Myocardium

Effects of IL-33/ST2 pathway in acute inflammation on tissue damage, antioxidative parameters, magnesium concentration and cytokines profile

AimThe aim of this study was to examine the role of IL-33/ST2 pathway in a pathogenesis of acute inflammation and its effects on tissue damage, antioxidative capacity, magnesium concentration and cytokine profile in acutely inflamed tissue. Material and methodsMale mice were randomly divided in four groups: wild-type control group (WT-C), ST2 knockout control group (KO-C), wild-type inflammatory group (WT-I), and ST2 knockout inflammatory group (KO-I). Acute inflammation was induced in WT-I and KO-I by intramuscular injection of turpentine oil, while mice in WT-C and KO-C were treated with saline. After 12h, animals were euthanized, and blood was collected for determination of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity. The treated tissue was used for histopathological analysis, determination of volume density of inflammatory infiltrate (Vdii) and necrotic fiber (Vdnf), gene expression of interleukin (IL)-33, ST2, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6, IL-12p35, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), concentration of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. ResultsPresence of inflammatory infiltration and necrosis in the treated tissue was histopathologically confirmed in WT-I and KO-I. Vdii was significantly higher in WT-I when compared to KO-I, whereas Vdnf did not significantly differ between WT-I and KO-I. CK and AST significantly increased in both inflammatory groups when compared to corresponding control groups. However, the values of CK and AST were significantly higher in WT-I than in KO-I. Mg in the treated tissue was significantly lower in WT-I in comparison to WT-C and KO-I, while there was no significant difference between KO-C and KO-I. There was no significant difference in Cu, Se, and Mn in the treated tissue between WT-C, KO-C, WT-I and KO-I. Gene expression of IL-33 in the treated tissue increased in both inflammatory groups when compared to the corresponding control groups, but it was significantly higher in KO-I than in WT-I. Gene expression of ST2 in the treated tissue was significantly higher in WT-I than in WT-C. Gene expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12p35 in the treated tissue was significantly higher in WT-I and KO-I than in the corresponding control groups, and IL-6 was significantly higher in KO-C than in WT-C. TGF-beta gene expression in the treated tissue was significantly higher in KO-I when compared to WT-I, while there was no difference between WT-C and KO-C. SOD activity decreased at the site of acute inflammation in both inflammatory groups, while the GPx activity increased. GSH in the treated tissue was significantly higher in KO-I than in KO-C or WT-I. ConclusionThe results of our study have indicated, to our knowledge for the first time, that IL-33/ST2 pathway plays a role in enhancing inflammation and tissue damage at the site of acute inflammation by affecting the concentration of magnesium and GSH, important for antioxidative capacity, as well as gene expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-beta.