Determination Of Working Conditions Research Articles

A GLIMPSE INTO THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF LABOUR LAW AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

This paper seeks to take a look at recent labour law reforms in a number of selected CEE countries, and to examine the manner, in which the equation of standard employment relationship and the dynamics of collective bargaining processes have changed. The 1st section discusses the policy goals as well as drivers of legal changes, which have aff ected and guided recent labour law reforms in the sub-region. External infl uences over shaping of the new policy visions and recovery policies are also examined here. The 2nd section examines recent trends in regulating standard and non-standard employment relationship, as well as the collective agreements as determinants of working conditions and terms of employment. It also analyses the new approaches in the implementation of the guiding principles of collective bargaining, including the autonomy of the parties, and the principle of favourability. Furthermore, the 3rd section seeks to explore what the future looks like by traveling the paths opened by the works of the ILO Global Commission on the Future of Work, with a special focus on the Universal Labour Guarantee. Finally, a number of conclusions are drawn on the basis of the analysed data and policies.

집단적 근로 조건 대등 결정의 원칙과 근로자 대표론의 의의

근로 조건 대등 결정의 원칙은 개별적 차원과 집단적 차원을 불문하고 모든 노동 관계에서 관철되어야 하는 원칙이다. 오히려 개별적 차원의 형식적 평등을 집단적 차원의 구체적 평등으로 완성하고자 했던 노동법의 역사적 맥락을 생각한다면 집단적 차원이 더 결정적인 의의를 가진다고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 근로조건 대등 결정의 원칙이란 곧 “집단적” 근로 조건 대등 결정의 원칙을 핵심으로 한다고 할 것이다. 이 글의 첫 번째 목적은 이 점을 논증하는 것이다. 집단적 차원의 근로 조건 대등 결정 원칙이 실현되기 위해서는 근로자들의 집단을 법의 무대에 주인공으로 연출하는 장치, 즉 근로자들을 법률적으로 재현하는 장치로서의 대표 개념에 대한 포괄적인 이해가 필요하다. 대표의 개념은 대표자와 피대표자 사이에 존재하는 근원적 이타성(異他性)의 문제를 제기한다. 다른 말로하면 대표자와 피대표자 사이의 법률적 동일성을 어떻게 담보할 것인가의 문제이다. 사법과 공법은 나름의 법리로 이 문제에 대응하고 있다. 그렇다면 근로자 대표론은 사법적 대리와 공법적 대표 사이 어디쯤에 위치하고 있는가? 이 점을 검토하는 것이 이 글의 두 번째 목적이다.

Quantitative millimetre wave spectroscopy. part II: Determination of working conditions in an open Fabry-Perot cavity

A confocal Fabry-Perot frequency modulated cavity spectrometer of quality factor 1.25 × 10 5 operating inside a chamber maintained at ambient temperature and pressure of 1 Pa to 1 KPa was employed for spectrometric measurements in the region of 72 GHz and 140 to 160 GHz. The spectrometer used a spatial filter to suppress unwanted, non-axial modes. The solid state microwave source frequency was derived from a phase-locked frequency synthesizer and detection was by a liquid helium cooled bolometer. Transitions in acrylonitrile, formaldehyde, and sulphur dioxide were studied demonstrating parts per million sensitivity for these species in atmospheric samples, whilst carbonyl sulphide samples were detected at sub-parts per million concentration. The effect of pressure on line intensities was studied in order to determine the optimum operating regime. It was found that the technique was not restricted to the 5–50 Pa region characteristic of centimetric wave spectroscopy, but was able also to function in the 0.1 to 1 KPa regime. Furthermore the intensities in this latter region were found to be not critically dependent on sample pressure. A treatment of the effect of pressure and depth of frequency modulation on absorption signals was carried out and the resulting theory applied to the observed intensity-pressure relationships. There was good quantitative agreement between the frequency modulation depth and cavity response characteristics and qualitative agreement between the pressure, frequency modulation and spectral line intensity characteristics. It became clear that the possibility of power saturation, coupled with the non-uniform power distribution within the cavity, was affecting the fits of theoretical curves to the observed data, and that taking this into account produced marked improvement in the fits. Nonetheless the treatment permitted some practically useful conclusions: at low modulation depths and pressures, the sharp spectral absorption peak makes identification of the target species easy, but extraction of quantitative information more difficult, as the intensity will depend critically on the power level in the cavity. At pressures in the 100 Pa region however, the signal obtained is maximal, power broadening minimal and comparative intensity measurements possible over a range of sample species and concentrations.

Union Membership and Attitudes Toward Participation in Determining Conditions of Work in the Federal Government

Data from five federal installations are examined in order to determine the relationship between union membership and (1) perceived influence over the determination of working conditions, and (2) satisfaction with participation in determining work conditions in this sector. Union members, compared with nonmember bargaining unit employees, show lowerperceivedparticipation in determining their annual performance standards and less satisfaction with their influence in creating these standards. Lower satisfaction with influence persists even when perceived amount of influence is controlled, supporting the argument that union members in the federal government seek more influence in determining their conditions of work than nonmembers. These results are not indicative of job dissatisfaction or of distrust between labor and management. Rather, they appear to reflect a positive desire among union members for more influence in the agency.

Information in industrial relations

Everyone understands what is meant by the term ‘industrial relations’ in a generalized way, but it seems that there is no formal definition which can be said to be universally agreed. Several alternative definitions are analyzed in A. I. March's Dictionary of industrial relations: Bain & Woolven in their Bibliography of British industrial relations say ‘the subject of industrial relations is defined as the study of all aspects of job regulation—the process of making and administering the rules which regulate or control employment relationships’. Perhaps a simpler definition which appears in an older work may be preferred: J. H. Richardson in his Introduction to the study of industrial relations says ‘it is concerned with relations between the parties in industry, particularly with the determination of working conditions. No advantage would be gained in attempting a more precise definition of the boundaries, as there are considerable areas of “no man's land” with other subjects’.