Determination Of Water Requirements Research Articles

On the use of meteorological parameters and satellite image-based indices for improving solar radiation estimation.

Solar radiation (Rs) is a major renewable energy source and also a crucial factor in designing solar panels, determining water requirement, and irrigation scheduling. In this study, meteorological parameters (air temperature, average air temperature, and relative humidity; Scenario 1), satellite image-based indices (normalized difference vegetation index: NDVI and land surface temperature: LST; Scenario 2), and their combination (Scenario 3) were used as predictors of Rs simulator models in Mashhad watershed (2005-2015). To this end, three different transfer function algorithms of the multi-layer perceptron (MLP), namely Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation (MLP-LVM), gradient descend backpropagation (MLP-GDB), and batch training with weight and bias learning rules (MLP-BTWB), as well as two other machine learning models, M5 Tree and XGB (eXtreme Gradient Boosting), were employed. In addition, hybrid models obtained through coupling the best MLP transfer function with genetic algorithm (MLP-LVM-GA) and coupling Variational Mode Decomposition with M5 Tree and XGB (VMD-M5 Tree and VMD-XGB, respectively) were also investigated. In the case of MLP-based models, the third scenario proved to be more efficient, with RMSEs equal to 404.2, 424.5, and 423.8J.cm-2.day-1 for the aforementioned transfer functions, respectively. The results showed that GA coupled with the best transfer function algorithm of MLP improved Rs estimates, decreasing estimation error by 14.7, 30.65, and 32.67% in the three defined scenarios, respectively. In training set, VMD-M5 Tree and VMD-XGB hybrid models outperformed corresponding base models under all three scenarios; but in testing set, estimation error was decreased only in the third scenario (by 37 and 42%, respectively). Overall, all models (base and hybrid) had the least Rs estimation errors in the third scenario (application of both meteorological parameters and satellite image-based data).

A new approach for estimating plant growth and determining water requirement using remote sensing

A new approach for estimating plant growth and determining water requirement using remote sensing

Design, construction, and calibration of a weighable lysimeter for measuring water requirements of field crops for data-scarce areas of Ethiopia

A simple weighable lysimeter was designed, constructed, and calibrated for measuring the water requirements and crop coefficients of shallow-rooted crops. It has a portable weighing mechanism to quantify changes in soil moisture content. The weighing mechanism consists of a horizontal steel bar, a hydraulic car jack, both ends hooked vertical steel bars, a stand, and a digital weighing balance. As the lysimeter's inner tank, a plastic drum with a 55 cm diameter that yields 0.24 m2 of internal area was used. A performance test was conducted, and a rating curve was developed at the beginning of the growing seasons in 2023 and 2024 to evaluate the sensitivity of the weighing mechanism in determining crop water use. Linearity, repeatability, and measurement uncertainty tests were conducted. The linearity error was ±0.04 kg and ±0.03 kg for the years 2023 and 2024, respectively, which is within the allowable limit. The weighing system repeats the measurement perfectly with no error (repeatability error was zero). The combined uncertainty of the measurements was 0.023 kg, representing the cumulative effect of individual errors. The lysimeter weighing system is capable of detecting variations in mass as small as 0.2 mm of moisture content. Therefore, the developed lysimeter can be used to determine water requirements and crop coefficients of shallow-rooted crops for the design and management of irrigation in data-scarce areas of Ethiopia.

Determination of Water Requirements and Irrigation Scheduling for Major Cereal Crops Grown in Welmera District, Central Highland of Ethiopia

Determination of crop water requirements and appropriate irrigation scheduling is important to prevent over or under-irrigation. The study was conducted to determine the crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling of the selected cereal crops grown under irrigated conditions at Holeta, Central Highland of Ethiopia. The crops include wheat, maize, and barley. By using the 30-years climatic data, the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo), and irrigation water requirement for each crop were determined by using the CROPWAT model which is based on FAO-Penman Monteith equation. The results indicated that, the CWR for the early January sown wheat, maize, and barley was 380.2mm, 433.2mm, and 399.2mm respectively. The seasonal gross irrigation requirement was estimated to be 633.67 mm, 722 mm, and 665.33 mm for wheat, maize, and barley respectively. for 1<sup>st</sup> January sown wheat, maize, and barley, irrigation should be given nine times for wheat (1-Jan, 10-Jan, 21-Jan,5-Feb, 16-Feb, 26-Feb, 11-Mar, 25-Mar, and last irrigation on 10-Apr), with GIR application of 50.3mm, 28.1mm, 34.6mm, 48.2mm,56.6mm,67.2mm,69.5mm, 66.2mm, and 72.3mm depth respectively. Seven times for maize (1-Jan, 19-Jan, 5-Feb, 19-Feb, 6-Mar, 21-Mar, and last irrigation on 10-Apr) with GIR of 54.1mm, 51.2mm, 73mm, 89.8mm,96.9mm, 97.7mm, and 100.8mm depth respectively and eight times for barley (1-Jan, 11-Jan, 25-Jan, 6-Feb, 16-Feb, 1-Mar, 15-Mar and last irrigation on 30-Mar) with GIR amount of 42.5mm, 29mm, 39.6mm, 54.1mm, 60mm, 61.6mm, 63.1mm, and 64.1mm depth at each irrigation date respectively. This study might be useful in preventing over or under-irrigation and planning water management strategies in the district for the selected crops.

Soqia-Advice: A Web-GIS Advisory Platform for Efficient Irrigation in Arboriculture

The determination of water requirements for crops holds a crucial role in optimizing irrigation and enhancing agricultural productivity. However, identifying these needs remains a significant challenge due to the variety of factors influencing this decision, such as meteorological conditions, soil structure, and the phenological stages of each crop. In this study, we propose the design and development of a dedicated web-based irrigation advisory platform for arboriculture named ‘Soqia-Advice’. This platform will provide services to farmers, advisors, and decision-makers. The proposed methodology is based on four main steps: (1) need assessments; (2) definition of functionalities to fulfill these needs; (3) design of the overall architecture and the conceptual data model; and (4) implementation of key features of the module dedicated to farmers. The prototype of the “Farmer” module was tested on a farm in Azrou city, Morocco, as a case study. Seven-day weather forecasts were seamlessly integrated using the Weatherbit API. Additionally, the irrigation schedule was accurately displayed, ensuring efficient water management. Functionality tests were conducted on each menu to ensure the seamless and reliable operation of all planned features. The results were rigorously assessed to ensure that each feature aligned with the identified needs.

PSIII-13 Effects of Weather, Body Weight, and Feed Intake on Total and Liquid Water Intake in Beef Bulls

Abstract Research conducted in the 1950s to determine water requirements used cattle that vary greatly from the animals being raised today. Changes in lean composition and growth rate in young cattle and milk production and mature size in cows have likely altered water requirements. Furthermore, most of the research has been conducted on animals being fed for slaughter, rather than bulls or reproductive females. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of weather variables, dry matter intake (DMI), and body weight (BW) on total daily water intake (TDWI) in growing beef bulls. Angus (n = 15) and Simmental x Angus bulls (n = 29) with an average initial BW of 362.5 ± 27.0 kg were housed in an open front, monoslope building at the SDSU Cow-Calf Education and Research Facility (CCERF) from November 9, 2021, to March 1, 2022. Bulls were provided with ad libitum access to feed (1.15 Mcal NEg/kg dry matter, 14% crude protein, 52.2% dry matter) and water using the Insentec Roughage Intake Control system (Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands). Feed and water disappearance were assumed to be caused by intake. Water intake was measured in kg; however, the data were converted to L based on a correction factor determined by weighing a known amount of water. Body weights were taken every 28 d to determine ADG and predict daily BW during the duration of the study. Daily weather variables were collected from the South Dakota Mesonet station located 3.86 km from the CCERF. Weather variables analyzed included: average windchill (°C), solar radiation (W/m2), and wind speed (km/h); and minimum, maximum, and average relative humidity (%) and average temperature (°C). R-studio (R-4.1.2.pkg) was used to develop a linear mixed effects model with random intercept and slope used to account for the within subject correlations. Total daily water intake increased with increasing DMI (1.921 L TDWI per kg DMI; P < 0.0001), BW (0.025 L TDWI per kg BW; P = 0.0055), and maximum daily temperature (0.171 L TDWI per 1°C; P = 0.0023). For every 1% increase in the minimum relative humidity, TDWI tended to increase by 0.041 L (P = 0.0616). Warmer wind chill also tended to increase TDWI (0.463 L per 1°C; P = 0.0707). The effects of DMI, BW, maximum daily temperature, minimum relative humidity, and wind chill were predictive of TDWI in growing beef bulls fed during the winter months in South Dakota. This model will be useful for predicting TDWI in growing beef bulls that are raised in areas that experience similar winter weather conditions.

Determination of Water Requirements for Major Crops in Sindh Using Cropwat Model

Due to population growth and increasing urbanization trends, there is a shortage of water around the world. Irrigation systems are critical for increasing crop output and ensuring food security. Desertification caused by humans and water shortages have further exacerbated the world's regular water scarcity, putting a significant impact on food production. Water scarcity and rising food demands necessitate greater efficiency in water use, both in rain-fed and irrigated agriculture. Hence, it is the most demanding requirement for the farming community to use some type of irrigation planning to conserve the limited water resources. The purpose of this study is to calculate crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling for some major crops in Sindh using the CROPWAT model developed by FAO of United Nations. In this regard, selection from among the major crops cultivated in the Sindh province of Pakistan was made in such a way at least one crop from each category be included in this research. Accordingly, Wheat as Rabi, Rice as Kharif, Sugarcane as Perineal and Chili and Rape-seed Mustard as Cash Crops were selected. CROPWAT model calculates crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling from existing or new climatic- and crop-information. The Input crop data for CROPWAT software was obtained from various online resources and published information, whereas, climatic data incorporated in the CLIMWAT tool attached with CROPWAT was utilized. In addition, the software used average rainfall data of the particular years for each crop observed at DRIP Tandojam metrological station. The results of water requirements for the crops were obtained through CROPWAT model are: Wheat (352.1 mm); Rice (1662.5 mm); Sugarcane (2184.5 mm); Chili (714.4 mm); and Rape-seed Mustard (475.6 mm), while those by lysimeter were: Wheat (415 mm); Rice (1633 mm); Sugarcane 2150 mm); Chili (808.9 mm); and Rape-seed mustard (424.87 mm). These results delineate that there is decrease in crop water requirement of Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane and Chili to the tune of 15%, 1.5%, 11.6% and 1.7%, respectively, whereas an increase of 12% for Rape-seed mustard.

Using AquaCrop model to derive deficit irrigation schedules for improved irrigation water management for tomato production in Zimbabwe

Increasing scarcity and unreliability of rainfall, and the absence of irrigation schedules are challenges to decision-making, particularly for viable tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) production in Zimbabwe. The objective of this study was to determine water requirements of tomato as a basis for developing generic calendar guidelines for a more efficient irrigation management in Harare, Zimbabwe. We explored the options of improving the traditional, dry and supplementary wet season irrigation practices. By considering the archived climate data of thirty years (1991-2021) for Harare; and model-simulated consumptive water use from 2014 to 2017 at Thornpark Research Station, together with the crop and soil characteristics; and the irrigation method; an irrigation calendar was developed using the AquaCrop model 5.0. The improved irrigation schedule for dry season tomato cultivation at 60% ETc, resulted in water use of 471.6 mm, with a yield of 3.40 t ha-1; compared to water use of 820 mm and a yield of 1.118 t ha-1; for the wet season. Through this model, we have been able to estimate the time interval between the previous irrigation and the next irrigation for any date in the growing season. Therefore, year-round irrigated tomato production may be feasible with an added yield advantage of 2.28 t ha-1 obtainable using water and rainy periods.

Heat pulse velocity method for determining water requirements in rainfed sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium L.)

It is imperative to possess a comprehensive understanding of the water consumption patterns of sweet cherry trees under rainfed conditions. This study investigates the water use of sweet cherry using the heat pulse velocity sap flow method. Tree response to drying soil conditions over two consecutive measurement periods (September 2017 to December 2018) in the eastern Free State, South Africa, is also evaluated. During the post-harvest period (December), there was a continuous increase in daily water consumption by trees, in conjunction with an increase in canopy cover, even though the crop load was reduced. Measured sap flow was positively correlated to net radiation, air temperature, and water vapour pressure deficit. The transpiration rates ranged from 1.2 to 3.5 L d-1 during the flowering stage (day of year, DOY, 244 – 270) and showed an increasing trend as the days progressed. During the ripening stage (DOY 271 – 292), transpiration rates decreased from 4.5 to 1.1 L d-1 over the 2018 season. This decreasing trend from the previous growth stage was due to soil drying and scorching weather conditions that led to trees experiencing water stress. Sap flow measurements, however, showed typical characteristics of the diurnal trend during selected days during varying weather conditions. The fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) threshold varied for different fruit growth stages and approached 1.0 for different stress levels. FTSW exceeded 0.4 when sweet cherry trees utilised stored soil water, while the transpiration rates declined during prolonged hot days. Moreover, the stress coefficient factor ranged between 0.45 – 0.65 for different growth stages. The daily soil water content varied, and soil evaporation was expected to increase during hot and dry days. In the early stage of a dry spell, soil water content did not directly affect the transpiration rate. Sweet cherry trees are susceptible to soil water deficit at different stages of fruit development. More research is required to understand transpiration as an irrigation management and planning indicator.

Determination of Crop Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient at Different Growth Stages of Tomato by Using Weighing Type Lysimeter in Raichur Region

The water requirement for any cropping system is important consideration for designing and managing irrigation systems. Water requirement of crops varies substantially over the growing season mainly due to variation in crop cover and climatic conditions. For estimating crop water requirement of tomato crop, we have taken field experiment in weighing lysimeter for three seasons rabi - (7th September 2021 to 5th January 2022); Summer - (15th January 2022 to 15th May 2022) and Kharif - (6th June 2022 to 4th October 2022). The crop water requirement helps us to develop the crop coefficients for various growth stages (initial, development, mid and late season) for particular climatic conditions. Further, with exact crop coefficients derived from weighing type lysimeter will be helpful for determining water requirement. The results showed that the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for initial, development, mid-season and late-season being 22.76, 110.71, 173.47 and 68.71 mm, respectively. With respect to crop coefficient (Kc), it is estimated to be 0.38, 0.64, 1.12 and 0.66 for initial, development, mid-season and late season stages, respectively during rabi season. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for initial, development, mid-season and late-season being 26.53, 164.76, 235.56 and 121.51 mm, respectively. With respect to crop coefficient (Kc), it is estimated to be 0.56, 0.87, 1.22 and 0.78 for initial, development, mid-season and late season stages, respectively during summer season. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for initial, development, mid-season and late-season being 32.31, 131.38, 173.51 and 60.13 mm, respectively. With respect to Kc, it is estimated to be 0.36, 0.77, 1.13 and 0.74 for initial, development, mid-season and late season stages respectively during kharif season. The measured Kc values were significantly different from the FAO-56 reported values. Therefore, local calibration of crop coefficients is an essential for efficient irrigation water management and precise water applications.

Effect of Changing Climate on Water Requirement of Chickpea in North Interior Karnataka: Cropwat Model based Assessment

Background: Chickpea is one of the major protein rich legume crops predominantly cultivated in North Interior Karnataka (NIK). The study aimed to determine water requirement of chickpea (variety BGD- 103) using CROPWAT model that helps in tapping the potential yields of the crop through proper irrigation management by the farmers of North Interior Karnataka (NIK), which consists of 12 districts with 88,361 km2 area. Methods: The crop was simulated by considering recommended practices of UAS, Dharwad across four dates of sowing from 01st October to 15th November at quarterly interval for the past (1991-2020) and projected period (2021-2050), and the decadal analysis was done for the past and projected climate. The analysed climate, crop and soil data were used for simulation using CROPWAT model. Results: The average crop evapotranspiration (ETc), effective rainfall (ER) and irrigation requirement (IR) under past climate (1991-2020) for NIK were 292.6, 57.4 and 245.9 mm, respectively. Decrease of 67 mm in ETc, 91.3 mm in IR and an increase of 40.8 mm in ER were observed under projected climate. Sowing early i.e., on 01st October under projected climate (2021-2050) simulated the lowest water requirement and irrigation requirement for all the 12 districts of NIK.

Determination of water requirement and crop coefficient for strawberry using lysimeter experiment in a semi-arid climate

Abstract This research is aimed at measuring the water requirement, crop coefficient, and strawberry canopy coverage for efficient water consumption management. Two volumetric lysimeters were installed during the growing season of 2018 and 2019 at an agricultural research station in Kurdistan provinces, Iran. In one of the lysimeters, the grass crop was cultivated as the reference crop. Queen Elisa, the dominant strawberry cultivar of the study area, was planted in the other lysimeter. To determine the crop coefficient, strawberry and grass evapotranspiration at different stages of plant growth was measured and evaluated. The results showed that the average evapotranspiration of strawberries was 3.8 mm/day and the amount of water consumed during the whole growing season was 873.4 mm. The evapotranspiration of grass was calculated as 1143.5 mm with an average of 4.7 mm/day. Initial, middle, and ultimate crop coefficients were measured as 0.45, 0.86, and 0.8, respectively. During the growing season, the strawberry canopy cover increased by 73% and then decreased by 65%. There was a linear relationship (R2 = 0.94) between crop coefficient and strawberry canopy coverage.

Sequenced Crop Evapotranspiration and Water Requirement in Developing a Multitrigger Rainfall Index Insurance and Risk-Contingent Credit

Abstract Weather index insurance (WII) has been a promising innovation that protects smallholder farmers against drought risks and provides resilience against adverse rainfall conditions. However, the uptake of WII has been hampered by high spatial and intraseasonal basis risk. To minimize intraseasonal basis risk, the standard approaches to designing WII based on seasonal cumulative rainfall have been shown to be ineffective in some cases because they do not incorporate different water requirements across each phenological stage of crop growth. One of the challenges in incorporating crop phenology in insurance design is to determine the water requirement in crop growth stages. Borrowing from agronomy, crop science, and agrometeorology, we adopt evapotranspiration methods in determining water requirements for a crop to survive in each stage that can be used as a trigger level for a WII product. Using daily rainfall and evapotranspiration data, we illustrate the use of Monte Carlo risk modeling to price an operational WII and WII-linked credit product. The risk modeling approach that we develop includes incorporation of correlation between rainfall and evapotranspiration indices that can minimize significant intertemporal basis risk in WII.

Determination of Water Requirement and Crop Coefficient for Sugarcane Using Lysimeter Experiment under Semiarid Climatic Conditions of Ethiopia

AbstractSugarcane is one of the most important industrial crops grown throughout tropical areas. Sugarcane production is greatly expanding in developing countries like Ethiopia due to increasing de...

A facile approach for large-scale recovery of phosphogypsum: An insight from its performance

The calcination treatment for recycling phosphogypsum (PG) is very promising, which can transform PG into a binder material and remove harmful impurities. To effectively recycle and reutilize PG, the influence of calcination temperatures on the properties of calcined and hydrated PG with and without pretreatment should be investigated. This paper systematically studied the effect of calcination temperature on the properties of water-washed and untreated plaster. The calcined untreated (UPG) and water-washed PG (WPG) were characterized by an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD), and isothermal calorimetry, as well as by determining water requirement for normal consistency, setting time, whereas hydrated PG products were characterized by XRD, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and scanning electron microscope (SEM), as well as by measuring the mechanical properties. The results show that the chemical and mineralogical composition of calcined untreated PG (CUG) is similar to that of calcined water-washed PG (CWG) at the same calcination temperatures, and higher temperatures resulted in lower F content but no change in P2O5 content. At low calcination temperatures (150 °C–400 °C), the cumulative heat of CUG was lower than that of CWG, and the hydration rate is similar; however, the cumulative heat and hydration rate of CUG at 700 °C or 800 °C were much higher than that of CWG, resulting in the significant reduction in setting time. Hydrated CUG (HUG) showed tiny crystals with lower interlocking at low calcination temperatures, but a more compact microstructure with defined crystals was observed in the HUG-800 due to the high formation of dihydrate gypsum; thus, HUG calcined at low temperature showed a lower strength but at 800 °C showed the maximum strength. This work indicates that calcination at 800 °C showed a potential application for the recovery and utilization of raw PG because of its excellent performance.

Determination of water requirement and crop coefficients for green gram in temperate region using lysimeter water balance

Determination of water requirement and crop coefficients for green gram in temperate region using lysimeter water balance

Determination of water requirement and crop coefficients for green gram in temperate region using lysimeter water balance

The study was conducted on lysimeter by employing soil water balance method to compute the irrigation requirement and crop evapotranspiration of green gram crop in temperate climatic zone of Kashmir, India. The experimental study was carried out with the help of a non-weighing type lysimeter (drainage type) of 1 × 1 × 1.5 m size. On basis of the experimental observations and the other hydro-meteorological data the average daily evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated. Daily ETo of crop varied from 1.09 mm/day to 5.9 mm/day and peak ETo of green gram was found 6.57 mm/day. The crop water requirement was 287.5 mm and the computed Kc values of green gram were 0.49, 0.52, 1.22 and 0.35 for initial, development, mid and late growth stage respectively. The moisture extraction and depletion pattern at various soil depths was studied. A correlation was established between Penman-Monteith (P-M) and four other reference evapotranspiration methods namely FAO-24 corrected Penman (F c P-Mon). FAO-24 Blaney-Criddle (F B-C), Hargreaves-Samani (H-S) and FAO pan evaporation (F E-Pan).

Determining water requirements for young peach trees in a humid subtropical climate

In the southern USA, low soil water holding capacity and erratic rainfall patterns create scenarios where plant water stress may occur, reducing early peach tree growth. Therefore, irrigation management is a key component to ensure adequate water supply during early tree growth stages. The objective of this study was to determine water requirements and crop coefficient (Kc) of young peach trees grown in a subtropical climate. A study was conducted in central Florida using young peach trees ‘TropicBeauty’ grafted onto ‘Flordaguard’. Daily actual evapotranspiration (ETA) was determined using weighing lysimeters. The highest daily peach water demand was recorded during the shoot development stage (23.7 L) between August and October, whereas the lowest daily ETA was 0.71 L, during dormancy in December and January. Year-round Kc values for young peach trees were obtained and ranged from 0.20 to 0.68. There was a significant correlation between plant water consumption with trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) and projected canopy area (PCA), which can be used to estimate ETA. Peach irrigation water demand for 1–3 years old trees, expressed as daily ETA, can be estimated using daily reference evapotranspiration and PCA. The accurate determination of crop water demand allows the seasonal adjustment of irrigation scheduling avoiding water stress, or over-irrigation of young peach trees.

Crop water requirement and water use efficiency of cauliflower under mulching and drip irrigation in eastern Plateau hills region of Jharkhand

Water scarcity puts a big adverse impact on food production and its related activities. Under the scarce water availability conditions it becomes a tedious proposition to raise crops, in absence of appropriate management, for ensuring food security. In order to get rid of this constraint, an efficient irrigation system with the use of appropriate mulching and irrigation level would be the most suitable option, which can save water and increase productivity of cauliflower. The present investigation was carried out to determine water requirement and water use efficiency of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) under various growing condition (t1- Surface irrigation, t2- Drip irrigation ( 100%Et), t3- Drip irrigation( 80%Et), t4- Drip irrigation( 100%Et) with Black plastic Mulch, T5- Drip irrigation ( 80%ET) with Black plastic Mulch. This experiment was conducted in the field of the department of agricultural engineering, Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, ranchi during 2017-18. Drip irrigation based on crop water requirement significantly increased crop yield of cauliflower and improved WUE due to consumption of less water. The findings of this research work revealed that use of 80 per cent of crop water requirement through drip irrigation with black plastic mulch(25 micron) system besides giving a saving of 69% water resulted in 3.2 times higher yield of cauliflower as compared to surface irrigation. Drip irrigation in combination with plastic mulch was found to be more appropriate and profitable method in improving WUE and increasing crop yield of cauliflower. Estimation of crop water requirement from crop evapotranspiration equation by measuring microclimates directly is an appropriate method for effective management of scarce water resources under climatic condition of Jharkhand.

Application of linear programming (LP) for optimal use of raw water in Cidanau watershed, Banten

Cidanau watershed area has an important role in fulfilling water needs, especially for industrial, settlements (population), and agricultural needs. However, along with the increasing development of the Cilegon area, the need for clean water also increased. In 1984, the water demand for the Cilegon region for industrial and settlements was only 0.36 m3/second. But, in 1989 it increased to 1102 m3/second and in 2000 it was 2.200 m3/second. One of the ways to optimize the utilization of limited water resources while the community’s need for water is increasing was watershed management using linear programming (LP) method which supports optimal water distribution. Optimization discharge was carried out to determine water requirements. The optimal discharge for domestic needs was 16.50 liters/second to fulfill the water needs of the population of 47,519 people. The optimum discharge for the industrial sector was 27 liters/second with a total industry of 46 (small industries). When it was added with Krakatau Tirta Industri (KTI) discharge, the total industrial discharge became 1,527 liters/second. The optimum agricultural discharge with an area of 4,689.29 ha was 1,219 liters/second.