Determination Of Vertical Dimension Research Articles

Assessment of the clinical procedures used for determination of vertical dimension of occlusion and centric relation in edentulous patients

Background and aim. This study aims to explore the most widely used methods for managing patients who are completely edentulous to determine the intermaxillary relations, also known as the centric relation and vertical dimension of occlusion. Material and methods. The information sources have been identified through searches of medical databases. A 20-year search frame, from 2001 to 2021 was performed. The terms “occlusal vertical dimension”, “totally edentulous”, “complete denture”, and “centric relation” were searched. The selected articles were acquired in full text, and two different authors resolved differences through conversation before evaluating them for inclusion. Results. Following the application of the search strategy, 514 articles were identified. 172 papers were screened after duplicate records were removed. Selecting the studies to be considered for inclusion in the first stage required considering their titles, abstracts, and studies’ significance to the study purpose. After obtaining the complete texts of the remaining twenty-seven papers, their relevance was evaluated. Conclusion. The relationship between the maxillary and mandibular arches is still established by the centric relation in occlusal examination and prosthetic treatment. Many methods with low variability and high intra-technical repeatability are available for recording centric relation. There is no one standard technique for recording the vertical dimension of occlusion; instead, the clinician must choose the most comfortable approach.

TO CORRELATE THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN LINGUAL FRENAL ATTACHMENT AND MANDIBULAR INCISAL EDGE POSITION AS AN AID IN ESTABLISHING MANDIBULAR OCCLUSAL PLANE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY

Background: The determination of vertical dimension, aesthetics, phonetics and incisal guidance, depends on the placement of anterior teeth. Fewer studies are present for mandibular anterior teeth setting. Therefore this study aims at determining the correlation of distance between lingual frenal attachment and mandibular incisal edge position in dentulous subjects as an aid in establishing mandibular occlusal plane in edentulous patients. Methodology: 318 subjects (161 males and 157 females) under the age group of 18 to 30 years, who met the requisite criteria were seleceted. A mandibular cast was obtained from irreversible hydrocolloid impression in stock trays for each subject. The distance between the incisal edge of lower central incisor and anterior attachment of the lingual frenum was measured using digital vernier caliper. Result:It was observed that the distance between anterosuperior attachment of lingual frenumand mesioincisal edge of mandibular central incisor (CI) in female subjects was 12.19, with mean standard deviation (±SD) of 1.34. and 15.91 with mean standard deviation (±SD) 1.32 in male subjects respectively. Conclusion:Thus, the anterior attachment of lingual frenum is a reliable anatomic landmark and shall aid in setting the mandibular central incisors in a more natural position.

Evaluation for the Reliability of the Craniofacial Measurements in Determination of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion

Evaluation for the Reliability of the Craniofacial Measurements in Determination of Vertical Dimension of Occlusion

Cephalometric estimation of vertical dimension of occlusion

The aim of the present study was to develop algorithms for determination of vertical dimension of occlusion on the basis of methods of cephalometric fnalysis suggested by different authors. Proposed methods of cephalometric fnalysis allow to additionally evaluate markers for vertical dimension determination in dental reconstructive treatment.

Determination of vertical dimension of occlusion using lateral profile photographs: A pilot study.

Purpose:To hypothesize a new theory based on soft tissue reference points on lateral profile photographs (LPPs) for determining the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO), as there is need to explore for simple strategies.Materials and Methods:Fifty-three participants in the age range of 20–27 years who met the inclusion criteria were recruited. LPPs were taken for all participants using standard protocol and duplicate copies obtained, on which five soft tissue reference points, nasion (Stn), subnasale (Stsn), porion (Stp), gnathion (Stgn), and gonion (Stg) (Stg prenoted on the face) were marked and joined to form angles; distance between Stsn and Stgn was considered as VDO in LPP (VDO-LP). The angle formed between Stn-Stsn-Stgn and Stn-Stsn-Stg; Stp-Stg-Stgn and Stp-Stg-Stsn was correlated; two simple linear regression models were developed to predict Stn-Stsn-Stgn and Stp-Stg-Stgn using Stn-Stsn-Stg and Stp-Stg-Stsn as independent variables. Using the formulae, VDO-LP predicted was constructed and correlated with the actual values.Results:The angle Stn-Stsn-Stgn had a statistically significant moderate positive correlation with Stn-Stsn-Stg (r = 0.57, P < 0.001) and angle Stp-Stg-Stgn, a significant strong positive correlation with Stp-Stg-Stsn (r = 0.81, P < 0.001). Using simple linear regression analysis, the following formulae were obtained: Stn-Stsn-Stgn (in degrees) = 0.776 Stn-Stsn-Stg (in degrees) +79.01 and Stp-Stg-Stgn (in degrees) =1.331 Stp-Stg-Stsn (in degrees) +10.2. The predicted and actual VDO-LP values were in strong positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.8.Conclusion:With the use of simple landmarks on LPP, it is possible to reconstruct the lost facial dimensions during prosthetic replacement of lost teeth.

Establishment of a new relationship between posed smile width and lower facial height: A cross-sectional study.

Objective:The present study is intended to add a new parameter that would be useful in orthodontic clinical evaluation, treatment planning, and determination of vertical dimension (at occlusion).Materials and Methods:Standardized videographic recording of 79 subjects during posed smile was captured. Each video was then cut into 30 photos using the free studio software. The widest commissure-to-commissure posed smile frame (posed smile width [SW]) was selected as one of 10 or more frames showing an identical smile. Lower third of the face is measured from subnasale to soft tissue menton using a digital vernier caliper. Two values were then compared. Ratio between lower facial height and posed SW was calculated.Results:The co-relation between smiling width and lower facial height was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). The ratio of lower facial height and smiling width was calculated as 1.0016 with a standard deviation (SD) = 0.04 in males and 1.0301 with an SD = 0.07 in females. The difference between the mean lower facial height in males and females was statistically significant with a t = 10.231 and P = 0.000. The difference between the mean smiling width in males and females was also statistically significant with a t = 5.653 and P = 0.000.Conclusion:In class I subjects with pleasing appearance, normal facial proportions, normal overjet and overbite, and average Frankfort mandibular angle, the lower facial height (subnasale to soft tissue menton) is equal to posed SW.

The diagnosis and determination of vertical dimension

The diagnosis and determination of vertical dimension

Determination of vertical dimension of occlusion by using the phonetic vowel "O" and "E".

The vertical dimension of occlusion is a very important parameter for proper reconstruction of the relationship between the jaws. The literature describes many methods for its finding, from the simple, easily applicable clinically, to quite complicated, with the use of one or more devices for determination. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of determining the vertical dimension of occlusion using the vocals "O" and "E" with the control of values obtained by applying cognitive functions. This investigation was performed with the two groups of patients. The first group consisted of 50 females and 50 males, aged 18 to 30 years. In this group the distance between the reference points (on top of the nose and chin) was measured in the position of the mandible in the vertical dimension of occlusion, the vertical dimension at rest and the pronunciation of the words "OLO" and "ELE". Checking the correctness of the particular value for the word "OLO" was also performed by the phonetic method with the application of cognitive exercises when the patients counted from 89 to 80. The obtained difference in the average values in determining the vertical dimension of occlusion and the "OLO" and "ELE" in the first group was used as the reference for determining the vertical dimension of occlusion in the second group of patients. The second group comprised of 31 edentulous persons (14 females and 17 males), aged from 54 to 85 years who had been made a complete denture. The average value obtained for the vertical dimension of rest for the entire sample was 2.16 mm, for the word "OLO" for the entire sample was 5.51 mm and for the word "ELE" for the entire sample was 7.47 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the genders for the value of the vertical dimension at rest, "ELE" and "OLO". There was a statistically significant difference between the values f or the vertical dimension at rest, "OLO" and "ELE" for both genders. There was a statistically significant correlation between the value for the vertical dimension at rest, "OLO" and "ELE", for both groups of subjects. Determining the vertical dimension of occlusion requires 5.5 mm subtraction from the position of the mandible in pronunciation of the word "OLO" or 7.5 mm in pronunciation of the word "ELE".

Determination of vertical dimension using intercanthal distance in adult Mongoloid race

Objective methods of determining the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) offer significant advantages because no radiographs or others special measuring devices are required. One of the objective measurement of vertical dimension of occusion is twice the intercanthal distance (ICD). The purpose of this study was to compare whether there was a difference between the length of VDO and the length of twice the ICD among Mongoloid race, which was represented by eighty students, chosen randomly from undergraduate students of Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran that fulfilled all criteria stated. Result showed that there was no difference between the length of VDO and twice the ICD in this population. Thus, in this study, the ICD can be suggested as a method to determine the VDO in this population.

CHANGES IN THE VERTICAL DIMENSION OF OCCLUSION DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF COMPLETE DENTURE WEAR - a comparative study

SUMMARY: The exact determination of vertical dimension of occlusion is of great significance for the recreation of the functional, esthetical and prophylactic biological factors for the edentulous patients. Authors aim was to establish the change in mm of the vertical dimension of occlusion by patients with different duration of full dentures treatment. Materials and methods: 75 patients (44 women and 31 men) aged from 56 to 82 years, wearing complete dentures for 3 to10 years, were included in our investigation. On all patients’ plaster casts were made baseplates from photopolymerizing baseplates (TRIAD VLC Custom, Dentsply De trey) and occlusal rims from temperature resisting pink wax (Modern Pink No3 Wax, Heraeus Kulzer, Gmbh &Co.KG). The numbers of measurements of the physiologic rest position for every patient were 10. After calculating the average value of measurements the result was minimized with 2.5 mm thus giving the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) for the new denture treatment. Results and discussion: By 49 patients (65, 33%) the difference between the VDO with the old dentures and the new treatment was from 2 to 3.99 mm. By 17 patients (22, 67%) that difference was from 4-5.99 mm and by 9 patients (12%) - from 6-8 mm. By all the patients the VDO had to be increased with 2-6 mm by the new treatment.

Extending the Use of a Diagnostic Occlusal Splint to overcome Existing Lacunae of Vertical Dimension Transfer in Full Mouth Rehabilitation Cases

Full mouth rehabilitation involving an increase in vertical dimension of occlusion presents lacunae in accurate and definite transfer of diagnosed and verified vertical dimension of occlusion, biologically compatible with the stomatognathic system. Currently, vertical dimension to be incorporated within the restorations is done arbitrarily by adjustment of vertical pin of articulators in the laboratory, which is graduated in difference of a minimum of 1 mm. This article describes an innovative and extended use of a diagnostic occlusal splint to overcome the lacunae. The technique utilizes the diagnostic occlusal splint to transfer vertical dimensions at various stages of mounting of working casts thereby incorporating the clinically verified vertical dimensions in the final prosthesis. The technique involves splitting the diagnostic occlusal splint into anterior and posterior half. On the posterior half further centric relation records are then made. At the same time the technique described eliminates errors incorporated as a result of frequent use of face bow index record and/or arbitrary adjustment of the articulator as well as the difference between clinical determination of vertical dimension and the arbitrary laboratory adjustment on the articulator.

Reliability of different facial measurements for determination of vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous using accepted facial dimensions recorded from dentulous subjects.

The study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability of different facial measurements for determination of vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous subjects using accepted facial dimensions recorded from dentulous subjects. The hypothesis was that facial measurements can be used to obtain the vertical dimension of occlusion for edentulous patients where no pre-extraction records exist. A total of 180 subjects were selected in the age groups of 50-60years, consisting of 75 dentate male and 75 dentate female subjects for whom different facial measurements were recorded including vertical dimension of occlusion and rest, and 15 edentulous male and 15 edentulous female subjects for whom all the facial measurements were recorded including the vertical dimension of rest and occlusion following construction of upper and lower complete dentures. The left outer canthus of eye to angle of mouth distance and the right Ear-Eye distance were found to be as valuable adjuncts in the determination of occlusal vertical dimension. The Glabella-Subnasion distance, the Pupil-Stomion distance, the Pupil-Rima Oris distance and the distance between the two Angles of the Mouth did not have a significant role in the determination of the occlusal vertical dimension. The vertical dimension can be determined with reasonable accuracy by utilizing other facial measurements for patients for whom no pre-extraction records exist.

Determination of vertical dimension in implant prostheses with surface electromyography

Background The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the possibility of determining an individually correct vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) through the use of surface electromyography (sEMG).

Application of cephalometric analysis for determination of vertical dimension of occlusion: A literature review

Optimal reconstruction of vertical dimension of occlusion is crucial for functional and physiognomic rehabilitation of edentulous patients. This article is aimed at presenting attitudes and studies on application of cephalometric analysis in obtaining optimal vertical dimension of occlusion. The review of literature presents the studies which analyse the possibilities of cephalometric analysis aimed at improving the clinical methods for vertical dimension of occlusion determination in treatment of edentulous patients. The research carried out so far can roughly be divided into: cephalometric vertical dimension of occlusion evaluation in dentulous patients performed to determine precise indicators of vertical dimension of occlusion and to establish cephalometric standards for practical application in prosthodontics; the method of producing pre-extraction cephalometric registries involves the production of cephalometric radiographs for potential prosthodontic patients in dental pre-extraction period which are kept for reference to be used in later therapy; the cephalometric method of registering the position of physiologic rest position of the mandible involves measuring cephalometric parameters in cephalometric radiographs made when the mandible is in physiologic rest position; cephalometric evaluation of vertical dimension of occlusion in complete denture therapy after clinical determination of intemaxillary relationship is recommended for timely detection of possible mistakes, with a possibility of correction in the process of complete denture production; and cephalometric analysis in edentulous patients with old complete dentures for a planned vertical dimension of occlusion extension. Data from the literature give no proof of a scientific and universally accepted method for precise determination of vertical dimension of occlusion, which is a point many authors agree upon. Different methods proposed for vertical dimension of occlusion determination in everyday practice are usually recommended in combination with other methods. Determination of individual, morphological vertical dimension of occlusion indicators by cephalometric analysis is, in this sense, one of the directions for finding a better solution when planning an artificial occlusion complex.

Determination of vertical dimension of occlusion in dentate patients by cephalometric analysis – pilot study

The concept of vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) refers to a measure in the vertical plane that establishes the relation between the maxilla and the mandible when the posterior teeth, both from the maxillary and from the mandibular arches, are occluded, regardless of whether they are natural or prosthetic, healthy or restored. This measure is subject to change, and when this occurs, it can compromise both the function and the facial aesthetics. This study proposed to develop a methodology based on cephalometric analysis by studying the 31 lateral teleradiographs of adult, dentate individuals to determine the VDO, based on bone structures that are not dependent on the presence or absence of posterior teeth. The final goal was to make this application accessible to individuals who have undergone alterations of the lower portion of the face. The cephalometric analysis of this study, called Seraidarian-Tavano, was verified through facial angles (upper and middle angles) that, when correlated, determine the lower position of the face. The analysis of results showed that no statistically significant difference between the angles studied could be observed (superior angle 50.29 ± 3.35 e median angle 49.95 ± 3.37). In the same manner, no variation in the results regarding gender in the measure of these angles could be observed. This cephalometric analysis can be applied to determine the VDO, regardless of the presence or absence of posterior teeth.

Use of lingual frenum in determining the original vertical position of mandibular anterior teeth

Statement of problem. There is no accurate method for determining the correct vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous patients. Preextraction diagnostic casts may facilitate determination of vertical dimension of occlusion. In the maxilla, the incisive papilla is a stable anatomic landmark and can be used as a guide to determine the vertical relation of the edentulous patient. Unfortunately, the mandible is devoid of such a stable anatomic landmark. Purpose. This study evaluated the reliability of measurement of the distance between the anterior attachment of the lingual frenum and the incisal edges of the mandibular incisors, on casts, to be used as a preextraction record for determining the vertical position of the mandibular incisors in complete denture patients. Material And Method. Eighteen dentate subjects (9 men, 9 women; 21-28 years; mean age 23 years) were selected. Four mandibular casts were made from irreversible hydrocolloid impression material in plastic stock trays for each subject. All subjects were instructed to elevate the tongue while the impressions were made. The vertical distance between the anterior attachment of the lingual frenum and incisal edges of mandibular central incisors was measured on the casts. Means and standard deviations of the 4 measurements were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results. The mean standard deviation of the distance between the anterior attachment of the lingual frenum and incisal edges of mandibular central incisors among the subjects was 0.1326 mm (coefficient of variation 1.292%). The distance between the anterior attachment of the lingual frenum and incisal edges of mandibular incisors was relatively stable when the frenum was recorded during function. Conclusion. The distance between the anterior attachment of the lingual frenum and incisal edges of the mandibular central incisors can be used on preextraction diagnostic casts as a preextraction record for determining the original vertical position of the mandibular anterior teeth. (J Prosthet Dent 1999;82:177-81.)

Determination of vertical dimension by phonetics in a case of mandibular prognathism with overclosure

Determination of vertical dimension by phonetics in a case of mandibular prognathism with overclosure

Determination of vertical dimension of rest. A comparative study

The present study was undertaken to compare the VDR determined by conventional methods and EMG with biofeedback. Twenty dentulous and 20 edentulous subjects were included in the study. The VDR was determined by conventional methods using phonetic and swallowing methods. The masseter and anterior belly of the digastric muscles were used to determine the VDR by EMG with biofeedback. VDR was determined by dentulous and edentulous subjects by conventional and electromyographic methods. In edentulous subjects the VDR relation was determined by both methods with and without dentures in the mouth. All results were subjected to statistical analysis. The following conclusions are drawn from the study: The VDR as determined by both methods was similar in dentulous subjects. In edentulous subjects the difference in the VDR with and without dentures in the mouth was not statistically significant in both methods. In edentulous subjects the VDR increased in most subjects with the insertion of dentures and decreased in the remaining few subjects by either method. The difference between the VDR determined by conventional and electromyographic methods in edentulous subjects with dentures was not significant, but without dentures the difference was statistically significant. The comparison between the two methods of determining the VDR in dentulous and edentulous subjects with or without dentures in the mouth showed that VDR determined with dentures was closer to that of dentulous subjects than without dentures. It was concluded by the authors that the determination of VDR by either conventional or electromyographic methods with dentures was more accurate than determining the VDR without dentures.

Determination of vertical dimension by phonetics in a case of maxillofacial deformity

A method was designed to determine the mandibular positions during speech in which three phenomena, namely, -(1) the path of the mandibular jnovements, (2) the spectrogram of the voice, and (3) the voice sound-were simultaneously recorded on the same frame of 16mm motion picture films.The method was applied to predict acceptable occlusal vertical dimention (O. V. D.) for a patient with mandibular prognathisrn before surgical correction.The O. V. D. was gradually increased by setting resin blocks on the occlusal surface of the mandible.At various O. V. D., the mandibular positions during pronunciation of/s, sh, m/were observed. As a result, it was found that the mandibular positions of each consonants were almost constant regardless of the difference in O. V. D. to some extent.Within this range, the O. V. D. was increased and the mandibule was retruded to the esthetically ideal position by surgery.Just before the operation, provisional bridges with guide pins and holes were cemented to keep predetermined intermaxillary relation during surgical retrusion of the mandible.Two and six months after the operation, the mandibular movements during speech showed normal pattern and the precise intercuspal position was established.

Prosthetic dentistry

Study casts and roentgenograms should be made for all patients at the first appointment. The prosthetic problem should be presented to the patient so that he might have the choice between full-mouth reconstruction and complete dentures. Immediate denture impressions should be carefully made. The opinion the patient has of the dentist's ability is dependent upon the quality of retention of the dentures. Individually prepared acrylic resin trays are indicated for the edentulous impression technique. Determination of vertical dimension requires an understanding of the function of nerves and muscles. The position of the teeth is determined by the functions required of the teeth. A better understanding of our prosthetic problem will be possible when we as a profession understand more about functional anatomy.