Determination Of Thallium In Water Research Articles

Thallium extraction in urine and water samples by nanomagnetic 4-Aminothieno[2,3-d] pyrimidine-2-thiol functionalized on graphene oxide

Thallium is a water-soluble metal and extra dosage has toxicological effect in human body. Thallium is readily absorbed by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. The symptomatology of thallium toxicity was seen in patients with hemorrhage, bone/gastrointestinal problems, delirium, convulsions and coma. So, accurate determination of thallium in water and human urine is necessary. In this research, a novel and applied method based on 25 mg of nanomagnetic 4-Aminothieno[2,3-d] pyrimidine-2-thiol functionalized on graphene oxide (Fe3O4-ATPyHS@GO) was used for thallium extraction in 50 mL of water, wastewater and urine samples by dispersive magnetic micro solid-phase extraction (DM-μ-SPE). After extraction and back-extraction of solid phase by 1 mL of nitric acid solution, the concentration of thallium ions determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS). The working/linear range, the limit of detection (LOD), and preconcentration factor (PF) were achieved (4-1400 μg L−1; 4-300 μg L−1), 0.9 µg L−1, and 50, respectively (Mean RSD%=1.8 water; 2.1 urine). The absorption capacity of Go and Fe3O4-ATPyHS@GO adsorbent were achieved 7.2 and 137.5 mg g-1 for 5 mg L-1 of thallium, respectively. The procedure was validated by ICP-MS analyzer.

Speciation and determination of thallium by on-line microcolumn separation/preconcentration by flow injection–flame atomic absorption spectrometry using immobilized oxine as sorbent

A flow injection analysis (FIA) system incorporation a microcolumn of immobilized oxine on surfactant-coated alumina had been devised for performing rapid thallium enrichment/matrix removal in flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAA). The preconcentration is based on the deposition of thallium(I) on microcolumn and subsequent elution with 500 microl of sodium thiosulfate (1 moll(-1)). In the presence of EDTA, only Tl(I) was retained on the microcolumn. Total thallium was determined after reduction of Tl(III) to Tl(I) by hydroxyl amine hydrochloride. A sample volume of 25 ml resulted in a preconcentration factor of 77. Precision at 30 microgl(-1) was 2.6% RSD (n=10). With 25 ml sampling volume a detection limit of 2.5 microgl(-1) was determined. The effect of potential interfering ions on the determination was studied. The method was applied for the determination of thallium in water, waste water, hair, nail, coal, and standard reference alloys. The accuracy was assessed through recovery experiment, independent analysis by Furnace-AAS, and analysis of certified reference alloys.

Determination of thallium traces by ETAAS after on-line matrix separation and preconcentration in a flow injection system

A simple and sensitive flow injection system was developed for separation, preconcentration and determination of thallium. Preconcentration is based on the analyte sorption on a microcolumn of dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6) immobilized on surfactant coated alumina with subsequent elution using a nitric acid solution (500 µL, 2 mol L-1). The concentration of thallium in the eluent was determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Factors influencing the sorption and desorption of thallium ion were investigated. Using a sample volume of 5 mL, the calibration was linear from 0.1 to 20 µg L-1 range (r = 0.9996) with a detection limit of 0.05 µg L-1. The maximum sorption capacity was 1432 µg of thallium per gram of sorbent. The precision of the method at 1 µg L-1 was 5.7% RSD (n = 11). The method was applied for determination of thallium in water, hair, nail, and standard reference samples. The accuracy was assessed using addition-recovery experiment or by comparison of the results with certified reference materials.

Determination of Thallium by Starch Iodide Method and Its Applications in Environmental Samples

The present method for determination of thallium involves the oxidation of Tl(I) to Tl(III), with bromine water and liberation of iodine by Tl(III) from potassium iodide in acidic medium. The liberated iodine is reacted with starch to form a blue coloured complex having λ m a x 575 nm. The system obeys Beer's law in the range of 1-10 μg per 25 mL. The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity were found to be 1.98 x 10 5 l mol - 1 cm - 1 and 0.00098 μg cm - 2 , respectively. The method has been successfully applied for the determination of thallium in water, industrial effluent, flue dust and biological samples.

Determination of thallium in water by electrothermal AAS with the direct injection of a cellulose nitrate resin suspension used for solid-phase extraction.

ニトロセルロース樹脂から調製した微粒子 (CNR) を用いて, タリウム (III) を抽出する固相抽出-樹脂懸濁液直接導入電熱原子吸光光度法について検討した. 陰イオン交換樹脂を懸濁液状にしたものとCNRを比較したところ, 後者で良好な結果が得られたため, CNRを固相抽出剤として用いることとした. タリウム (III) は塩酸酸性条件下でpH0.5～2の範囲において樹脂相によく抽出され, ピロリジンジチオカルバミン酸錯体とすることで捕集効率を上げることができた. タリウム (I) は樹脂相へは抽出されないが, 酸化剤として臭素水を加え, タリウム (III) へ酸化させることで測定することができた. 検量線は相関係数0.998の直線が得られ, 空試験の標準偏差の3倍から求めた検出限界は0.9ngであった. タリウム30ngでの相対標準偏差は2.5% (n=5) であった. また, 河川水50mlについて添加回収実験を行ったところ, 95±3%の回収率を得た.

Field determination of thallium in water

A simple, selective, and sensitive field procedure for the spectrophotometric determination of thallium in water is described. The preconcentration is carried out by extracting the chlorothallate ion-pair complex of a cationic surfactant, i.e. CTAB or CPC, with toluene. The extract is reacted with a basic dye, i.e. brilliant green (BG). The molar absorptivity of the complexes is in the range of (1.63–1.70)×105 1 mole−1 cm−1 at the absorption maximum of 640 nm. The detection limit is 5 ng ml−1 Tl in water. None of the tested metal ions upto certain levels interfered with the determination. It is reproducibly applicable to the field analysis of Tl in water samples containing upto 20 ppb.

Use of a personal computer for signal treatment in atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation using deuterium arc background correction

A personal computer, coupled via a commercial interface to the spectrometer, is used to integrate the transient absorbance signals in atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomisation. Integration over a time interval closely matching the peak improves the detection limit and precision for the determination of thallium in water, compared with integration over a wider interval. For the determination of lead in copper, systematic errors due to overcompensation by the deuterium background corrector are avoided.

Determination of Thallium in Natural Waters

Abstract A method is described for the determination of thallium in natural waters of low and high mineral salt contents. The sample is made 0.15 M in hydrobromic acid, filtered and after addition of bromine water it is passed through a column of the strongly basic anion exchange resin Dowex 1 on which thallium is adsorbed as the anionic thallium(III)-bromide complex. The thallium is eluted with an aqueous solution of sulphur dioxide and, after evaporation of the eluate, this element is determined by a.a.s. with an air-acetylene flame. The method was used successfully for the determination of thallium in waters suitable for drinking purposes. hydrothermal waters, sea-water and waters from oil-wells.