Determination Of Surface Charge Research Articles

Exploring the biosorption of nickel and lead by Fusarium sp. biomass: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic assessment.

Fungal biomass is as a cost-effective and sustainable biosorbent utilized in both active and inactive forms. This study investigated the efficacy of inactivated and dried biomass of Fusarium sp. in adsorbing Ni2+ and Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. The strain underwent sequential cultivation and was recovered by filtration. Then, the biomass was dried in an oven at 80 ± 2°C and sieved using a 0.1-cm mesh. The biosorbent was thoroughly characterized, including BET surface area analysis, morphology examination (SEM), chemical composition (XRF and FT-IR), thermal behavior (TGA), and surface charge determination (pH-PZC and zeta potential). The biosorption mechanism was elucidated by fitting equilibrium models of kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic to the data. The biosorbent exhibited a neutral charge, a rough surface, a relatively modest surface area, appropriate functional groups for adsorption, and thermal stability above 200°C. Optimal biosorption was achieved at 25 ± 2°C, using 0.05g of adsorbent per 50mL of metallic ion solution at initial concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.0mg L-1 and at pH 4.5 for Pb2+ and Ni2+. Biosorption equilibrium was achieved after 240min for Ni2+ and 1440min for Pb2+. The process was spontaneous, mainly through chemisorption, in monolayer for Ni2+ and multilayer for Pb2+, with efficiencies of over 85% for both metallic ion removal. These findings underscore the potential of inactive and dry Fusarium sp. biomass (IDFB) as a promising material for the biosorption of Ni2+ and Pb2+.

Novel methods for determination and manipulation of surface charges performed on an atmospheric DBD microplasma

Abstract In photo- and electrocatalysis it is already well-established that surface charges can alter chemical adsorption and reaction paths of the catalyst. However, the novel realm of plasma catalysis lacks experimental exploration regarding the impact of plasma-induced surface charges on catalytic processes. This paper paves the way by introducing a straightforward method for precisely charging the dielectric (catalyst) in a dielectric barrier discharge microplasma at atmospheric pressure. It additionally enables the determination of this surface charge avoiding artifacts or volume charge interference. Through pre-charging of the dielectric, the charges’ impacts on re-ignition and forming of charge equilibria during the discharge are investigated. Moreover, a laser-assisted operando technique is introduced to generate up to 15% of either positive or negative additional surface charges (compared to the default operation) within 3.5 μs after irradiation and potential for even higher yields. The charges’ origin and the plasma’s response to these laser-induced surface charges are explored.

Eco friendly functional finishes of polyester fabric using keratin from wool and feather wastes

This research showcases the use of hydrothermally extracted solutions from poultry feathers and wool as eco-friendly and versatile textile finishes. These solutions, derived from waste biomass containing the keratin biopolymer, were obtained through environmentally conscious hydrothermal degradation processes. Initially, the study focused on analysing the chemical parameters and properties of both dialysed and non-dialysed solutions extracted from feathers and wool. The investigation tracked primarily the presence of keratin within these solutions. Upon application to polyester textiles as the reference material, the presence of these solutions on the fabric surface was confirmed successfully. A thorough physicochemical analysis of the treated textiles involved various analytical techniques. These encompassed surface composition analysis via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), assessment of wettability through Contact Angle measurements, determination of surface charge using surface zeta potential, and examination of the thermal and flame-retardant properties via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and calorimetric tests. In addition, the colour, UV radiation transmission and antioxidant activity were evaluated using standard tests.The remarkable effects of the treatment have been observed in the exceptional antioxidative action, fire resistance, UV protection and enhanced hydrophilicity of these innovative multifunctional textiles. This approach holds significant implications across research, economics and society, enriching Material Science by deepening the understanding of materials and their multifaceted properties. Moreover, it promotes resource efficiency, opens new sustainable textile market prospects, and contributes to social impact by supporting environmental sustainability, engaging communities and ensuring health and safety benefits.

Impact of TEMPO-Oxidation Pretreatment of Red Ginseng Residual on Nanofibrillation

Red ginseng extract is one of the most widely used herbal medicines to prevent and cure various diseases. Among the processed products derived from red ginseng, the water-insoluble part as red ginseng residual (RGR) becomes waste, even though it contains important ingredients. TEMPO-oxidation (TO) can be used as a pre-treatment with different degrees of oxidation (DO) (0 to 0.4) in red ginseng residual (RGR-TO) by introducing chemical oxidation and high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) as a nanofibrillation process. 1H NMR was used to determine the carbohydrate composition and calculate DO, size was examined using a nanoparticle analyzer, and the zeta potential was used to determine surface charge density. RGR-TO with different concentrations had different compositions; glucose and uronic acid were the main ingredients. All treated RGR-TO showed higher oxidant levels than the untreated counterpart (RGR-TO 0). As the oxidant levels increased, the zeta potential and uronic acid increased, but the size of the nanofibril from RGR-TO decreased. The results of this study showed that TEMPO-oxidation pretreatment was effective in producing RGR cellulose nanofibril (CNF) with a variety of properties by adjusting the level of oxidation pretreatment and the number of HPH passes.

Cellulose-Based Waste in a Close Loop as an Adsorbent for Removing Dyes from Textile Industry Wastewater

In an attempt to reuse fibrous textile waste and, at the same time, to address dye pollution in textile wastewater, waste cotton-based yarn was utilized as a cheap and sustainable adsorbent, as well as a row material for carbon adsorbent production. Unmodified yarn and cotton-based carbon adsorbents were used as adsorbents for dye removal from water. Cotton and cotton/polyester yarn samples underwent thermal modification through carbonization followed by chemical activation with KOH. Various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and surface charge determination, were employed to analyze the morphological and surface characteristics of the cotton-based adsorbents. Adsorption properties were evaluated by testing the removal of selected cationic and anionic dyes from water. The impact of temperature, initial pH and concentration of the dye solution, and contact time on adsorption were investigated, and experimentally obtained data were analyzed using theoretical models. While carbonization alone did not significantly enhance adsorption properties, activated samples exhibited high efficacy in removing both cationic and anionic dyes from water. Despite the negative influence of the polyester component in the carbon precursor on the efficiency of activated samples in removing methyl orange, the results indicated that activated cotton and cotton/polyester yarn could be used to prepare highly efficient adsorbents for the rapid removal of methylene blue from real wastewater samples.

Removal of Commercial Textile Dye DRMD from Wastewater Using Two-Dimensional Mesoporous Graphene Oxide Adsorbent

Environmental toxins from textile effluents, including organic contaminants, heavy metals, and dyes, pose significant health risks such as renal illness, allergies, dermatitis, and cancer when released into the aquatic environment. While various dye removal methods exist, adsorption is highlighted as a potentially effective solution due to its low cost, simplicity, and ease of use. An adsorbent of two-dimensional mesoporous Graphene Oxide (GO) was produced using Hummer’s method from cost-effective graphite powder. This was then utilized to eliminate the Doracryl Red MD (DRMD) textile dye from the aqueous system. To characterize the synthesized material, XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses were performed. Zeta Potential and AFM analysis were used to determine surface charge and roughness, respectively. BET analysis was performed to obtain information regarding the surface area and porosity of the mesoporous GO. The highest adsorption capacity for the adsorption of the dye DRMD was found at 917.62 mg/gm. A variety of factors, including the influence of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, concentration of dye solution, and contact time, were thoroughly investigated. Adsorption data best fit the Langmuir model and demonstrated pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. After repeatedly washing used adsorbents with 2% HCl solution, 88.62% of its initial adsorption capacity was retained after the 4th cycle. Hence, the enhanced adsorption capacity and recyclability of Graphene Oxide (GO) render it a promising candidate for the treatment of wastewater polluted with organic dyes.

Advancing the development of nanocomposite adsorbent through zinc-doped nickel ferrite-pinecone biochar for removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater

Leather and textile industrial effluents are the main disseminating routes for chromium contamination of water bodies, causing adverse impacts on public and environmental health. The attempt to remediate chromium through conventional wastewater treatment methods is inefficient. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize zinc-doped nickel ferrite pinecone biochar (Zn-NiF@PBC) nanocomposite for the removal of chromium from wastewater systems. The Zn-NiF@PBC nanocomposite was synthesized via the co-precipitation method. The properties of zinc-doped nickel ferrite (Zn-NiF) were effectively modified by blending with biochar at 1, 5, 10, and 15 % (w/w) which was successfully embedded with Zn-Ni ferrite nanoparticles. This was characterized and confirmed by typical adsorbent properties such as a high surface area of 104 m2/g, conducive pore volume of 0.117 cm3/g and pore size of 3.41 nm (BET), interactive multi-functional groups (FTIR), surface charge determination (pHpzc,), crystalline structure (XRD) and very rough surface morphology (SEM). The maximum chromium adsorption was found to be 95 % at the specific experimental condition of pH 3, adsorbent dose 1 g/50 mL, contact time 120 min, and initial chromium concentration 100 mg/L. The adsorption experimental data was best fitted with the Langmuir isotherm at R2 0.98 indicating the adsorption process was homogeneous and monolayer whereas the kinetics adsorption was resembling the second-order kinetic at R2 0.99. Moreover, the adsorption thermodynamics was spontaneous, endothermic, and increased the change in entropy. Finally, the regeneration of Zn-NiF@PBC was found to be effective up to five 5 cycles but gradually degrading in terms of removal efficiency after 3 cycles. In general, Zn-NiF@PBC can remediate chromium from wastewater with huge potential for scale-up and extend to other pollutants clear-up.

Theoretical modeling approach for adsorption of fibronectin on the nanotopographical implants.

The success of orthopedic implants depends on the sufficient integration between tissue and implant, which is influenced by the cellular responses to their microenvironment. The conformation of adsorbed extracellular matrix is crucial for cellular behavior instruction via manipulating the physiochemical features of materials. To investigate the electrostatic adsorption mechanism of fibronectin on nanotopographies, a theoretical model was established to determine surface charge density and Coulomb's force of nanotopography - fibronectin interactions using a Laplace equation satisfying the boundary conditions. Surface charge density distribution of nanotopographies with multiple random fibronectin was simulated based on random number and Monte Carlo hypothesis. The surface charge density on the nanotopographies was compared to the experimental measurements, to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical model. The model was implemented to calculate the Coulomb force generated by nanotopographies to compare the fibronectin adsorption. This model has revealed the multiple random quantitative fibronectin electrostatic adsorption to the nanotopographies, which is beneficial for orthopedic implant surface design.Significance: The conformation and distribution of adsorbed extracellular matrix on biomedical implants are crucial for directing cellular behaviors. However, the Ti nanotopography-ECM interaction mechanism remains largely unknown. This is mostly because of the interactions that are driven by electrostatic force, and any experimental probe could interfere with the electric field between the charged protein and Ti surface. A theoretical model is hereby proposed to simulate the adsorption between nanotopographies and fibronectin. Random number and Monte Carlo hypothesis were applied for multiple random fibronectin simulation, and the Coulomb's force between nanoconvex and nanoconcave structures was comparatively analyzed.

Interfacial Hyperactivation of Candida rugosa Lipase onto Ca2Fe2O5 Nanoparticles: pH and Ionic Strength Fine-Tuning to Modulate Protein-Support Interactions.

The current study provides a comprehensive look of the adsorption process of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) on Ca2Fe2O5 iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Protein-support interactions were identified across a broad range of pH and ionic strengths (mM) through a response surface methodology, surface charge determination, and spectroscopic and in silico analyses. The maximum quantity of immobilized protein was achieved at an ionic strength of 50 mM and pH 4. However, this condition did not allow for the greatest hydrolytic activity to be obtained. Indeed, it was recorded at acidic pH, but at 150 mM, where evaluation of the recovered activity revealed hyperactivation of the enzyme. These findings were supported by adsorption isotherms performed under different conditions. Based on zeta potential measurements, electrostatic interactions contributed differently to protein-support binding under the conditions tested, showing a strong correlation with experimentally determined immobilization parameters. Raman spectra revealed an increase in hydrophobicity around tryptophan residues, whereas the enzyme immobilization significantly reduced the phenylalanine signal in CRL. This suggests that this residue was involved in the interaction with Ca2Fe2O2 and molecular docking analysis confirmed these findings. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed distinct behaviors in the CRL emission patterns with the addition of Ca2Fe2O5 at pH 4 and 7. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that the contact would be mediated by hydrophobic interactions at both pHs, as well as by ionic ones at pH 4. In this approach, this work adds to our understanding of the design of biocatalysts immobilized in iron oxide NPs.

Isolation and particle characterization of different strains of BmNPV isolated from south Indian region

Grasserie is a deadly viral disease which turns a clean creamy white silkworm into zombie worm. The nuclear polyhedrosis of B. mori caused by Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus strain Bm (BmNPV) showing jaundice-like symptoms is collectively referred to as polyhedrosis. This DNA virus multiplies only in the nucleus of the host cells forming its complete structure in the host cell. The drawback of this disease is huge amount of crop loss. And to avoid this, the only way is prevention or the use of hazardous chemicals. To avoid all these, finding a new natural way is necessary. Before we think of controlling the virus, one should understand the detail characters of BmNPV. Light scattering is a fundamental analytical technique for the characterization of particulate materials and is most commonly applied to colloidal systems, nanoparticles and acromolecules in solution or dispersion to determine particle size and zeta Potential. This examination mainly focused on size and surface charge determination using SZ-100 nanoparticle series instrument. Further, the average OB size was found to be 150.7 nm, 138.8 nm, 143.8 nm, 140.0 nm and 140.5 nm in diameter for HRH, HSR, KNK, MSI and VKK BmNPV strain respectively. The zeta potential is often measured as a function of pH or other change in the chemistry to help formulators create new products with a long shelf life. The zeta-potentials of isolates were found to be more of negative because of the presence of PEP with the charge of - 29.0 mV, -35.4 mV, -45.0 mV, -28.1 mV and -23.5 mV for HRH, HSR, KNK, MSI and VKK BmNPV strain respectively. Thus, by exposing, these aspects may help to deduce in detail structural characteristics of different south Indian strains of BmNPV.

Removal of Erythrosine B using Prosopisspicigera L. wood carbon-iron oxide composite

The present study investigates the removal of Erythrosine B (EB), a neurotoxin and carcinogenic dye from aqueous system using Prosopisspicigera L. wood (PsLw) carbon-iron oxide composite. The adsorbent is well characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for surface morphology, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller nitrogen adsorption method (BET)/methylene blue method for surface area determination and potentiometric methods for surface charge (pHzpc) determination. The removal capacity of the adsorbent has been evaluated by batch method under varying pH, contact time, adsorbate initial concentrations, and in the presence of other ions. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity is found to be 487.8 mg/g at pH = 2.0 for an initial concentration of 250 mg/L. The adsorption follows pseudo second order kinetics and fits to Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption is thermodynamically spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Pore diffusion and mass transfer studies are performed. Column mode analysis is applied in the process for industrial applications.

One-Step and Low-Cost Designing of Two-Layered Active-Layer Superhydrophobic Silicalite-1/PDMS Membrane for Simultaneously Achieving Superior Bioethanol Pervaporation and Fouling/Biofouling Resistance.

Recently, the coupling of biofuel fermentation broths and pervaporation has been receiving increasing attention. Some challenges, such as the destructive effects of constituents of the real fermentation broth on the membrane performances, the lethal effects of the membrane surface chemical modifiers on the microorganisms, and being expensive, are against this concept. For the first time, a continuous study on the one-step and low-cost preparation of superhydrophobic membranes for bioethanol separation is made to address these challenges. In our previous work, spraying as a fast, scalable, and low-cost procedure was applied to fabricate the one-layered active-layer hydrophobic (OALH) silicalite-1/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane on the low-cost mullite support. In this work, the spraying method was adopted to fabricate a two-layered active-layer superhydrophobic (TALS) silicalite-1/PDMS membrane, where the novel active layer consisted of two layers with different hydrophobicities and densities. Contact-angle measurements, surface charge determination, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and pervaporation separation using a 5 wt % ethanol solution were used to statically evaluate the fouling/biofouling resistance and pervaporation performances of OALH and TALS membranes in this study. The TALS membrane presented a better resistance and performance. For dynamic experiments, the Box-Behnken design was used to identify the effects of substrates, microorganisms, and nutrient contents as the leading indicators of fermentation broth on the TALS membrane performances for the long-term utilization. The maximum performances of 1.88 kg/m2·h, 32.34, and 59.04 kg/m2·h concerning the permeation flux, separation factor, and pervaporation separation index were obtained, respectively. The dynamic fouling/biofouling resistance of the TALS membrane was also characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of all the tested membranes. The TALS membrane demonstrated the synergistic resistance of membrane fouling and biofouling. Eventually, the novel TALS membrane was found to have potential for biofuel recovery, especially bioethanol.

Arsenic removal using Prosopis spicigera L. wood (PsLw) carbon\u2013iron oxide composite

The present manuscript reports the removal of arsenic from aqueous solution using iron oxide composite of carbon derived from the plant material Prosopis spicigera L. wood which depletes the ground water of ponds, lakes and other water bodies. The adsorbent was characterised by Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope for surface analysis; Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and methylene blue method for surface area determination and pHzpc for surface charge determination. Experimental conditions such as pH, contact time, adsorbate initial concentration and in the presence other ions are varied to study the batch adsorption equilibrium experiment. The adsorption process was tested with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model and Langmuir isotherm was best suited. Sorption kinetics was analysed with pseudo-first- and second-order kinetics but adsorption follows second order kinetics. For an initial concentration of 60 mg/L of As(III) ions, adsorption capacity was found to be 83.84 mg/g at pH = 6.0. Thermodynamically the adsorption process is spontaneous, feasible and endothermic in nature. Adsorption involves pore diffusion, external mass transfer and complex formation. Column study was performed to apply this process for large scale treatment.

A chip device to determine surface charge properties of confluent cell monolayers by measuring streaming potential.

Cell surface charge is an important element of the function of biological barriers, but no chip device has been described to measure cell surface charge properties of confluent barrier cell monolayers. The aim of this study was the design and fabrication of a dynamic lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device which is suitable to monitor transcellular electrical resistance, as well as streaming potential parallel to the surface of cell layers. We successfully measured the streaming potential of a biological barrier culture model with the help of our previously published versatile lab-on-a-chip device equipped with two Ag/AgCl electrodes. The inclusion of these "zeta electrodes", a voltage preamplifier and an oscilloscope in our set-up made it possible to successfully record signals describing the surface charge properties of brain endothelial cell monolayers, used as a barrier model in our experiments. Data obtained on the new chip device were verified by comparing streaming potential results measured in the LOC device and zeta potential results by the commonly used laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDv) method and model simulations. Changes in the negative surface charge of the barrier model by treatments with neuraminidase enzyme modifying the cell membrane glycocalyx or lidocaine altering the lipid membrane charge could be measured by both the upgraded LOC device and LDv. The new chip device can help to gain meaningful new information on how surface charge is linked to barrier function in both physiological and pathological conditions.

Determination of surface protonation-deprotonation behavior, surface charge, and total surface site concentration for natural, pillared and porous nano bentonite heterostructure

In this paper, the physicochemical properties of natural, pillared and porous nano bentonite heterostructure in the points of view of surface protonation–deprotonation behaviors were studied. Moreover, the structural heterogeneity in each sample based on three-dimensional field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) plots were investigated to obtain its effect on the formation of surface active sites. To better understand the surface protonation properties and adsorptive capability of natural, pillared and porous clays, it is essential to investigate the surface charge, surface active sites, pH at point of zero charge (pHzpc), and surface acid-base equilibrium constants. Since the information about amphoteric acid-base groups especially in porous clays is still lacking, our main purpose is to obtain the best estimates to compare the surface properties of natural, pillared and porous clays by means of Gran method and surface complexation model from titration data. The 2 pK-diffusion layer model (DLM) was applied to evaluate the contribution and concentration of the various surface site species (such as SOH, SOH2+, and SO−) in the different pH and ionic strengths. This paper indicates considerable new information about surface acid-base reactions, total surface site concentrations, pHzpc measurement, which provides basic knowledge of the underlying adsorption mechanisms. The maximum value of total surface sites concentration (8.84 mmol/L) in ionic strengths of 0.05 M NaCl belonged to porous nano bentonite heterostructure (PBH) with the highest pHzpc at 9.73.

Measurement of the zeta-potential of solid surfaces through Laser Doppler Electrophoresis of colloid tracer in a dip-cell: Survey of the effect of ionic strength, pH, tracer chemical nature and size

Measurement techniques for detecting surface charge have gained attention in the last few decades due to the importance of this parameter in many scientific and industrial applications. The estimation of macroscopic surface zeta-potential (ζ) is customarily performed via streaming potential measurements. Recently, a simple and cost-effective Malvern Zetasizer accessory has been introduced which makes use of electroosmotic flow mapping (EOFM) to determine surface charge of hard surfaces. In this work we propose a measurement strategy that considers the key parameters influencing the reliability of surface ζ values. With this purpose, the role of the ionic strength, sample cleaning, tracer particle size and chemical nature on the determination of ζ for borosilicate glass coverslips have been investigated. ζ values obtained in presence of adjusted parameters was finally compared to the equivalent results of streaming potential technique, validating the proposed measurement strategy.

Characterization of Polymeric Nanoparticle Dispersions for Biomedical Applications: Size, Surface Charge and Stability.

In the last decades, nanoparticles intended for biomedical applications have gained increased attention due to the advantages they represent among the current diagnostic and therapeutic methods. However, the translation of nanomaterials laboratory results to human therapies is limited, mainly due to incomplete characterization of nanosystem properties, before preclinical studies. In this context, this review aims to summarize the main physicochemical characterization techniques of nanoparticles in a liquid dispersion, required in their design steps; which is of utmost importance for successful applications. One of the key physicochemical parameters of nanomaterials is size. To assess nanoparticles' size, a wide revision of light scattering and microscopic techniques is reported here, some of them being also useful for determining nanomaterial morphology. The determination of nanosystem surface charge is also reported, because it is also a key parameter that will influence their interaction with biological components. In addition, the determination of nanomaterials' stability, which is important in terms of storage and use, is described. In conclusion, this review will be a useful support to find the appropriate techniques for an appropriate nanoparticle physicochemical preclinical characterization.

Experimental investigation of surface charging and electric charge decay on HVDC outdoor polymeric insulator under different air humidity and aging conditions

In this paper, electric charge decay and surface charging on outdoor Silicon Rubber (SiR) insulator used in high voltage direct current (HVDC) applications is analyzed under different conditions. According to the theoretical and experimental investigations, flashover is worsened by the accumulation of the charge on the insulator surface. Thus, to prevent unexpected flashover occurrence, the surface charge of the insulator should be carefully investigated. In this paper, effects of the relative air humidity on the electric charge decay in case of the outdoor polymeric insulator have been investigated. Therefore, the surface of the insulator is initially charged by DC corona under varying relative air humidity, and then electric charge decay is measured. In addition, the process of determining surface charge decay on aged insulator is studied. An experimental comparison has also been drawn between the surface charge resulting from DC corona charging on the aged and non-aged insulator. It’s been proven from the results that aging has a significant effect on surface charge decay after corona charging.

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Wood by Presence of Clay Minerals

Devonian, and Quaternary clays of Latvia together with additive of sawdust after plastic moulding of pellets were used. Partial oxidation of sawdust and formation of active carbon after thermal shock at temperature 800°C were determined. The main clay mineral in all of clays was hydromica with some difference in the structure. Obtained materials with bulk density 1.1 g/cm3 as sorbent for different chemicals such as iodine and methylene blue was used. Dependence of sorption ability of pellets on the type of used clay (clay minerals) was determined. XRD for the determination of phase compositions, nitrogen absorption for the pore size distribution, SEM for the analysis of structure and nanoscale Zetasizer for the determination of surface charge were used.

Use of non-living lyophilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultivated in various media for phenol removal.

The biosorption of phenol on non-living lyophilized mycelial pellets of Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultivated in liquid medium of various compositions was studied in batch biosorption system. The fungal cell surfaces were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and specific surface charge determination. The sorption kinetics and equilibrium were evaluated using linear and non-linear regression. For adsorption equilibrium, a comparative evaluation is also presented using non-linear least-square estimation and linearization of the Langmuir and anti-Langmuir equations. The presence of mineral and vitamin materials in the liquid medium enhanced the adsorption capacity of fungal biomass for phenol. At optimum pH5-6, the values of specific surface charge were 0.023 and 0.069meqg-1 for various cultivations, and the maximum amounts of phenol can be adsorbed at these pH values. The maximum adsorbed phenol amounts by cells cultivated in simple and complex media were 4.53 and 13.48mgg-1, respectively, at an initial phenol concentration of 100mgl-1. Graphical abstract ᅟ.