Determination Of Pesticides Research Articles

Monitoring of polar pesticides and contaminants in edible oils and nuts by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A single method was developed for the determination of polar pesticides (fosetyl-Al and its metabolite, phosphonic acid, and ethephon) and environmental contaminants (chlorate and perchlorate) in edible oils and nuts. Two extraction methods based on QuPPe-PO approach (Quick Polar Pesticides Method for products of Plant Origin) were optimized. In oils, a single extraction using water acidified with formic acid (1%) was performed, while in nuts, the clean-up step was modified. C18 was used as sorbent and an extra cleaning step with n-hexane was added. The extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to a triple quadrupole mass analyser (LC-QqQ-MS/MS). The method was validated and the limit of quantification was 0.01 mg kg−1 for all analyte-matrix combination. Recoveries from 70 to 120%, and intra and inter-day precision values ≤20% were obtained. Forty samples of edible oils and nuts were analysed, detecting phosphonic acid in nuts at concentrations up to 4.6 mg kg−1.

Accurate Determination of Carbaryl, Carbofuran and Carbendazim in Vegetables by Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

An analytical method for the accurate determination of carbamate pesticides, carbaryl, carbendazim, and carbofuran, in vegetables was established based on the isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS/MS) technique as a candidate reference method. For sample clean-up, a Carb/LC-NH2 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge was employed to ensure an efficient recovery and color removal from the vegetable samples. Isotope analogues, 13C6-carbaryl, carbendazim-d4, and 13C6-carbofuran, were used as internal standards, respectively. This method was validated by measuring samples fortified with the three target analytes into vegetable samples and prepared homogeneous Korean cabbage powder samples in this laboratory. All results of the measured values agreed with the fortified values within their uncertainties. Repeatability and reproducibility of the method were both approximately 2%. As commercially available CRM contains only carbendazim, its content was analyzed by the developed method. The measured value of carbendazim in CRM was (0.0724 ± 0.0013) mg/kg agreeing with the certified value (0.074 ± 0.004) mg/kg. These validation data indicate the developed ID-LC/MS/MS method is reproducible, repeatable and reliable to be as a candidate reference method for accurate determination of carbamate pesticides in vegetables.

Facile and Low-Cost SPE Modification Towards Ultra-Sensitive Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticide Detection in Olive Oil.

Despite the fact that a considerable amount of effort has been invested in the development of biosensors for the detection of pesticides, there is still a lack of a simple and low-cost platform that can reliably and sensitively detect their presence in real samples. Herein, an enzyme-based biosensor for the determination of both carbamate and organophosphorus pesticides is presented that is based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immobilized on commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPEs) modified with carbon black (CB), as a means to enhance their conductivity. Most interestingly, two different methodologies to deposit the enzyme onto the sensor surfaces were followed; strikingly different results were obtained depending on the family of pesticides under investigation. Furthermore, and towards the uniform application of the functionalization layer onto the SPEs’ surfaces, the laser induced forward transfer (LIFT) technique was employed in conjunction with CB functionalization, which allowed a considerable improvement of the sensor’s performance. Under the optimized conditions, the fabricated sensors can effectively detect carbofuran in a linear range from 1.1 × 10−9 to 2.3 × 10−8 mol/L, with a limit of detection equal to 0.6 × 10−9 mol/L and chlorpyrifos in a linear range from 0.7 × 10−9 up to 1.4 × 10−8 mol/L and a limit of detection 0.4 × 10−9 mol/L in buffer. The developed biosensor was also interrogated with olive oil samples, and was able to detect both pesticides at concentrations below 10 ppb, which is the maximum residue limit permitted by the European Food Safety Authority.

A review of recent developments based on chemiluminescence detection systems for pesticides analysis.

Chemiluminescence is one of the most coveted methods for sensitive determination of pesticides in food and environmental samples. To date, many methods have been developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pesticides, ranging from traditional to advanced methods. This study outlines the progress in the conventional and advanced analytical methods, coupled to a chemiluminescence detection system, that are employed for the determination of pesticides in food and environmental samples. Different analytical methods including chromatographic methods, flow-based systems, and paper-based systems are reviewed in this paper. As well, new advances in the application of nanomaterials, aptamer, and molecularly imprinted polymers are highlighted. We also address the challenges and difficulties associated with these methods. Finally, we highlight the future direction in this active field of research.

Regularities of transformation of dimethoate in apple agrocenoses

The aim of the research was to identify the regularities of dimethoate transformation in apple agrocenoses under the influence of protection technologies.Methods. The work was done in Toxicological laboratory of the North Caucasus Federal scientific center of horticulture, viticulture, winemaking. The research was conducted in field and laboratory conditions with using of methodological approaches based on modern methods and techniques. The pilot territory was laid in close corporation PPF Central. The extraction of analyzed compounds by plant and soil material is carried out according to the "Guidelines for the determination of micro-quantities of pesticides in plants, processed products, soil and water".Results. The background determination of organophosphate pesticides in soil before the planned treatments during this year revealed: the substance of dimethoate is higher the hygienic regulations in 1.3-1.4 times in 53% of the examined samples. During the harvest period, the content of dimethoate in all soil samples exceeded the permissible concentration, in the control version includes 0.3-0.5 PC of dimethoate. The accumulation of dimethoate is associated with its ability to react with complexing metal ions, which count in our soils is sufficient.Conclusion. Compiling the apple protection system is recommended to take into account that the annual using of dimethoates implying a violation of hygienic standards in soil and apple fruits. If there is a single application, residual amounts of dimethoate are in apple fruits, and their concentrations are exceeding or staying in the maximum permissible level. The samples were taken after 40 days of treatment. We recommend to exclude these insecticides (including D. V. dimetoate) from the apple tree protection system or use single application every 2 years in the first half of growing season.

A paper-based colorimetric sensor array for discrimination and simultaneous determination of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides in tap water, apple juice, and rice.

A colorimetric paper-based sensor is proposed for the rapid monitoring of six major organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. The assay was constructed by dropping gold and silver nanoparticles on the hydrophilic zones of a paper substrate. The nanoparticles were modified by L-arginine, quercetin, and polyglutamic acid. The mechanism of sensing is based on the interaction between the pesticide and the nanoparticles. The color of nanoparticles changed during the interactions. A digital camera recorded these changes. The assay provided a unique response for each studied pesticide. This method can determine six individual pesticides including carbaryl, paraoxon, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos. The limit of detection for these pesticideswere 29.0, 22.0, 32.0, 17.0, 45.0, and 36.0ngmL-1, respectively. The assay was applied to simultaneously determine thesix studied pesticides in a mixture using the partial least square method (PLS). The root mean square errors of prediction were 11, 8.7, 9.2, 10, 12, and 11 for carbaryl, paraoxon, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. The paper-based device can differentiate two types of studied pesticide (organophosphate and carbamate) as well as two types of organophosphate structures (oxon and thion). Furthermore, this sensor showed high selectivity to the pesticides in the presence of other potential species (e.g., metal ions, anions, amino acids, sugar, and vitamins). This assay is capable of determining the pesticide compounds in tap water, apple juice, and rice samples.Graphical abstract.

An innovative continuous sample drop flow microextraction for GC–MS determination of pesticides in grape juice and water samples

In this work, for the first time, low-density organic solvents were employed in continuous sample drop flow microextraction (CSDF-ME) by changing the design of extraction vessel. To examine the effectiveness of the modified extraction method, different organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) were extracted using proposed method followed by detection by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In fact, unlike conventional CSDF approach, in this study, we applied halogen-free organic solvents that are lighter than water for analytes extractions. These solvents are not only less toxic but also more environmentally friendly compared to the halogenated solvents. A conical open-end vial fixed in a small container filled with double-distilled water was used as the extraction vessel. A small amount of extraction solvent was placed at the bottom of the vial and the sample solution was pumped into the extraction vessel through a needle located inside the vial using a peristaltic pump. The sample droplets were continuously passed through the extraction solvent (hexane; 13 μL) to extract the analytes. Once the extraction was completed, the extraction solvent left at the top of aqueous phase was collected and injected into the GC–MS for further analysis. Under optimized conditions, the repeatability of the proposed method was found to be in range of 3.9–5.8 % for samples with low concentration of 5.0 μg L−1. The LOD (limit of detection) and LOQ (limit of quantification) of the method were determined in the ranges of 0.02−0.30 and 0.07–1.0 μg L−1, respectively. The EF (enrichment factor) was found to be between 510 and 960 for 8.0 mL sample solutions. The proposed method allows an extraction recovery ranging between 25.5 % and 48.0 %.

Determination of pyridaphenthion in soybean sprout samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with matrix matching calibration strategy after metal sieve linked double syringe based liquid-phase microextraction

A novel analytical strategy for the trace determination of pyridaphenthion pesticide was developed in this study. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used for the accurate, feasible and precise determination of this analyte. Liquid phase microextraction (LPME) was performed with a metal sieve linked double syringe (MSLDS) system, which eliminated the need for a disperser solvent. In order to increase extraction efficiency for the analyte, all variable parameters were optimized and the system analytical performance of the proposed method was determined. Limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) values of pyridaphenthion were found to be 0.8 and 2.7 µg L−1, respectively. Compared to GC–MS system’s analytical performance, the developed method provided approximately 273-folds improvement in the detection limit of the analyte. Applicability/accuracy of the developed analytical strategy was checked by recovery experiments carried out with soybean sprouts, and the results obtained were satisfactory.

Integrating peroxidase-mimicking activity with photoluminescence into one framework structure for high-performance ratiometric fluorescent pesticide sensing

We develop a robust ratiometric fluorescent nanosensor based on bifunctional Fe-based metal–organic frameworks (NH2-MIL-101(Fe)) for high-performance pesticide determination. The NH2-MIL-101(Fe) plays dual roles: the 2-aminoterephthalic acid ligand endows the framework with a photoluminescence at 428 nm, and the Fe node exhibits peroxidase-mimetic catalytic activity to oxidize the o-phenylenediamine substrate to diaminophenazine (DAP) with a fluorescence at 556 nm, which in turn suppresses the intrinsic signal (428 nm) of NH2-MIL-101(Fe) due to inner filter effect. When acetylcholinesterase is introduced for hydrolyzing acetylthiocholine chloride to thiocholine, the product with certain reducibility can inhibit the o-phenylenediamine oxidation, resulting in the DAP signal suppression (556 nm) and the NH2-MIL-101(Fe) one recovery (428 nm). Since pesticide residues effectively inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase, their presence can increase the formation of DAP and its fluorescence at 556 nm, thus the inherent signal of NH2-MIL-101(Fe) at 428 nm is suppressed again. By taking carbaryl as a pesticide model, the ratiometric nanosensor exhibits good sensitivity for carbaryl sensing in the scope of 2–100 ng/mL with a 1.45 ng/mL detection limit. No notable interferences from other species are observed for target detection. Moreover, our nanosensor is confirmed to be reliable for carbaryl analysis in real samples.

A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method to assess 41 pesticides in human hair

Pesticides are chemicals widely applied in agriculture and proven environmental contaminants; their hazards include harmful effects on human health, therefore the evaluation of exposure is relevant to risk assessment. Hair is a non-invasive specimen that incorporates pollutants allowing an extended exposure window to be surveyed. Aim of this work was to develop and validate an assay for measuring 41 pesticide active principles in human hair.Under optimised conditions, analytes were extracted by soaking hair in acetonitrile, in the presence of internal standards, under stirring and heating condition. Chemical separation was achieved using liquid chromatography with silica-based bonded phase chromatographic column. Detection and quantification were performed, with both positive and negative electrospray ionization, by a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer operating in the scheduled selected reaction monitoring mode. The validated assay showed a linear dynamic range up to 10000 ng/L or 400 pg/mg hair, inter- and intra-run precisions <7%, and accuracies within 10% of theoretical concentrations. Limits of quantification were 1 ng/L or 0.04 pg/mg hair for most of the investigated pesticides. Matrix effect experiments showed that the use of internal standards allowed for the control of biases. The method was applied to the determination of pesticides in hair samples form occupationally and non-occupationally exposed individuals.The results of this study indicate that the developed assay is useful to assess pesticides in human hair following different exposure scenarios.

Magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers for magnetic separation and sensitive determination of organochlorine pesticides from water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have received much attention due to their toxicity. Reliable methods to monitor their residues in the environment are needed. Here, magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers were prepared by co-precipitation, Michael addition, and amidation. The magnetic polyamidoamine dendrimers demonstrated good adsorption ability for OCPs—this feature was utilized to construct a sensitive tool for monitoring OCPs in water samples. The proposed method provided remarkable linearity from 0.1 to 500 μg/L and satisfactory limits of detection from 0.012 to 0.029 μg/L. The spiked recoveries of the four target analytes were 91.8%−103.5% with relative standard deviations less than 4.5%. The magnetic materials had good reusability. The results indicated that the resulting method was an efficient, easy, rapid, economical, and eco-friendly tool for monitoring OCPs in aqueous samples.

Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Propolis by Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

Bee products produced in environments with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may be contaminated by these compounds. Propolis usually consists of beeswax, resins, water, inorganic and phenolic substances, and essential oils. Although there are some studies on the detection of POPs in honey and some bee products, these are quite limited. Because propolis is a botanical-based and highly complex matrix, and thus difficult to analyze, a reliable and selective method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the propolis. All analytes were extracted with acetonitrile and centrifuged for 10 min at 4000 rpm and 6 °C in a refrigerated centrifuge. The samples were filtered using a homemade SPE cartridge containing C18, primary-secondary amine, and magnesium sulfate. The residue collected with acetonitrile was subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The proposed method was validated according to the Eurachem guidelines and applied directly to the collected propolis samples. The results show that the method may be used successfully in residue monitoring laboratories for the determination of OCPs, PCBs and PBDEs in propolis.

Method development for the determination of Synthetic Musks and Organophosphorus Pesticides in Human Adipose Tissue

Synthetic musks and organophosphorus pesticides represent a potential risk to the human health since exposure can lead to distinct types of carcinogenesis and endocrine disorders. These are lipophilic compounds as such, prone to deposit and persist in fat tissues, mainly in adipose tissue. Very few studies have reported on the occurrence and accumulation profile of these contaminants in human adipose tissue.Analytical methods for the detection and quantification of synthetic musks and organophosphorus pesticides in adipose tissue are lacking. In this study, the efficacy of different extraction with ultrasonic homogenizer and dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up methods were evaluated in human adipose tissue. The relative sample clean-up was assessed by measurement of total lipid content. The quantification of four synthetic musks and six organophosphorus pesticides were performed by gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometry (MS) and flame photometric detection (FPD), respectively.The d-SPE clean-up with 50 mg PSA, 150 mg MgSO4, 100 mg C18EC and 50 mg Z-Sep provided the most effective clean-up, removing the greatest amount of interfering substances including lipids and simultaneously ensuring good chromatographic separation and recoveries. Method detection limits were between 4 to 9 ng/g for synthetic musk and 1 to 7 ng/g for organophosphorus pesticides in adipose tissue. The proposed method was applied to adipose tissue of obese patients and positive samples were confirmed with GC tandem mass spectrometry. Galaxolide was found in all the samples tested with concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.5 μg/g of adipose tissue. No other synthetic musk studied was detected. Organophosphorus pesticides were not found in the analysed samples.The developed analytical procedures were successful and can easily be applied to biomonitoring these compounds in human adipose tissue.

Facile extraction and determination of organophosphorus pesticides in vegetables via magnetic functionalized covalent organic framework nanocomposites

Facile enrichment and determination of trace organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in foods has been a constantly pursuing goal in food safety field. Herein, Zr4+-immobilized covalent organic frameworks (Fe3O4@COF@Zr4+) have been first constructed and utilized as the powerful adsorbents for magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of OPPs. Owing to the π-π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding and Zr4+-phosphate coordination reaction, the composites exhibited excellent selectivity and superior affinity to OPPs. Under optimized conditions, the proposed MSPE method coupled with GC-FPD showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9990) and yielded low limits of detection (0.7–3.0 μg kg−1) for OPPs. Moreover, the developed method was successfully employed for the quantitation of OPPs in spiked vegetable samples and obtained satisfactory recoveries in the range of 87–121% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤ 8.9%. These results demonstrated that the prepared nanoparticles hold unique advantages for trace OPPs analysis in foodstuffs.

Extraction and Determination of Oxymatrine Pesticide in Environmental Sample and in its Formulation using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

The quinolizindine alkaloid compound, oxymatrine pesticide, was analysis in the river water samples collected from different agriculture areas in the Iraqi city of Kerbala and also in its formulation using developed reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. Acetonitrile:methanol (60:40 v/v) was chosen as mobile phase at pH (7.0), flow rate 0.5 mL/min, and 20 µL as volume injection. Modified ecological-friendly method, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, was used for the extraction of oxymatrine from water samples. Linearity study was constructed from 0.1 to 70 μg/mL at λmax 205 nm. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.025 and 0.082 μg/mL, respectively, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) % was 0.518%. Three spiked levels of concentration (20.0, 40.0, and 70.0 μg/mL) were used for the validation method. The percentage recovery for the three spiked samples was ranged between 98.743 and 99.432 and the RSD% was between 0.051 and 0.202%, the formulation studies of oxymatrine between 99.487 and 99.798, and the RSD% was ranged from 0.045 to 0.057%. The developed method can be used accurately and selectively for the determination of oxymatrine in environmental samples and in the formulation.

Comparative hygienic study of the content of certain pesticides in agricultural products of farms and private farms

The article presents the results of a comparative hygienic study of the content of organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in agricultural products of farms and private farms in the Saratov region. A study of the content of chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in nine ecologically disadvantaged regions of the region was conducted. Quantitative analysis of the determination of pesticides in local food products was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The content of organochlorine pesticides in food samples grown in ecologically disadvantaged areas and sent to the retail chain for sale, as well as for domestic use as local food, did not have statistically meaningful distinctions in regard to their contamination. In the studied samples of food products grown in farmers’ fields and produced on the land of private farms was found a significant difference in content of organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides. Thus, the content of the organophosphorus insecticide — chlorpyrifos used by farms for aviation chemical protection of plants from the spread of pests in vegetable products reached the maximum acceptable levels and, on the contrary, the concentration of chlorpyrifos in agricultural products of personal subsidiary farms was no more than 50 % of the permissible level. On the contrary, the widespread use of malathion has found application in the processing of agricultural products only on the lands of personal subsidiary plots. The level of its content in vegetable products ranged from 10–20 % to the maximum allowable and depended on the areas of cultivation of agricultural products. In arid areas, with a significant number of insect pests, the insecticide content in vegetable products was maximum. The studied herbicides were detected only in vegetable products grown on the fields of farms. At the same time, the glyphosate content in vegetable products significantly varied in different studied ecologically unfavorable territories. Its highest content in concentrations of the maximum permissible level was detected in agricultural products of the arid Zavolzhsky districts and, on the contrary, in the right bank and areas with a wide land reclamation system, the herbicide concentration ranged from 30 to 50 % of the permissible level. All the concentrations of chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides in the local products established in the study, produced both on the lands of personal subsidiary plots and on farm fields, did not exceed the permissible values.

Rapid MSPD-LC-MS/MS Procedure for Determination of Pesticides in Potato Tubers.

The program of potato protection recommended by the producers of agrochemicals requires application: thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, rimsulfuron and metalaxyl. Therefore, there is a risk that these pesticides are present in tubers, thus posing a toxicological risk to the consumer. In this respect, it is necessary to monitor the presence of these compounds in edible plants. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to develop a novel, simple and robust analytical procedure for simultaneous determination of above-mentioned pesticides in potato tubers. To develop an analytical procedure that fulfills SANTE demands, quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method and matrix solid phase dispersion technique were investigated. The final determination was conducted by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The obtained experimental data were analyzed by analysis of variance. For the extraction of analytes, matrix solid phase dispersion with octadecyl sorbent and methanol as eluent was chosen, since it provides the validation parameters according to SANTE requirements (recovery: 77-111%, relative standard deviation: 1-10%, limit of quantification: 0.9-5.0μg/kg). This innovative analytical procedure is a practical analytical tool, which was successfully proven by applying it for target pesticides determination in potato tuber samples of different varieties randomly chosen at local markets.

LC-MS/MS를 이용한 우유 중 농약 성분 동시 분석법 개발 및 유효성 검증

해마다 연간 우유 소비량이 증가하는 우리나라의 경우, 유해물질 관리와 안전은 더욱 중요하다. 한국작물보호협회에서 자료에 의하면 2014~2018년 농약의 약제별 생산 및 출하 현황 중 살충제가 가장 많은 것으로 보고되어 있다. 카바메이트계 농약은 생물학적 효과가 좋아 살충제, 살균제 및 구충제 등 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 카바메이트계 농약은 일부는 높은 급성 독성을 가지고 있기 때문에 식품에 사용되는 것을 조심해야 하고, 일부 물질의 경우 발암물질을 발생시키고 돌연변이를 야기할 수 있다고 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 카바메이트계 농약 중 국내에서 많이 사용되고 있는 살충제의 3가지 농약을 선정하여 우유 원료 중 bendiocarb, carbaryl과 carbofuran 등에 대한 효율적이고 효과적인 분석법을 개발하였고 유효성 검증을 실시하였다. 시료를 무수황산나트륨과 디클로로메탄을 넣고 진탕추출 후 탈수한 뒤 농축하였다. 이를 헥산과 헥산포화아세토니트릴을 이용하여 지방을 제거하고 C18 카트리지를 이용하여 정제 후 LCMS/MS에 주입하여 분석한 결과, bendiocarb, carbaryl 및 carbofuran의 표준원액을 blank를 이용하여 5~100 ng/mL 범위에서 결정계수(r2) 0.999 이상의 직선성을 확인하였다. Bendiocarb의 일내 정밀성은 4.0% 이하, 정확성은 96.2~103.9%, carbaryl의 정밀성은 4.3% 이하, 정확성은 96.9~104.5%, carbofuran의 정밀성은 5.3% 이하, 정확성은 90.9~109.1%로 확인되었고, bendiocarb의 일간 정밀성은 6.5% 이하, 정확성은 90.1~103.7%, carbaryl의 정밀성은 10.5% 이하, 정확성은 95.3~103.3%, carbofuran의 정밀성은 14.8% 이하, 정확성은 94.2~108.5%로 확인되었다. Bendiocarb, carbaryl 및 carbofuran의 평균 회수율은 103.6~110.7%였다. 이때 상대표준편차는 모두 4.9% 이하로 확인되었다. 3가지 성분 각각의 검출한계는 0.8~1.5 ng/mL, 정량한계는 3.0~6.0 ng/mL로 확인되었다. 측정불확도를 산출한 결과 bendiocarb는 14.17±0.82 ㎎/㎏, carbaryl은 14.34±0.91 ㎎/㎏, carbofuran은 14.28±0.79 ㎎/㎏(신뢰수준 95%, K=2)으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우유 중 bendiocarb, carbaryl 및 carbofuran의 정성 및 정량분석을 위해 유효성이 검증된 동시 분석법을 확립함으로써 향후 우유 중 잔류물질 기준규격 설정 및 관리에 참고 자료가 될 수 있다고 판단된다.

Determination of Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Commercial Agricultural Products by LC-MS/MS

Determination of Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Commercial Agricultural Products by LC-MS/MS

Analytical methods to analyze pesticides and herbicides.

This paper reviews studies published in 2019, in the area of analytical techniques for determination of pesticides and herbicides. It should be noted that some of the reports summarized in this review are not directly related to but could potentially be used for water environment studies. Based on different methods, the literatures are organized into six sections, namely extraction methods, electrochemical techniques, spectrophotometric techniques, chemiluminescence and fluorescence methods, chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques, and biochemical assays. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Totally 141 research articles have been summarized. The review is divided into six parts. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques are the most widely used methods.