Determination Of Micro Research Articles

Determinants of Micro and Small Enterprise Growth in Southern Ethiopia

The contributions of micro and small enterprises to create employment opportunity and fostering gross domestic product have been empirically examined. However, the determinants of their growth are different and there are inconsistent findings from the existing research. Thus, the study was conducted to identify micro and small enterprise growth determinants in Southern Ethiopia. The study applied explanatory research design and enterprise managers were taken as a sampling unit. A multi-stage sampling technique was used and the data were collected through questionnaires. The collected data using questionnaire were analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression Model to identify the factors that determine the micro and small enterprise growth. Therefore, the result indicated that among significant independent variables, educational level, work experience, and enterprise age were statistically significant at less than 0.1% significance level. Likewise, social networking and training were statistically significant at less than 1% significance level. Similarly, working area, group collateral, household asset, and attitude were also statistically significant at less than a 5% significance level. Furthermore, all significant variables have a positive relationship with enterprise growth. Keywords: MSEs, Growth, Multiple Linear Regressions, Small DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-9-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

Determinants of micro and small enterprises’ (MSEs) growth in northwest Ethiopia

ABSTRACT This article reports on a study that aimed to identify potential business constraints that hinder the economic development of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Ethiopia. Results of multiple linear regression and principal component analyses of data collected using stratified random sampling of 181 enterprise operators/managers showed that the age, gender, family size, and working experience of the operators, human capital, and limited access to market and productive resources were influential variables of enterprise growth. The findings of the study provide useful information on policy implications for the Government of Ethiopia and other similar African countries to enhance the growth of MSEs.

Determinants of Micro-, Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Loans by Commercial Banks in Indonesia

This paper investigates, in a single equation framework, the effect of bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants on micro-, smalland medium-sized loans by commercial banks in Indonesia. This study uses a sample of 790 observations from 79 commercial banks in Indonesia over the years 2006-2015. This study uses two estimation methods for our panel regressions: static and dynamic generalized method of moments (GMM) panel estimator. In static relationships, the literature usually uses the least square methods on fixed effects (FE) or random effects (RE). I found evidence that all banks, bank profitability and size are positively and significantly related to micro-, smalland medium-sized loans, while the coefficients of liquidity are significantly positive in all specifications, except government banks which is significantly negative. The relationship between risk and credit growth is negative for non-government banks. All estimated equations show that the effect of the capital variable on lending banks to MSMEs is not important in government banks and non-government banks. Finally, macroeconomic variables, such as inflation and gross domestic product, clearly affect the lending of the banking sector particularly non-state banks. The findings have several policy implications to Indonesia government, regulatory authority and bank managers in order to improve bank profitability through bank lending.

Growth of micro and small scale enterprises and its driving factors: empirical evidence from entrepreneurs in emerging region of Ethiopia

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine micro and small scale enterprises’ growth determinants operating in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State of Ethiopia as emerging region.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted an explanatory research design with arrangement of primary data collection via a cross-sectional survey questionnaire followed by mixed research approach. The sample of this study was 220 enterprises determined by Yamane’s formula and selected using proportional stratified random sampling technique.FindingsThe result of regression analysis revealed that initial investment, access to land, access to finance, location, sectoral engagement, market linkage, and business experience are significant in explaining growth in one hand. On the other side, however, gender, education, ownership, formal recording, and financial management practice are found to be insignificant variables in determining enterprises’ growth.Research limitations/implicationsMore evidence is needed on micro and small scale enterprises’ growth determinants before any generalization of the results can be made. In addition, the empirical tests were conducted only on 220 entrepreneurs since 2018. Therefore, the results of the study cannot be assumed to extend beyond this group of entrepreneurs to different study periods.Practical implicationsThe study might help the entrepreneurs in addressing the factors affecting growth to take actions toward developing their performance and in turn contribute to employment, export participation, poverty alleviation, and women empowerment.Originality/valueThis paper adds to the literature on the determinants of micro- and small-scale enterprises’ growth. In particular, it tests the impact of initial investment, access to land, access to finance, location, sectoral engagement, market linkage, business experience, education, ownership structure, and financial management practice on growth of enterprises.

Patent method for the extraction and determination of micro- and nano- plastics in organic and inorganic matrix samples: An application on vegetals

The uncontrolled introduction into the environment of plastic polymers have caused the dispersion of plastic debries, known as microplastics (MPs), that represent an important topic for environmental and human health threats. So far, the absence of effective and efficient extraction methods of MPs (especially for plastic particles with diameters inferior than 10 µm) from complex matrices (water, food, etc.) did not allow to perform the risk estimation and, the consequent assessment of the health impact associated with the exposure to these emergent contaminants.In this paper, a new patented method for the extraction and determination of micro- and nano-plastics in organic and inorganic matrix samples is reported. The method applied in the study has been nationally and internationally protected. The code of the submitted request of international patent's extension in several country of world is PCT/IB2019/051,838 of 7 March 2019, coupled with the accepted Italian patent n. 102,018,000,003,337 of March 7 of 2018 entitled “Method for extraction and determination of microplastics in samples with organic and inorganic matrices”. The method applied to our study is based on sedimentation of the particles with density higher than 1 g/cm3. The method can be applied to organic and inorganic samples as water, food, soil, waste, air, biological sample (blood, urine, tissues, etc.).After acid digestion of sample matrix, MPs are recovered by sedimentation in dichloromethane and then they are dispersed in metallic stub. Analysis is performed by SEM-EDX.•New method for the extraction and determination of total microplastics <10 µm.•The method is based on the sedimentation of particles with density higher than 1 g/cm3.•The method can be applied to organic (food, soil, biological sample, etc..) and inorganic samples.•Total micro- and nano-plastics quantification is performed by SEM-EDX.

Sectoral Dynamics in the Determinants of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Growth in Zimbabwe

The study sought to determine whether the sector in which an enterprise operates affects the impact of various determinants of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) growth in Zimbabwe. It used of 2012 Finscope national MSMEs survey data which was modeled using probit model on a sample size of 3222 with growth as the binary dependent variable. MSMEs were divided into four main sectors being Agriculture (A), Wholesale and Retail (WR), Manufacturing (M) and Others (O). The bulk of the variables exhibited similar behaviour as in the main aggregate model. However, owner characteristics being age of entrepreneur, gender and marital status, whilst insignificant determinants in the main model, they behaved differently when data were disaggregated by sector. The coefficient of AGE became significant in the manufacturing sector and other sectors, coefficient of GEN being significant in the wholesale and retailing sector whilst the coefficient of MS was significant in the agriculture sector. The implication for policy is that the demographics of the MSMEs need to be taken into consideration in coming up with policy interventions to grow the sector.

Growth Determinants of Micro and Small Enterprises in Ethiopia: Evidence from Selected Woredas of Gurage Zone

The study attempts to provide two integrated growth models, sales and employee growth model to assess the factors that determine Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE’s) growth. Cluster sampling techniques was employed and a total of 348 samples were selected. The data were collected through questionnaires, key-informant interviews and focus group discussions. Both descriptive and empirical analysis methods were employed and the descriptive part was analyzed using central tendency measures, dispersion, while the empirical analysis applied confirmatory factor analysis, first order structural analysis and second order structural analysis. The study elucidates the inter-relationship among the four determinants of growth. According to the path analysis results, internal capabilities and business structure is key dimension that directly affects MSE’s growth (through innovation and imitations and number of products with employee incentives), and followed by human capital, social capital and access to external resources. A number of variables influence MSE’s growth. These may affect the growth directly, indirectly, or both. Human capital of owner-managers had direct and indirect effect on MSEs’ growth. In particular, training with work experience in same field has substantial positive effect on MSE’s growth. In addition to the direct effect, it has indirect positive effect via variables in social capital (such as organizational network with network maintenance and resources sharing with enterprise) and internal capabilities and business structure. The results with respect to access to external resources reveal both direct and indirect effects on MSEs’ growth. Especially, access to inputs (labor, raw material and finance) has substantial significant positive effect on growth. In the case of internal capabilities and business structure, the result suggests that it has direct positive effect on MSEs’ growth through innovations and imitations and number of products with employee incentives. Following the result, it is recommended that to best promote the growth of MSE’s in the study area, concerned body should take the following measures: 1) enhance human capital through training and technical assistance programs; 2) promote different form of innovations and imitations such as product, process, work practice, marketing and supply relations by increasing contacts with organizational networks and enhancing; 3) support collaboration with business support institutions and other organizations can serve to acquire the expertise and services that currently are lacking in the industry.

Determinants of Micro and Small Enterprises Growth in Selected Towns of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

MSEs have an important contribution to economic growth and employment creation in Ethiopia. However, due to different bottlenecks that hinder the growth, MSEs found in these three towns were not grown as it was expected. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying the major determinants of MSEs growth in West Shoa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. In the study, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires. Stratified sampling was used to select proportional number of samples from the study area. The study used Chi-square and logistic regression to measure the association and determine growth probability of MSEs, respectively. The result of the study revealed, Entrepreneurial competency, managerial skills, market access, innovation, high initial investment size, access to finance and manufacturing sector variables were identified as a major determinant of growth of the MSEs in the study area. MSEs Owner/manager characteristics such as gender and age were found not to have an influence on the growth of the enterprises as the descriptive result showed. The probability of growth of MSEs were positively influenced by entrepreneurship competency, management skill, market access, initial investment size, and sector in manufacturing; however, getting access to finance and engaging in innovation activity have negative impact on the growth probability of MSEs based on the binary logit model result. The variables included in the model explain about 73.38% of the influences on the MSEs Growth so as, the model is fit. The study recommends that proper understanding of these factors constitutes an essential starting point and important for the Owner/manager of MSEs, government and non-governmental organizations to formulate policies and strategies in order to reduce unemployment, poverty and income inequality thereby promote MSEs and their growth in the country and particularly in West Shoa Zone.

Determinants of Micro and Small Enterprise Food Industry Market Expansion in Indonesia

One of the indicators that might upgrade micro and small enterprise is the ability to expand their market target outside their location or district. The objective of this article was to analyze the determinants of market expansion for small and medium enterprise especially in the food industry in Indonesia. Market expansion is defined as selling products or services outside the district where the enterprise is located. Secondary data were utilized in the research by using the Micro and Small Enterprise Survey conducted by Statistics Indonesia in 2014 with the data of 21,380 firms. Two analysis were conducted, firstly using the logit analysis in order to differentiate between enterprises selling their products inside and outside the district. The second analysis used Tobit analysis of which the dependent variable is the share of product sold outside the district. Independent variables used in both equations are similar. The results indicated that higher education level, number of labor, value of production, number of enterprise with external finance, number of enterprise located in Java and male-owned firms resulted in higher probability of selling their product outside the district. Moreover, the same variables will also increase the share of product sold outside the district. From the two equations, it can be concluded that the government policy must be addressed in two aspects in order to upgrade the small and medium enterprises, the first is increasing the scale of the enterprises and secondly, fostering financial inclusion for these enterprises.Keywords: micro and small enterprise, logit analysis, tobit analysis, food industry, market expansion

Optimization and validation of ultrasound-assisted extraction for the determination of micro and macro minerals in non-centrifugal sugar by F AAS

In this work, the ultrasound-assisted extraction was employed for the first time as a sample treatment in the determination of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg and Ca in non-centrifugal sugar by F AAS. Parameters that influence the extraction, such as composition of the extraction solvent, sample mass and sonication time were optimized in this work. The optimum condition for the extraction was the proportion of 60:40% (v/v) of HNO3:H2O2 as an extraction solution, 0.100 g of non-centrifugal sugar and 60 min of sonication. Analytical curves were built in an aqueous solution. Low quantification limits for Mn (0.021), Zn (0.008), Fe (0.030), Ca (0.389) and Mg (0.009) mg L−1 were determined, suggesting a good detectability of the methodology. Estimates of repeatability and intermediate precision demonstrated that the precision observed was within the limits recommended in the literature. Good accuracy of the method was verified through the high recovery rates (91–108%).

Determinants of Micro and Small Enterprises Transformation in to Medium Level Industry in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Micro and small enterprises are means for most countries economy by creating employment opportunity and supporting large manufacturing companies in the economy. The results of most research studies revealed that most micro and small enterprises in developing countries especially in Ethiopia have several problems for transformation and growth due to diverse factors. Thus, this research assesses determinants of micro and small enterprises transformation in to medium level industry in Addis Ababa. 74 transformed micro and small enterprises in 10 sub cities were taken as sample size. The objective of this study was to identify causes of micro and small enterprises transformation in to medium level industry in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.&#x0D; The study employed explanatory research design more of quantitative in nature and Data were collected pre designed person assisted questionnaire. The study was used micro and small enterprises transformation measured by the enterprises employment growth and capital growth as dependent variables. Independent variables are Finance access, Management know-how, Market access for their product, Poor infrastructure, Technology, Support micro and small enterprises get, Adequate accounting and record keeping and government rules and regulations.&#x0D; The results provided evidence with correlation coefficients of finance (37.7%), management know-how (27.6%), market access (32.9%), infrastructure (15.2%), technology (40.3%) and accounting and recordkeeping (28.1%) in respect to average capital growth. This indicated that relatively there were strong association of finance access, market access and technology with average capital growth in contrast with management know-how, infrastructure, and accounting and record keeping.

Comparing laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, near infrared spectroscopy, and their integration for simultaneous multi-elemental determination of micro- and macronutrients in vegetable samples

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an appealing analytical technique for simultaneous multi-elemental analysis. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has also been suggested for the same purpose, mainly for vegetable samples. However, LIBS has failed to provide adequate results in many cases due to sample matrix complexity, and NIRS performance is harmed because of its lack of sensitivity and indirect correlation with inorganic elemental species. In this work, the performance of these two techniques are compared for the determination of micro- and macroelements in vegetable samples (Brachiaria forages) using multivariate regression. In addition, a data fusion scheme, in which spectral data sourced by NIRS is integrated with LIBS, is proposed to improve elemental content determination in those samples. The information of the molecular composition detected by NIR vibrational spectroscopy was consistently selected by recursive partial least squares to yield quantitative multivariate models for K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe in forage plants that are superior to models based on the use of individual NIRS and LIBS spectral information. While all data fusion models showed better predictive accuracy than any of the two individual techniques, best results were observed for Ca. This suggests that matrix composition affects each element determination by LIBS distinctively and supports the idea that a successful quantitative data fusion strategy for LIBS requires a technique such as NIRS which is sensitive to this variability.

English

The study assessed the growth determinants of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) and its linkages with food security in Mecha district of Amhara region. The research was conducted to fill the empirical gaps regarding the linkages of MSEs growth with food security. Previous researches conducted in Ethiopia on the MSEs growth did not explicitly show the relationships of the growth of those enterprises on households’ food security. The objectives of the research were: to identify the determinant factors of MSEs growth, to assess the household food security status of MSEs operators, and to examine the linkages of MSEs growth with households food security status. The research was mixed research and conducted through concurrent triangulation design. The data collection methods were questionnaire, key informant interview and focus group discussions. Stratified sampling method and purposive sampling methods were implemented to select samples. The data was analyzed through a binary logistic regression and chi-square test. The findings of the study show that the factors that significantly determine the MSEs growth were government support, work premise accessibility, training, previous work experience, record keeping, possession of license and lack of market linkages. The chi-square test of independence result indicates that, there is a significant relationship between MSEs growth and the households food security status. Thus, as the MSEs grow, the households’ food security status of MSE operators’ improves. Key words: Micro and small enterprises, Mecha district, operators, households food security, growth.

Cloud-Point Extraction Combined with Thermal Degradation for Nanoplastic Analysis Using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.

The contamination of micro- and nanoplastics in marine systems and freshwater is a global issue. Determination of micro- and nanoplastics in the aqueous environment is of high priority to fully assess the risk that plastic particles will pose. Although microplastics have been detected in a variety of aquatic ecosystems, the analysis of nanoplastics remains an unsolved challenge. Herein, for the first time, a Triton X-45 (TX-45)-based cloud-point extraction (CPE) was proposed to preconcentrate trace nanoplastics in environmental waters. Under the optimum extraction conditions, an enrichment factor of 500 was obtained for two types of nanoplastics with different compositions, polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), without disturbing their original morphology and sizes. Additionally, following thermal treatment at 190 °C for 3 h, the CPE-obtained extract could be submitted to pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis for mass quantification of nanoplastics. Taking 66.2 nm PS nanoplastics and 86.2 nm PMMA nanoplastics as examples, the proposed method showed excellent reproducibility, and high sensitivity with respective detection limits of 11.5 and 2.5 fM. Feasibility of the proposed approach was verified by application of the optimized procedure to four real water samples. Recoveries of 84.6-96.6% at a spiked level of 88.6 fM for PS nanoplastics and 76.5-96.6% at a spiked level of 50.4 fM for PMMA nanoplastics were obtained. Consequently, this work provides an efficient approach for nanoplastic analysis in environmental waters.

Measuring Moral Hazard Behaviour and its Determinants Within Credit Installment

Non performing loans (NPL) is an indicator of debtor’s inability in credit repayment which indicates the presence of asymmetric information that might cause moral hazard. This research aims to measure the level of moral hazard and its determinants of micro and small enterprises debtors of Bank Jateng which have NPL. The data were collected from 58 debtors who were selected using simple random sampling. Rating scale method was used to measure the level of moral hazard while regression was used to analyze variables determining moral hazard. The research found that (1) the level of debtor’s moral hazard tends to be medium-to-high, (2) bank monitoring, debtor’s age, and business size are significant variables determining moral hazard. Hence, the research suggests that (1) the bank needs to apply some specific treatments to debtors with high moral hazard, (2) bank monitoring needs to be increased thus debtors are not comfortable to carry out moral hazard, (3) young debtors tend to be more daring to do moral hazard hence it needs special attention and treatment to them, (4) the debtors with larger scale business have the potential to do moral hazard therefore treatment needs to be differentiated with the smaller ones.

Influence of the Information Background on the Economic Behavior of Households

The article is devoted to the role of the information background in household decisions on consumption-savings. The issue of behavioral prerequisites for decision-making has lately become the mainstream of economic theory. The crisis of the “absolutely rational subject” as a concept led to the development of theories of bounded rationality and to the search for noneconomic determinants of micro- and macroeconomic processes. As a result of interdisciplinary studies conducted at the intersection of psychology, sociology, political science and economics, modern economic theory has been enriched with new approaches and concepts that better describe the reality than models based on the axiom of homo economicus. The main limitations of the rationality of economic entities include the imperfection of information that is available and is at the same time reliable, as well as the necessary costs of its processing plus the probability of errors. The present study is intended to make a contribution to this theory by investigating the impact of the information component in the form of economic news on the behavior of Russian households in terms of disposition of available incomes. The research was based on a selection of news for 2006–2016 by the main television channels of the Russian Federation — the most accessible and trustworthy source of information for households according to public opinion polls. The news was evaluated as negative or positive with the help of linguistic and semantic analysis, and afterwards an econometric analysis of the relationship with economic indicators was performed. It turned out that an increase in uncertainty (expansion of the “spread of negativity and positivity” news) leads to a choice in favor of current consumption, which leads to a reduction of savings as the national investment base. In addition, the authors analyzed the relationship between the tonality of news and its dynamics with the business cycle. The analysis revealed that the “information” cycle correlates, with a certain lag, with the business cycle.

Determination of micro and medium enterprises development needs based on business characteristics in Dolly

Dolly ex-red light district area is one of the areas that contribute significantly in GDP Surabaya City is the ex-red light district of Dolly. The closure of Dolly ex-red light district by Surabaya City Government made the economy region is declining. The purpose of community service activities is to determine the community needs in developing Dolly MSMEs (Micro Small Medium Enterprises) based on business characteristics. Methods in the implementation of this community service program include the preliminary stage of field survey conducted in the area of research, mapping of MSME locations, interviews and identification of initial problems that exist in the local economic activities in the area ex-red light district Dolly, the implementation phase of potential mapping, problems and find the proposed needs Community by using participatory mapping. And the post-implementation stage is training and workshop and monitoring and evaluation. The output of this activity is the color training for Jarak Arum batik, job management training and financial management for each MSME, textile printing training and comparative study for SMEs Textile printing and SMEs shoes, marketing training for all types of MSMEs in the Dolly ex-red light district. The expected outcome is community commitment to keep developing MSMEs.

Determination of Micro and Macro Minerals and Some Biochemical Parameters in Fresh Cow Milk from Different Locations in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria

Determination of Micro and Macro Minerals and Some Biochemical Parameters in Fresh Cow Milk from Different Locations in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria

Determination of element contents of commercial and homemade jams

Various products could be prepared by using fruits as raw materials. In Hungary, the most popular fruit products are spirit, jams, preserves, juices and dried fruits. Jams are made from different fruits, with different fruit content, technology and additives. They can be used for different products or they can be consumed by themselves. These products and their related production processes have great traditions in Hungary. In addition, they are widely used.&#x0D; The aim of our study was to determine the element content of jams and to compare these samples based on their micro- and macroelement content.&#x0D; In this study, 26 fruit jams with different botanical origins were examined. 10 samples were commercial, and 16 samples were homemade products. The determination of micro- and macroelements was carried out by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. Different element contents were measured [B (249.7), Ca (422.6), Fe (259.9), K (769.8), Mg (280.2), Na (589.5), P (185.9), S (182.0), Al (27), Mn (55), Cu (65), Zn (66), Sr (88), Ba (137)]. Based on element contents, the jams showed statistical differences.

Determinants of enterprises use of energy efficient technologies: Evidence from urban Ethiopia

In this paper, we examine the determinants of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises’ adoption of energy efficiency practices and technologies, using cross-sectional data of 8174 randomly selected enterprises from ten major urban areas of Ethiopia. For identification, we rely on a generalized ordered probit model. The findings reveal that, as the size of the enterprise becomes larger, it is more likely the enterprise will undertake energy efficient practices and technologies. This may be because larger enterprises are less likely to face constraints related to capital or know-how to adopt these technologies. Further, clustered enterprises are also more likely to use energy efficient technologies, revealing spillover effect of being located in the same place or it may reflect entrepreneurs’ predisposition towards efficiency. By contrast, entrepreneurs who perceive pro-environmental activities as unnecessary and costly are less likely to use energy efficient technologies. Our results imply that expansion of industrial zones (clusters) to newly established enterprises may help in increasing adoption of energy efficient technologies. Further, informational (educational) campaigns about the private and public(environmental) benefits of energy efficient technologies are also important.