Determination Of Metabolizable Energy Research Articles

Determination of Metabolisable Energy of Wheat Processed at Different Temperatures and Effect of their Inclusion in Mash Diets with and without Enzyme Supplementation on Small Intestine Morphology and Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens During 11-24 days

این پژوهش به منظور بررسی اثر فرآوری حرارتی بر انرژی قابل متابولیسم، قابلیت هضم ظاهری پروتئین و ماده خشک گنــدم به روش جمع‌آوری کـل فضـولات با استفاده از 96 قطعه جوجه گوشتی مخلــوط دو جنـس ســویـه راس-308 در ســن21- 18 روزگی با جیره حاوی 11/70 درصد گندم‌ به نحوی که تنها منبع انرژی و پروتئین جیره‌ها یکی از چهار گندم فرآوری شده و یا نشده بود، انجام شد؛ همچنین آزمایشی به منظـور بررسـی عملکرد 576 قطعه جوجه گوشتی سویه راس-308 از ســن 24-11روزگی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی به روش فاکتوریل 2 × 4 شامل 8 تیمار با 6 تکرار و 12 قطعه پرنده در هر تکرار طراحی شد. گندم‌های مورد استفاده فرآوری نشده و یا فرآوری شده در کاندیشنر با دمـاهـای C° (55، 70 و 85) به مدت 5/2 دقیقه با و بدون مکمل آنزیمی بودند. فــرآوری حرارتی در دمای C° 85 منجر به افزایش انرژی قابل متابولیسم ظاهری و قابلیت هضم ماده خشک بترتیب به میزان 32/5 و 61/5 درصد و افزایش وزن بدن، وزن روزانه و مصرف خوراک نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. همچنین منجر به افزایش ارتفاع ویلی‌های ناحیه ژژنوم نسبت به تیمار شاهد شد. مکمل آنزیمی باعث افزایش وزن بدن، وزن روزانه، ضریب تبدیل غذایی، کاهش وزن ایلئوم و پهنای ویلی شد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل، فرآوری حرارتی گندم باعث بهبود انرژی قابل متابولیسم ظاهری، قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، مـورفولوژی روده کوچک و فعالیت میکروبی ناحیه ایلئوم جوجـه‌های گوشتـی سـن 24- 11 روزگی شد.

Determination of metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility in various hatchery byproducts for broiler chickens

The objective of the present experiment was to determine ME concentrations and amino acid (AA) digestibility in various hatchery byproducts (HBPs) for broiler chickens. In experiment 1, a total of forty 60-day-old female broiler chickens were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates and used to measure ME concentrations in HBPs. The basal diet was prepared to contain corn, soybean meal, corn oil, and other non-energy ingredients. Additional 4 experimental diets were prepared to contain 10% of infertile eggs (IFE), unhatched eggs (UHE), low-grade or dead chicks (LDC), and mixture (MIX; 55% IFE, 10% UHE, 10% LDC, and 25% hatched eggshells). In experiment 2, a total of seven hundred and sixteen 1-day-old mixed-sex broiler chickens (1:1 ratio of males and females) were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 7 replicates per treatment and used to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in HBPs. The experimental diets consisted of a nitrogen-free diet and 4 diets containing IFE, UHE, LDC, or MIX as a sole source of AA. Results indicated that AME and AMEn values were greater (P < 0.05) for LDC than for IFE, which had greater (P < 0.05) AME and AMEn values for UHE and MIX. The AID and SID of most AA in LDC were greater (P < 0.05) than those in MIX, whereas IFE and UHE had intermediate AID and SID of those AA as compared to LDC and MIX. Average SID of essential AA in LDC was greater (P < 0.05) than in UHE and MIX, but the average SID of nonessential AA did not differ among 4 HBPs. In conclusion, LDC has the greatest ME concentrations and AA digestibility among 3 individual HBPs (IFE, UHE, and LDC). The mixture of HBPs has the least ME concentrations and AA digestibility in broiler chickens. The ME and AA digestibility of HBPs are likely affected by inclusion amounts of hatched eggshells. However, high concentrations of ME and available AA demonstrate that individual HBPs and their mixture are potential protein ingredients for broiler diets.

Determination of Metabolizable Energy of Corn Processed at Different Temperatures and Effect of their Inclusion in Mash Diets with and without Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance and Small Intestine Morphology of Broiler Chickens During 1-24 days

Determination of Metabolizable Energy of Corn Processed at Different Temperatures and Effect of their Inclusion in Mash Diets with and without Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance and Small Intestine Morphology of Broiler Chickens During 1-24 days

Digestibility, Determination of Metabolizable Energy and Bone Mineralization of Broilers Fed with Nutritionally Valued Phytase

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using exoenzyme phytase in broiler's diets on digestibility of nutrients, feed energy and tibia bone mineralization. A completely randomized design was used, with the following treatments: sorghum with dicalcium phosphate (SDP), corn with dicalcium phosphate (CDP), sorghum with meat and bone meal (SMBM), sorghum with valued phytase (SVP) and sorghum with phytase without valued (SPWV). For digestibility analysis, eighty 15 day old broilers were used, a total of 1400 male Hubbard Flex chickens, which were submitted to total excreta collection to obtain the percentages of food digestibility, crude protein, ether extract, apparent metabolizable energy, calcium and phosphorus while for tibias mineralization. Six birds per treatment were used, where determination of mineral matter, calcium and phosphorus were performed. Metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) of the feed were also calculated. Data were subjected to variation analysis and the average compared by 5% Tukey test. There was no difference between treatments for the digestibility at 15-20 day old as well as for the feed energy values, but the diets with phytase had higher phosphorous percentage values for tibia bone mineralization, demonstrating that exogenous phytase enzyme is able to hydrolyze phytate origininated from plant and release the phosphorus for assimilation by animals, acting as a substitute for phosphorus plant sources.

Use of different statistical approaches in prediction of metabolizable energy of diets for broilers

Energy value of diets has importance for feed producers and farmers. Methods for in vivo determination of metabolisable energy have high accuracy, but they are time and cost consuming. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enzymatic digestible organic matter and values of proximate chemical analysis on prediction of the nitrogen corrected true metabolisable energy (TMEn) of diets for broilers. The performance of Artificial Neural Network was compared with the performance of first order polynomial model, as well as with experimental data in order to develop rapid and accurate method for prediction of TMEn content. Analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey's HSD test at 95% confidence limit have been calculated to show significant differences between different samples. Response Surface Method has been applied for evaluation of TMEn. First order polynomial model showed high coefficients of determination (r2 = 0.859). Artificial Neural Network model also showed high prediction accuracy (r2 = 0.992). Principal Component Analysis was successfully used in prediction of TMEn.

Determination of Metabolizable Energy of Rich Unsaturated Fatty Acids Dry-Fat in Chicken Diets Using Chemical, Biological and Mathematical Methods

Two biological experiments were conducted to determine apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) of rich unsaturated fatty acids dry-fat (Polyfat as an example, PF) using corn or corn-soybean meal diets with ® different inclusion levels of PF in adult cockerel diets. The biological experiments designed to follo w procedures of excreta total collection method (TCM). The chemical evaluation of PF included determination of peroxide No., acid No., fatty acid profile and gross energy. Then different mathematical equations were applied to calculate AME of PF based on the chemical evaluation. The determined values of AME of PF using chemical methods were 7160 and 7188 kcal/kg for PF. Among biological experiments, using restricted quantity of corn diet with high levels of PF (25 or 50% of diet) resulted in lower AME values (4724 and 3992kcal/kg PF). While applying ad libitium consumption of corn-soybean practical diet containing 3% soybean oil (as reference oil), 3.8% of PF or 50:50 mixture of both (1.5% SO+1.9% PF), gave more realistic value of 6973 kcal/kg for PF. Mixing PF with soybean oil showed clear synergism effect and added caloric value of 9.6% (737 kcal) to the mixture above the expected value. Applying simple regression procedures on results of chemical and biological evaluations showed highly significant (p<0.001) relationships between AME of PF and either digestible fat, dietary saturated fatty acids (%) or supplemental stearic acid (%) in diet. These relationships have been presented as high confidant prediction equations with r values ranged 2

Apparent and True Metabolizable Energy in Artemia Meal

For determination of metabolizable energy of artemia meal and comparison with fish meal, samples gathered from 3 regions include : Urmia Lake Artemia, Earth Ponds Artemia (beside urmia lake) and Ghom Salt Lake Artemia. Then samples dried, milled and used in a biological experiment with fish meal. 20 Rhode Island Red cockerels with approximately same live weight used in Sibbald assay with completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions for determination of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn. Results showed there were significant differences between treatments from standpoints of metabolizabl e energy (P<0.05). ULAM and FM had highest ME and EPAM and GLAM had lowest ME. The highest TME belong to FM and the lowest TME pertained to EPAM. Except to EPAM that had the lowest TMEn, other treatments didn't have any differences between them.

Elaboration of a multi-variate model for the determination of the metabolizable energy of Mediterranean bushes based on chemical parameters

Detailed information has been collected on the nutritional value of forbs and shrubs in various Mediterranean areas of Spain using the parameters of crude protein, crude fat, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, chlorides, silicon, ash and other minerals. These parameters were the independent variables of a multi-variate model in which the metabolizable energy (ME) was the dependent variable. The results indicate that the model allows for a quick and reliable determination of ME ( R 2=0·989, F =1561·2; p<0·001; S.E.=1·12) for Mediterranean bushes, and is particularly suitable for those studies in which a large number of samples distributed in time or in different geographical areas are evaluated. In our region, this type of analysis may in future be carried out at low cost and high reliability, since the results reported here are based on a large quantity of data from many species of eight areas of Mediterranean Spain, under various environments.

A Comparison of Feeding Corn, Oats, and Barley on the Growth of White Leghorn Chickens, Gastrointestinal Weights of Males, and Sexual Maturity of Females

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding diets containing corn, oats, or barley to commercial White Leghorn chickens. Isocaloric diets were used with 20 or 40% of the corn replaced by oats or barley. Diets were fed with or without grit to 15 wk of age in a factorial design.Feeding oats increased gastrointestinal tract and gizzard weight at 12 wk of age when compared with the corn diet. Grit also increased gizzard weight at this age. Increased gizzard size, due to oats, persisted to 20 wk of age. The 20% oat diet resulted in earlier mean age at first egg. Metabolizable energy determinations of the corn, 40% oats, or 40% barley diets, using males grown on the same or contrasting diets, were not affected by growing treatments.

European reference method for thein vivodetermination of metabolisable energy with adult cockerels: Reproducibility, effect of food intake and comparison with individual laboratory methods

1. A common reference procedure adopted by several European laboratories to determine apparent metabolisable energy corrected to zero-nitrogen balance (AMEn) is described. 2. Reproducibility has been estimated by comparing results from 4 diets measured in 7 laboratories. The standard deviations between laboratories of dry matter, gross energy, Kjeldahl nitrogen and AMEn were respectively, on average, 11.29 g/kg, 0.242 MJ/kg, 1.56 g/kg and 0.380 MJ/kg dry matter; the corresponding coefficients of variation between laboratories were 1.27, 1.29, 4.39 and 2.92%. 3. Effect of food intake was tested by comparing AMEn from birds fed either 0.90 or 0.45 of ad libitum: the amount of food intake had a negligible effect on AMEn values. Endogenous energy losses corrected (EELn) or not (EEL) to zero nitrogen balance were estimated either by regression between excreted energy and ingested energy or in fasted and glucose-fed cockerels. EELn estimated by regression was, on average, 8.7 kJ/bird/d.; it was independent of diet composition. EEL and EELn determined in fasted or glucose-fed birds were higher than those determined by regression. 4. AMEn values measured by individual laboratory procedures were very close to those obtained by the reference method, except from laboratories using a tube feeding procedure, where deviations were probably a consequence of overestimated EEL.

Determination of Metabolizable Energy of Various Diets Using Leghorn, Dwarf, and Regular Broiler Breeder Hens

Single Comb White Leghorns (SCWL), regular broiler breeders (BB), and dwarf BB between 45 and 52 weeks of age were used to investigate the effect of strain on nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) of various diets. Data are reported on a 90% dry matter basis. In Trial 1, a 20.0% crude protein diet had MEn of 2,736 kcal/kg determined with regular BB, significantly less than 2,805 determined with SCWL (P≤.05). The MEn determined with dwarf BB was 2,778 kcal/kg. Similar strain differences occurred with 14.3% crude protein diet calculated to be isocaloric using NAS (NRC) 1977 feed composition tables. In Trial 2, MEn of a high energy diet was 2,906 kcal/kg determined with regular BB, less than dwarf BB or SCWL which were 2,947 and 2,976 respectively (P≤.01). In Trial 3, ad libitum vs. 75% feed restriction had no effect on MEn determined with regular BB (P>.05). These results indicate that regular BB hens derive less metabolizable energy from the diet than do SCWL birds.

A Modified Voluntary Feed Intake Bioassay for Determination of Metabolizable Energy with Leghorn Roosters

A rapid voluntary feed intake bioassay for the determination of metabolizable energy with Single Comb White Leghorn roosters was evaluated. Roosters were trained to maintain their normal daily feed consumption within a 4-hr period. In Experiment 1, a 24-hr preexperimental fasting period was found to be sufficient for intestinal clearance of dietary residues from the roosters on this feeding regimen. The metabolizable energy (ME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) contents of ground yellow corn, dehulled soybean meal, menhaden fish meal, and corn fermentation solubles were determined by feeding roosters these ingredients alone for 6-hr in Experiments 2 through 5. Excreta were quantitatively collected at 30 and 54 hr after initiation of the feeding period. This method was also used in Experiment 6 to evaluate dehydrated alfalfa meal except that this ingredient was mixed with a stock layer ration to attain adequate intake.During the 30 to 54-hr collection period, energy output (kcal/hr) by roosters fed all ingredients used in Experiment 2 to 5 was greater than that of fasted roosters. Length of excreta collection had less effect on ME values corrected to nitrogen equilibrium than on uncorrected ME values. A reduction in determined true dry matter digestibility and TME values of all ingredients resulted when these values were corrected to nitrogen equilibrium (TMEn). The TME and TMEn values (kcal/g of dry matter) for the 54-hr collection period were 3.834 ± .018 and 3.683 ± .014 for ground yellow corn, 3.027 ± .037 and 2.804 ± .029 for dehulled soybean meal, 3.413 ± .035 and 2.993 ± .020 for menhaden fish meal, 2.752 ± .074 and 2.650 ± .066 for corn fermentation solubles, and 1.762 ± .143 and 1.710 ± .120 for dehydrated alfalfa meal, respectively. The results of this study indicated that both dry matter digestibility and TME values should be corrected to nitrogen equilibrium to obtain accurate and reproducible values with this type of bioassay.

Correlation of Protein Content of Feedstuffs with the Magnitude of Nitrogen Correction in True Metabolizable Energy Determinations

The relationship between the protein content of feedstuffs and the magnitude of difference between corresponding true metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected TME (TMEn) was investigated. Fifty-two samples of feed ingredients, mixtures of ingredients, and mixed feeds were assayed for TME and TMEn.A positive relationship was observed between the protein content of the feed samples and the magnitude of difference between determined TME and TMEn values. The regression equation describing this relationship is Y = .122X + 3.724, where X equals percent protein and Y the percent difference between TME and TMEn. The corresponding r2 was .60.

Calculation and determination of metabolizable energy in mixed diets to humans

Several approaches are currently in use for calculating metabolizable energy of mixed diets from the foods and nutrients they contain. This study compares the metabolizable energy content of six low fiber and one high fiber diet as calculated by conventional procedures (ie, using Atwater's general factors, Merrill and Watts specific factors, and the British procedure where the monosaccharide equivalent of available carbohydrates is multiplied by 3.75 kcal/g) with values for metabolizable energy measured in balance experiments on human subjects. For the low fiber diets, the conventional procedures for calculation of metabolizable energy showed an average deviation between calculated and measured values of up to about 6% of the value obtained in balance experiments. For the high fiber diet Merrill and Watts specific factors and Atwater's general factors were superior to the British approach for calculation of metabolizable energy. Fecal energy content in relation to intake of undigestible energy is discussed.

Determination of Metabolizable Energy by a Fast Method

A fast method for determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) is described in which adult cockerels are trained to eat their diet in a mash form in 1 hr, and excreta are collected every 12 hr over the next 48 hr. The test ingredient is mixed with a balanced diet at a level of 50%. From the AME of the balanced diet and of the 50% mix, the AME of the test ingredient is calculated. The method gives precise values with a low standard error. The AME of a chicken starter diet was 3.13 ± .02 kcal/g.

Metabolizable Energy Values of Anchovy Fish Meal and Oil for Chicks

In a study with chicks, metabolizable energy determinations were conducted on samples of anchovy (Engraulis ringens J.) meal, defatted anchovy meal, semirefined anchovy oil, and hydrogenated anchovy oil. The averages were on a dry matter basis, 3.40, 2.93, 8.55, and 8.25 kcal/g, respectively.

Metabolizable and Net Energy Values of Cassava Meal for Chicks

In a series of experiments with chicks, metabolizable and net energy values of cassava meal were obtained. Metabolizable energy determinations were conducted on samples of five cassava meals, the average being 3.20 kcal/g. Average daily gains and feed to gain ratios were not significantly different (P≥.05) between cassava samples and starch. Net energy value of cassava meal was obtained by calculating the energy gain per unit of ingredient intake by the comparative slaughter technique. The average net energy value of cassava meal was 2.28 ± .09 kcal/g. Net energy of cassava meal as a fraction of metabolizable energy was 74.9%.

Energetic feed evaluation for poultry

Although there is considerable information about the utilisation of energy by poultry, there is still uncertainty about the values that should be used to describe the energetic value of feedstuffs. A standardised method of feed evaluation is required to overcome the difficulties and a proposal for such a method is outlined in this paper. The three main characteristics of the proposal are: (a) that the system should be based on the biological determination of metabolisable energy; (b) that adjustments should be made for variations in chemical composition of feedstuffs described by a generic term, and (c) that adjustment should be made for the utilisation of metabolisable energy in different circumstances to yield one or more net energy systems.

COMPARISON OF SEVERAL WHEAT CULTIVARS AND A BARLEY CULTIVAR IN DIETS FOR YOUNG PIGS

Two 10-wk experiments with eight weanling individually-fed pigs per treatment, starting at 5.6 to 7.5 kg liveweight, were conducted to compare No. 1 Canada Western Red Spring milling wheats, Manitou and Neepawa; No. 1 Utility (feed) wheats, Pitic 62, Glenlea, unlicensed white UM607A, unlicensed purple PFW606A; and feed barley BT609. All diets were supplemented with the same level of soybean meal and complete mineral and vitamin mixes. There were no significant differences in feed intake, rate of gain or efficiency of feed conversion among the treatments in either experiment, suggesting that the milling wheats, utility wheats and barley tested in this study have similar feeding value for young pigs. Carcass measurements did not differ between treatments in the first experiment, where pigs were fed to market weight on a standard diet after the 10-wk experimental period. In the first experiment, a diet based on Pitic 62 as the sole cereal had superior digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) coefficients to one based on Manitou, with Glenlea being intermediate. In the second experiment, diets based on Neepawa, Glenlea, white or purple utility wheats did not differ in DE or ME, but the barley-based diet had a lower DE and ME. Differences in dietary DE or ME were not reflected in live pig performance. DE and ME determinations on the cereals using the additive method with an additional four pigs per treatment indicated an average DE and ME (dry-matter basis) for wheat of 3,782 and 3,561 kcal/kg, and for BT609 barley of 3,670 and 3,489 kcal/kg, respectively. In the second experiment, there were significant differences between some of the wheats in DE and ME coefficients.

The Use of Polyethylene as an Indicator in Determination of Metabolizable Energy of Diets for Japanese Quail

Polyethylene can be used as an inert indicator in the determination of metabolizable energy. Methods are described for its quantitative determination. Metabolizable energy of diets containing glucose, fructose and sucrose was higher in one-week old quail than six-week old quail.