Determination Of Creatinine Research Articles

An origami microfluidic paper device for on-site assessment of urine tampering. First use of Nessler's reagent for the colorimetric determination of creatinine

The relevance of the problem of urine tampering is well-known in forensic toxicology, with sample dilution being the most used method to cheat toxicological controls. Among the criteria to assess urine integrity, the quantification of creatinine probably represents the most popular method. The present paper presents a simple and low-cost analytical device for on-site creatinine determination as first-line screening for urine dilution.The proposed microfluidic devices were designed as a three-dimensional origami pattern. The device included three colorimetric reactions based on picric acid (PA-based reagent), 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNBA-based reagent), and Nessler's reagent. The last one, to the best of our knowledge, has never been used before for creatinine determination. In order to assure the highest ease and economy of operation, the color detection and data processing were performed using a built-in smartphone camera and the associated software. The optimized device showed a detection limit of 0.02 g/L. The proposed method was used for the qualitative screening for urine dilution of 48 samples, showing a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for PA-based, DNBA-based and Nessler's reagent of 83.3%–80.0%, 72.2%–70.0%, and 100.0%–93.3% respectively, versus reference enzymatic method adopting a cut-off of 0.2 g/L.In conclusion, the present preliminary study shows that the proposed device could be a useful tool for on-site screening for urine tampering at the time of sample collection for toxicological testing.

Molecularly imprinted polymer specific to creatinine complex with copper(II) ions for voltammetric determination of creatinine.

Synthesis of creatinine-imprinted polymer is challenging because of its insolubility in aprotic solvents, traditionally utilized for synthesizing molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). Moreover, creatinine is not electroactive at conventional electrodes, and thus, introducing an electrochemical sensing platform for its determination is a difficult target. This study addressed the above-cited issues to introduce a novel creatinine voltammetric sensor with high selectivity and sensitivity. Creatinine-copper complex was found to be soluble in acetonitrile and was utilized as a template for the MIP synthesis. Methacrylic acid, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and azobisisobutyronitrile were used as functional monomers, cross-linker, and initiator, respectively. The MIP holding creatinine sites were used to modify the carbon paste electrode. Since creatinine did not exhibit a significant voltammetric signal, an indirect sensing technique was employed. This was based on using Cu(II) ion as an electrochemical probe. The MIP-modified electrode signal for copper ion was significantly improved in the presence of creatinine. However, the introduction of creatinine in the Cu(II) solution did not affect the NIP-modified electrode response to copper ion. The proposed sensor indicated a linear current response in the range 1 × 10-7-1 × 10-5mol L-1 with adetection limit of 5.9 × 10-8mol L-1 (S/N = 3). Moreover, this method presents excellent performance in real sample analysis, with values of favorable creatinine recovery in plasma. The system exhibits acceptable precision (RSD = 4.04) and favorable selectivity toward creatinine.

Diosmin prophylaxis reduces gentamicin-induced kidney damage in rats.

Gentamicin is an essential aminoglycoside antibiotic, but it is only used to treat severe bacterial infections due to its high nephrotoxicity in patients. We evaluated the preventive effects of diosmin (as a natural ingredient) on gentamicin-related kidney damage in rats. In this research, 28 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, gentamicin (100mg/kg (i.p.), daily for 1week), gentamicin plus diosmin (50mg/kg, p.o., daily for 2weeks), and diosmin (50mg/kg/day, p.o. for 2weeks). After the final gavage, blood samples were collected for the determination of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine. Kidneys are used for biochemical, inflammatory, and histological tests. The concentrations of creatinine, BUN, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) were significantly increased. But, the level of glutathione and activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase decreased during treatment with gentamicin. On the other hand, the concentrations of creatinine, BUN, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, TNF-α, and IL-1β were significantly reduced, and the glutathione level, activities of catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased via co-administration with diosmin. Diosmin had ameliorative impacts against gentamicin-related kidney injury due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Synthesis of Sodium Citrate-Capped Gold Nanoparticles and its Application for Creatinine Detection in Urine Sample by Colorimetric Analysis Based on the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) Digital Image

AuNPs have been synthesized with reducing agents and sodium citrate covering agents using the colorimetric method. The formation of sodium citrate-covered AuNPs was confirmed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The optimization of creatinine concentration of 10 mM was indicated by shifting the absorption peak from 530 to 700 nm. The results of this optimization were then used to standardize the detection of creatinine in urine samples using a validation test method. The TEM results showed that the AuNPs were dispersed at relatively large distances. The size of the AuNPs was 30.67 nm and creatinine was 19.96 nm. This is because no substance had aggregate NPS, therefore, the particles are still scattered. Testing the quantitative value of Red-Green-Blue (RGB) digital images involved a mobile phone camera. The resulting images were stored in a memory card and then transferred to a laptop/computer. The data were processed using ImageJ software. The linear correlation and selectivity of the quantitative values ​​of Red-Green-Blue (RGB) from the RGB method were compared with the results of colorimetric detection using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method. The data were used to determine the amount of creatinine concentration. The results exhibited that sodium citrate had the ability as a reducing agent and a covering agent in the synthesis of AuNPs for the determination of creatinine. The RGB digital image method had good sensitivity to creatinine with LoD of 0.068 mM dan LoQ of 0.228 mM, which was smaller than the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method where LoD was 0.225 mM and LoQ was 0.751 mM. The validation method results showed that AuNPs can be used as a creatinine sensor. This method used a colorimetric sensor of the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) component in urine samples and was translated with ImageJ software.

RETROPERITONEOSCOPIC RESECTION WITH PREOPERATIVE SELECTIVE EMBOLIZATION AND FLUORESCENCE VISUALIZATION OF VESSELS IN KIDNEY CANCER. ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL RESULTS

Aim of the study: kidney function evaluation in patients with localized renal cancer after retroperitoneoscopic kidney resection with preoperative selective embolization in comparison to standard kidney resection. Materials and methods. A total of 65 patients with localized renal cancer was divided into 2 groups: first – 40 patients who underwent standard renal resection with thermal ischemia (open or laparoscopic), second – 25 patients with retroperitoneoscopic kidney resection, and preoperative selective embolization and indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescent imaging. After 1, 6, and 12 months after the operation, the functional state of the kidneys was examined in all patients by means of determination of the serum creatinine and urea, glomerular filtration rate, creatinine clearance, urinary albumin excretion and imaging (renal ultrasound, contrast-enhanced CT or MRI) was performed. Results. The analysis shows significant benefit in postoperative kidney function after retroperitoneoscopic resection with preoperative vascular embolization and intraoperative ICG imaging. Conclusion. The analysis of the obtained data shows that kidney function after surgery for local kidney cancer in the case of retroperitoneoscopic resection with preoperative selective embolization of renal vessels compared to kidney resection using thermal ischemia is more gentle and therefore more functional for wide implementation. Keywords: local renal cancer, retroperitoneoscopic kidney resection, ICG, selective vascular embolization, functional results.

Correlative study on the effect of toxic paint chemicals on the hepatorenal of paint factory workers in Enugu, Nigeria

Objective: Some chemical components of paint have been classified as toxigenic and carcinogenic to human health. The liver and kidney function markers have been found useful in assessing toxic effect of substances. This study assessed the liver and kidney function parameters of paint factory workers in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and forty apparently healthy men, aged (21-40 years), were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Eighty paint factory workers (PFW) as test subjects and sixty non-paint factory workers (NPFW) as controls. Blood samples were collected from participants for the determination of serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), conjugated and total bilirubin using standard methods. Data were analysed using SPSS computer software version 22. Results: The results showed that mean serum level of AST, ALP, Sodium and Chloride were significantly higher in PFW compared to NPFW (P< 0.05). Workers use of personal protective equipment were hand gloves (20%), goggles (7.5%), safety boots (52.5%), dust masks (20%), factory gown (36.25%). Self-reported occupational health problems amongst the PFW was also evaluated, and headache had the highest percentage (68.75%), followed by eye irritation (60%), skin irritation (56.25%), dizziness (23.75%), sleep disorder (20%), anxiety (12.5%), memory loss (0%). Conclusion: This study shows that occupational exposure of humans to volatile organic compounds and heavy metals in paints may have long term deleterious effects on liver, kidney or brain function in paint factory workers.

Creatinine determination by origami paper-based device for identifying urine adulteration

The attendees will receive detailed information on the use of a novel tech to control the integrity of urine samples using paper-based microfluidics technology. The problem of sample tampering is well-known in forensic toxicology being sample dilution the most used method to cheat toxicological controls. Although the phenomenon is known for a long time in analytical toxicology, it resulted to be reported also in recent papers. Among the possible strategies to exclude urine dilution, the quantification of creatinine represents probably the most adopted method. Currently, creatinine determination is performed at analytical laboratories hindering the immediate check of the integrity of the sample. On these grounds, the goal of the present work was to develop a low-cost method able to provide on-site determination of creatinine in urine samples using paper-based microfluidic technology [Martinez AW et al, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 46 (2007) 1318–20]. The procedure for the production of origami paper-based microfluidic devices (μPADs) included two steps: (i) patterning chromatography paper into hydrophilic channels by fabricating hydrophobic barriers; (ii) addition of the reagents specific for creatinine (picric acid, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and Nessler's reagent) to the hydrophilic portion of the paper support. The analysis was performed transferring 30 μL urine without any pre-treatment onto the hydrophilic portion of the paper in order to permit the interaction of creatine with the reagents with consequent formation of colored products. The colorimetric reactions occurred in few minutes and were measured in terms of “RGB distance” by using a simple and free software for smartphone cameras. The device was validated for quantitative determinations in terms of accuracy and precision, resulting both within 20%. The optimized method was then tested on real urine samples ( n = 53) using as reference a clinical chemistry method performed on immunoassay instrument. The comparison between the two methods showed a significant correlation (R = 0.92). The proposed alternative analytical strategy to identify urine adulteration looks particularly attractive since it is low-cost and easy to use. In addition, the possibility of performing the test on-site prevents claims of post-collection counterfeiting.

Simultaneous assay of urine sepiapterin and creatinine in patients with sepiapterin reductase deficiency

ObjectivesSepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD) causes central nervous system symptoms due to dopamine and serotonin depletion because sepiapterin reductase plays an important role in tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis. SRD cannot be detected by newborn screening because of the absent hyperphenylalaninemia. To diagnose SRD biochemically, confirmation of reduced monoamine metabolites and elevated sepiapterin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been considered necessary, because a past study showed no elevation of urine sepiapterin. Recently, however, the elevation of urine sepiapterin in SRD was reported. MethodsWe developed a fast method to measure sepiapterin and creatinine simultaneously using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and ultraviolet detection. Urine sepiapterin and creatinine were measured in three SRD patients, two SRD carriers, four SRD siblings, and 103 non-SRD patients. ResultsIn the three SRD cases, concentrations of urine sepiapterin were 1086, 914, and 575 µmol/mol creatinine (upper limit: 101.7 µmol/mol creatinine), and were markedly higher than those in other groups. CSF sepiapterin concentration was also measured in one SRD case and it was 4.1 nmol/L (upper limit: 0.5 nmol/L). ConclusionsThe simultaneous determination of urine sepiapterin and creatinine appears helpful for the diagnosis of SRD. This assay system can also be used to measure sepiapterin in the CSF.

Possible ameliorative effect of human placental extract on methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats

BackgroundMethotrexate (MTX) is one of chemotherapeutic drugs that induce several side effects. The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of human placental extract (HPE) against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. In this study, forty adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups. Control group: rats were daily injected intraperitoneally with physiological saline (0.5 ml for each rat) for 5 days, HPE group: rats were subcutaneously injected with HPE at a dose level of 10.08 mg/Kg b.w/day for 2 weeks, MTX group: rats were intraperitoneally injected with MTX at a dose level of 5 mg/Kg b.w/day for 5 consecutive days, MTX and HPE group: rats were intraperitoneally injected with MTX (at the same dosage of MTX group) for 5 days and at the same time they were subcutaneously injected with HPE (at an exact dosage of HPE group), daily for 2 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last dose for each treatment, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for determination of urea, creatinine, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels. Kidney tissues were taken for histological examination and immunohistochemical staining of both cysteine-aspartic protease-3 (caspase-3) and proliferating antigen Ki-67 (Ki-67) expressions.ResultsFrom the obtained data, MTX induced nephrotoxicity through a highly significant increase in urea, creatinine, Na+ and K+ levels compared with the control group. In addition to massive histological alterations, a highly significant increase in caspase-3 expression and a significant decrease in Ki-67 expression were observed. On the other hand, injection with HPE ameliorated urea, creatinine, Na+ and K+ levels comparing to MTX group. Moreover, HPE markedly improved the histological and immunohistochemical changes resulted from MTX treatment.ConclusionsIt is concluded that HPE ameliorated the nephrotoxicity induced by MTX.

Determination of Creatinine in Urine by Voltammetry and Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Functionalized Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes and Copper

AbstractA square‐wave voltammetric method was developed for the determination of creatinine using glassy carbon electrode functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes and doped with copper. Since the creatine‐creatinine balance is dependent on pH, the linear responses at either pH 4.0 or 7.0 were evaluated allowing versatility in application, covering analyte concentration from limit of quantification (0.3 μmol L−1) up to 1.200 μmol L−1 (pH 4) or 660 μmol L−1 (pH 7). Electrode is simple to prepare and robust for routine analysis and it was used for the determination of creatinine in urine after simple thin‐layer separation procedure to avoid interference from creatine.

Enzyme-nanozyme cascade colorimetric sensor platform: a sensitive method for detecting human serum creatinine.

Creatinine, as a significant biomarker for kidney, thyroid, and muscle dysfunction-related diseases, detection is of great important meaning. In this paper, an enzyme-nanozyme cascade sensing platform was developed for visual creatinine detection. Perovskite oxide BiFeO3 synthesized by a sol-gel method was applied as a nanozyme, showing excellent peroxidase-like activity. During detection, creatinine was oxidized in turn by three natural enzymes (creatinase, creatininase, and sarcosine oxidase) to produce H2O2, and H2O2 was then catalyzed by the BiFeO3 nanozyme, resulting in the change of achromatous 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB). Based on this principle, visual quantification of creatinine was realized. Due to the high stability and catalytic efficiency of nanozyme, the cascade sensing platform can be used to detect creatinine in a broad range of 0.5-150μM with a detection limit of 0.09μM. Meanwhile, thanks to the specificity of the natural enzymes, the platform exhibited admirable selectivity for creatinine determination despite the existence of a variety of interfering substances, which were successfully adopted to measure the level of creatinine in human serums. The cascade sensing platform is expected to serve the determination of a large number of biomarkers by simply alternating the natural enzymes.

Dustarin in the Treatment of Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Today the problem of treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the actual one. BPH is an age-related chronic progressive disease. It is especially relevant for men over the age of 50 years. According to WHO demographic data, the world’s population is becoming older, so the incidence of BPH is going to increase, that leads to a significant decline in quality of life due to dysfunction of the lower urinary tract and the presence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The management of BPH has evolved from surgery to conservative therapy. The use of 5α- reductase inhibitors, which affects the pathogenetic links of the disease, reduces the concentration of dihydrotestosterone and induces the apoptosis of epithelial cells of the prostate, is pathogenetically justified in the treatment of BPH. The objective: to study the effectiveness of treatment of BPH with dutasteride, which belongs to the group of 5α-reductase inhibitors. Materials and methods. 58 patients with BPH 52-75 years old were examined. The persons were divided into two groups. The patients in the first group received dutasteride for 6 months, the second group – for 12 months. All patients were examined ambulatory by the laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods: an assessment of complaints by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), an assessment of the quality of life by the QoL scale, digital rectal and ultrasound examinations, bladder ultrasound examination, uroflowmetry, prostate-specific antigen level, general blood and urinary tests, determination of creatinine and urea. Uroflowmetry assessed the rate of urodynamics, identified and determined the degree of urinary disorders . Results. A positive effect of dutasteride treatment was observed in patients of both groups, but the best results were in the second group. The regression of LUTS, decreased pancreatic volume and residual urine output were in the patients. Conclusions. The results of the research demonstrated that dutasteride is an effective agent in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which acts on the mechanism of hyperplasia. The drug is well tolerated by patients. The effect of dutasteride treatment is achieved through its continuous and long-term use. The timely diagnosis of BPH and its treatment will allow to stop the pathological process and return the man to a normal quality of life.

Three-step post-synthetic modification metal-organic framework as a ratiometric fluorescent probe for the detection of creatinine

Creatinine (Cre) measurement in biological fluids is an increasingly important clinical measure for evaluating renal insufficiency, thyroid dysfunction, and muscle injury. Therefore, a simple, fast, and reliable Cre analysis method is of great significance to human health. Herein, a novel ratiometric fluorescence sensor, Ag-Eu-MOF-808-EDTA, was synthesized by introducing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), Ag+, and Eu3+ into the framework of MOF-808 through three steps of post-synthesis modification, and was used to detect Cre in PBS buffer of pH 7.2 at 35 °C with a “turn-on” ratio response in the presence of various interfering ions and several biomolecules. In this strategy, the characteristic emission of Eu3+ at 551 nm can be turned on due to coordination between Cre and Ag+, while emission at 613 nm is independent of Cre, which produces a significant ratio response change throughout the cycle. Experimental results showed that the ratio fluorescence sensor displayed a wide linear range for Cre from 0.5 to 350 μM with a low detection limit of 0.42 μM. Finally, a good recovery rate (96.7–102.9%) and appropriate relative standard deviation (RSD <2.39%, n = 3) were obtained during the determination of creatinine in real urine and serum. This work provides additional insights into the detection of creatinine in clinical blood samples.

MO273: Water Restriction and Age Increase the Risk of Triple Whammy-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hypertension has a high prevalence in adult population and represents an important cause of premature death worldwide. Its treatment often consists of the combination of several antihypertensive drugs, including angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and diuretics. Hypertensive patients eventually receive analgesic treatments linked to other pathologies. The combination of antihypertensive treatments (ACEi/ARB and diuretics) with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may generate an acute kidney injury (AKI) due to a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate. According to different studies, the incidence of AKI following this triple therapy or Triple Whammy (TW) ranges from &amp;lt; 1% to up to 22%. This suggests that additional factors determine the renal impact of the TW. Because the incidence of TW-induced AKI is higher among older adults, and because the prevalence of dehydration is especially elevated among them, the aim of our study was to model in rats the influence of water restriction and ageing on the renal effect of the TW. METHOD Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) of 3 and 7 months of age were divided in four experimental groups: control group (CT), control group with 60%–70% water restriction of basal intake (i.e. 15 mL/day) (CT-WR), TW group (TW), and TW group with 60%–70% water restriction of basal intake (i.e. 15 mL/day) (TW-WR). Both TW groups received antihypertensive treatment with Trandolapril in drinking water and Furosemide i.p. for 4 days, and then a triple therapy for 2 days with Trandolapril and Ibuprofen in drinking water and Furosemide i.p. Urine and blood samples were collected at basal state (B), after 4 days of the combined treatment of Trandolapril + Furosemide (day 4) and two days after adding ibuprofen treatment (day 6). Blood pressure was measured on B and day 4, and the kidneys were removed at the end of the experiment. We analyzed the hydration status (water balance), the renal function (plasma creatinine and urea determination) and renal histological alterations (hematoxylin–eosin staining). RESULTS Antihypertensive treatment decreased systolic blood pressure in the TW and TW-WR groups, and did not induce any effects in CT and CT-WR groups. Water balance was lower in CT-WR, TW and TW-WR groups than in CT group, which may indicate partial dehydration, being this balance negative in TW-WR group. No differences in creatinine and plasma urea levels were found on day 6 between 3- and 7-months-old rats in TW group. An experimental AKI was observed in rats treated with TW and water restriction, characterized by increased creatinine and plasma urea; this experimental AKI was more severe in 7-month-old rats. CT and CT-WR groups showed normal renal function. There were no histological alterations in any of the experimental groups. CONCLUSION Water restriction is an important risk factor in the development of AKI in TW therapy, and although age differences do not have a relevant effect on their own, the combination of age and water restriction increases the risk.

Potentiometric detection of creatinine in the presence of nicotine: Molecular recognition, sensing and quantification through multivariate regression

Systematic errors in the calix [4] pyrrole-based potentiometric detection of creatinine have been observed in heavy smokers. This work further characterizes the interactions between the nicotinium cation and the cavitand as well as the resulting interference produced during the potentiometric detection. It is found that the nicotinium cation binds the electronic rich aromatic cavity defined by the pyrrole rings of the receptor's cone conformation with an estimated binding constant higher than 10−4 M−1 in methylene chloride. On the other hand, the creatininium cation is preferentially included in the hydrophobic aromatic cavity of the ionophore by establishing hydrogen bond interactions with the pyrrole NHs groups. Potentiometric calibrations confirmed the detection of the nicotinium cation at neutral and acidic pH, respectively. Due to the lower pka of creatinine, a methodology to quantify creatinine in presence of nicotine by using an array of three sensors at two pH values is proposed. A partial least squares regression was performed and reported recoveries of 103% with a standard deviation of 20%. The improved determination of creatinine was therefore discussed. This approach represents a step forward in the development of effective approaches to improve the measurement of creatinine in decentralized settings.

Evaluation of Mangalarga Marchador foal development in the first year of life

The purpose of this study was to examine the development pattern of Mangalarga-Marchador foals by determination of muscle development and deposition of adipose tissue associated with the evaluation of blood-based biomarkers. Thus, 72 Mangalarga Marchador foals (ages ranged from 1-12 mo) were randomly selected and divided into 12 age groups (n=6 per group), evaluated monthly. The thickness of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and rump fat (RF) were determined through an ultrasound performed on each foal’s left side. Such parameters were used to calculate the percentage of body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Morphometric measurements were taken on the foal’s right side using a tape measure and a hypsometer. Blood samples were collected for determinations of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and glucose. Morphometric measurements, the thickness of the LD and RF, weight, BF, FM, and FFM showed differences between age groups (P&lt;0.001). Muscle development and fat deposition in subcutaneous tissue were greater between six and 12 months and average weight gain and FFM were proportionally greater between one and six months. We concluded that morphometric measurements increase steadily and linearly during the first 12 months of life, indicating that it is feasible to use the linear regression formula. Moreover, significant differences between age and biochemical biomarkers may be attributed to nutritional and digestive physiology adaptations during these periods.

Results of a community-based screening programme for chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors, (obesity, diabetes and hypertension) in a Samoan cohort

ObjectivesIn 2019, under the World Kidney Day theme of ‘Kidney health for everyone everywhere’, the National Kidney Foundation of Samoa undertook an extensive community screening campaign to detect the estimated...

THE LEVEL OF LEUKOTRIENE B4 IN PATIENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND CORONAVIRUS DISEASE

Relevance. Patients with comorbid pathology, including arterial hypertension (AH), coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, and cerebrovascular disease have been shown to be at risk for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Currently, among the pathogenetic mechanisms of vascular endothelial damage are considered direct effects of SARS-COV-2 virus, as well as proinflammatory cytokines, which lead to a «cytokine storm» with unpredictable consequences for the patient. In this aspect, the role of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) – one of the first candidates to provoke a hyperimmune inflammatory response in the progression of COVID-19 – was insufficiently elucidated.&#x0D; Objective: to investigate the level of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in patients with AH with and without coronavirus disease 2019.&#x0D; Methods. 78 people with AH and overweight or obesity who were treated at the Lviv Emergency Hospital were examined. All patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=37) – persons with AH (stage І-ІІІ, grade 1-3); group 2 (n=41) – patients with AH (stage І-ІІІ, grade 1-3), COVID -19 and interstitial lung disease.&#x0D; Anthropometric measurements with a determination of body mass index (BMI), echocardiography, a blood test, biochemical blood test with determination of glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, and urea were performed. Serum blood samples for the examination of LTB4 (Elabscience Elisa Kit) were taken and processed using ELISA method.&#x0D; Results. Saturation was significantly lower in patients of group 2, while heart rate and body temperature were higher (p &lt; 0,01) compared to group 1. There was a significant decrease in hemoglobin level, increase in ESR, glucose, and LTB4 in individuals with AH and COVID-19, which is probably due to the presence of inflammation in the lung tissue in coronavirus infection. The concentration of LTB4 ranged from 370 to 3600 pg/l in patients of group 2. 19 individuals (46,3%) of group 2 had a higher level of LTB4 than the median value, which is probably associated with a more severe course of coronavirus infection. A positive correlation between LTB4 and BMI (rs= 0,369; p &lt; 0,05) was found in individuals with AH.&#x0D; Conclusions. The level of LTB4 is higher in patients with AH and COVID – 19 than in individuals with AH, due to the severity of the inflammation process in this comorbid pathology.

A new method for selective determination of creatinine using smartphone-based digital image

A new method for selective determination of creatinine using smartphone-based digital image

Smartphone paired SIM card-type integrated creatinine biosensor

Medical diagnostic sector is relying on affordable, handheld devices integrating smart biosensing and transducing interfaces that enable clinical analysis with minimal end-user intervention and resource requirements. In response, we propose here, a SIM card-type pH responsive polymer-modified paper-based biosensing device, coupled to a smartphone, for the determination of urinary creatinine. A vertical microfluidic channel was fabricated on a paper strip by wax printing. The hydrophilic area was coated by a poly(methylmethacrylate)/poly(methacrylic acid) random copolymer, PMMA-co-PMAA, and on top of it, creatinine deiminase (CD) was immobilized. Data demonstrated, on the one hand, zero vertical flow of urine through the enzyme-free PMMA-co-PMAA-modified paper strip, i.e., a high selectivity against the components of the matrix, and on the other hand, in the presence of CD, a creatinine -concentration dependent commence of sample’s downward flow due to the selective, creatinine-triggered degradation of the copolymer by the enzymatically produced ammonia. This CD/PMMA-co-PMAA paper-based biosensing smart assembly is coupled with three conductive strips, which enable the automatic on/off (sample addition/measurement end) measurement of the copolymer degradation time, through electric resistance measurements. It also features an in-built sample well and wireless communication support through the integration of a Bluetooth® microprocessor incorporated with time and resistance measuring circuits. Using newly synthesized pH responsive PMMA-co-PMAA at different molecular weights and volume fraction ratios offering tunable dissolution properties, the detection range was adjusted over 3–30 mM creatinine to overspread the normal range of creatinine in urine. The device was successfully applied to the determination of urinary creatinine.