Determination Of Acetaminophen Research Articles

Assessment of Sucralose, Caffeine and Acetaminophen as Anthropogenic Tracers in Aquatic Systems Across Florida.

Sucralose is one of the most popular artificial sweeteners worldwide. Due to its high stability, persistence and low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants, sucralose has been used as an indicator of wastewater intrusion into aquatic systems. However, its stability has also been a reason for discussion whether sucralose's presence in surface water could indicate a recent anthropogenic input. Caffeine and acetaminophen have been considered as tracers in human impacted aquatic ecosystems and potentially good indicators of recent anthropogenic inputs into the environment due to their short half-lives in water. Here, a novel, high throughput and sensitive method based on online SPE-LC-HRMS for the determination of caffeine, sucralose and acetaminophen was developed and validated for both fresh and seawater samples and applied to environmental water samples to evaluate the efficiency of these compounds as tracers of aquatic pollution. Caffeine and sucralose were detected in > 70% of samples, while acetaminophen was only detected in 3% of samples above the MDL, demonstrating its limited environmental applicability.

Novel spectrophotometric method for RAPID quantifying acetaminophen concentration in emergent situation

A novel spectrophotometric method for rapid quantification of acetaminophen in serum that is particularly suited for emergency usage is described. Free unconjugated acetaminophen is separated from other endogenous interferents by extracting the drug into ethyl acetate by simply using a vortex mixer. Subsequently, the cupric ions in the reagent are reduced by the phenolic hydroxyl groups present in the drug. The resultant cuprous ions then interacted with bicinchoninic acid (BCA) to form a chromophore which absorbs maximally at 562 nm. The proposed method has a linearity range from 50 to 400 μg/mL. The method was precise with day-to-day coefficients of variation (CVs) for two controls (44 and 195 μg/mL) of 5.0 and 4.5%, respectively. Results obtained by the proposed method correlated excellently with those determined by either an established HPLC or a Schiff's base dye formation method with correlation coefficients of 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. A group of commonly used prescription drugs or compounds of potential interferents were tested and found not to interfere. The proposed method for acetaminophen determination, which has a turnaround time of <10 >min, is simple and rapid. For this reason, it is especially suitable for the screening of drug overdose in an emergency situation.

Simultaneous determination of 4-aminophenol and acetaminophen based on high electrochemical performance of ZIF-67/MWCNT-COOH/Nafion composite

Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor based on ZIF-67/MWCNT-COOH/Nafion composite was designed and prepared for simultaneous detection of 4-aminophenol (4-AP) and acetaminophen (AMP). The electrochemical behaviors of the 4-AP and AMP on the ZIF-67/MWCNT-COOH/Nafion electrode were explored via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results exhibited that the designed electrochemical sensor possessed superior electrocatalytic activity for 4-AP and AMP, which was attributed to the highly ordered porous structure of ZIF-67, the outstanding electrical conductivity and high electrocatalytic activity of MWCNT-COOH. Under optimization conditions, the DPV response of the prepared electrode depicted a wider linear response concentration range of 0.2 to 200 μM for 4-AP, and 0.1 to 100 μM for AMP, respectively. And the lower detection limits (LOD) of 0.01 and 0.07 μM were obtained for 4-AP and AMP, respectively. More importantly, the acquired electrode was applied to Yellow river water and Paracetamol tablets for analysis of 4-AP and AMP, which exhibited satisfying recovery of 98.2% ~ 106.7% for 4-AP and 94.7% ~ 99.6% for AMP, respectively. In a word, the constructed electrochemical sensing platform delivered a promising potential in real application.

Ruthenium Nanoparticles Uniformly‐designed Chemically Treated Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Dopamine and Acetaminophen

AbstractA new nanocomposite based on ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) uniformly designed at chemically treated graphene oxide nanosheets (CTGONS) was prepared as active electrode for simultaneously sensing of dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AC) in the presence of high concentration of ascorbic acid (AA). The RuNPs actively decorates the CTGONS with uniform dispersion like pump sputtering of paints. The CTGONS of hexagonal nanosheets, 2D orientation, chemically treated to the reduced forms and active decoration by RuNPs lead to formation of high catalytic active sites and high loading of targets at the electrode surface. The suitable accommodation of RuNPs/CTGONS to fast response of targets ascertains a high catalytic activity, and fast charge transport. The RuNPs/CTGONS nanocomposite shows an obvious catalytic oxidation signal for DA and AC. The highly sensitive and selective electrode was designed based on RuNPs/CTGONS due to the large peak potentials separation of DA to AC of 0.22 V with sufficient electron mediating behavior. Moreover, the nanocomposite electrode shows individual and simultaneous determination of DA and AC with linear calibration plots from 5–120 μM and 10–120 μM, where their detection limits were calculated to be 0.018±0.002 and 0.023±0.003 μM, respectively. Finally, the analytical application of the RuNPs/CTGONS electrode was applied for the determination of DA and AC in the serum of human blood.

A Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Au@Pd Hybrid Nanorods Supported on B-doped Graphene for Simultaneous Determination of Acetaminophen, Dopamine and Tyrosine

A Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Au@Pd Hybrid Nanorods Supported on B-doped Graphene for Simultaneous Determination of Acetaminophen, Dopamine and Tyrosine

A Chitosan/TiO2 Nanoparticles-Entrapped Carbon Paste Electrode Covered With dsDNA as a New Electrochemical Biosensor for the Determination of Acetaminophen

A rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method was proposed for electrochemical determination of acetaminophen (ACT) using a carbon paste electrode modified with chitosan/TiO2 nanoparticles covered with double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) as working electrode. Interaction between the ACT and immobilized dsDNA accumulates ACT on the electrode surface. Differential pulse voltammogram was recorded using pulse amplitude of 0.05 V and scan rate of 25 mV/s. A peak current related to the concentration of ACT at about 550 mV was taken as an analytical signal. The effects of different experimental parameters on the oxidation current of the ACT were studied and optimized. The electrochemical signal was found to be linear in the concentration range of 0.50- $35.0~\mu \text{M}$ and 35.0- $300.0~\mu \text{M}$ with a detection limit of $0.14~\mu \text{M}$ . In addition, the values of RSD% for the determination of ACT at $20~\mu \text{M}$ and $155~\mu \text{M}$ were calculated to be 2.75% and 1.56%, respectively ( $n=5$ ). The accuracy of the proposed technique was evaluated by the determination of ACT in a 325-mg ACT tablet. The applicability of the method was successfully extended to the determination of ACT in serum and pill sample.

Application of molecularly imprinted polymer pipette tip micro-solid phase extraction of nalidixic acid and acetaminophen from pills and seawater samples and their determination by spectrophotometry

A molecularly imprinted polymer micro-solid phase extraction in pipette tip was employed for selective extraction and spectrophotometric determination of acetaminophen and nalidixic acid in pills and seawater samples. Parameters affecting microextraction, including pH of the sample, sample volume, type and elution solvent, number of cycles of extraction and desorption and amount of molecular imprinted polymer, were optimized utilizing both response surface methodology and one-variable-at-a-time methods. Four parameters in three levels were applied for response surface methodology experimental design. The proposed method indicated good linear range of 1.0–150.0 µg L−1 for nalidixic acid and 1.0–100.0 µg L−1 for acetaminophen by low detection limits of 0.2 and 0.3 µg L−1, respectively, for nalidixic acid and acetaminophen. Found recoveries were between 88.7 and 99.8% for real samples, with relative standard deviations less than 5.8%. The suggested protocol was successfully utilized to the separation, preconcentration and determination of nalidixic acid and acetaminophen in commercial pills and seawater samples.

Simultaneous voltammetric determination of rizatriptan and acetaminophen using a carbon paste electrode modified with NiFe2O4 nanoparticles.

Nickel-ferrite nanoparticles (NiFe2O4) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. They were used to modify a carbon paste electrode (CPE) and to prepare an electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of rizatriptan benzoate (RZB) and acetaminophen (AC). The structure and morphology of the bare CPE and modified CPE were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, while the structural characterization of NiFe2O4 was performed via X-ray diffraction. In the potential range 0.2-1.2V, AC and RZB were detected at potentials of 0.5V and 0.88V (vs. Ag/AgCl saturated KCl 3M), respectively. Both calibration plots are linear in the 1 to 90μM concentration range. The limits of detection (at 3σ) of AC and RZB are 0.49 and 0.44μM, respectively. The performance of the modified CPE was evaluated by quantifying the two drugs in spiked urine and in tablets. Graphical abstract The modified electrode consist of Nickel-ferrite and graphite by differential pulse voltammetry methods are schematically presented for simultaneous detection of acetaminophen (a painkiller drug) and rizatriptan benzoate (an antimigraine drug) in human urine and tablet samples.

Simultaneous voltammetric determination of ascorbic acid, dopamine, acetaminophen and tryptophan based on hybrid trimetallic nanoparticles-capped electropretreated graphene

A novel nanocomposite sensor based on trimetallic nanoparticles of (Au/Ag/Pd)NPs uniformly capped electropretreated graphene oxide (EPGrO) was fabricated. The investigation and characterization of the (Au/Ag/Pd)NPs/EPGrO nanocomposite were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of the nanocomposite electrode displayed obvious and sharp oxidation peaks for each ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), acetaminophen (AP) and tryptophan (TP) as compared to their responses at EPGrO and bare electrodes. An efficient electron mediating behavior of the nanocomposite electrode with large separation peak potentials for AA–DA, DA–AP, and AP–TP were estimated to be 0.16, 0.18 and 0.29 V, respectively. In addition, differential pulse voltammograms (DPVs) of the nanocompsite electrode showed simultaneous determination of AA, DA, AP and TP with linear calibration plots from 5–650 μM, 1–700 μM, 5–700 μM and 1–600 μM where their detection limits were calculated to be 0.24 ± 0.03, 0.02 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.04 and 0.03 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. Finally, the practical application of the (Au/Ag/Pd)NPs/EPGrO nanocomposite electrode was successfully conducted for the analytical determination of AA, DA, AP and TP in real sample of human blood serum.

Development of a new electrochemical sensor based on modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of norepinephrine and acetaminophen in real samples

An electrochemical method has been described for the voltammetric oxidation and determination of norepinephrine (NE) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with RuO2 nano-roads and ionic liquid. The results indicated that the voltammetric response of norepinephrine was improved distinctly at the surface of modified electrode and the oxidation of norepinephrine at the surface of modified electrode occurs at a potential about 200 mV less positive than that of an unmodified CPE. The anodic peak was characterized and the process was diffusion-controlled. The current measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) presented a good linear property as a function of the concentration of norepinephrine in the range of 0.07-400.0 µM, with a detection limit of 0.02 µM for norepinephrine. Also, this modified electrode was used for simultaneous determination of norepinephrine and acetaminophen. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied to norepinephrine and acetaminophen determination in pharmaceutical samples and urine as real samples.

Spectrum subtraction method for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and caffeine in panadol extra dosage forms

A simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method was established for simultaneous determination of acetaminophen and caffeine in pure form and in their pharmaceutical formulation commercially known as Panadol Extra®. Spectrum subtraction has been used in simultaneous determination of both drugs without prior separation. Spectrum subtraction method parameters were validated according to ICH guidelines in which accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness were found in accepted limits (98-102%). The linearity range was 7.5-45 µg/mL for caffeine and 4-22 µg/mL for acetaminophen with correlation coefficients ≥0.9990 for both drugs. Advantages and disadvantages of spectrum subtraction were discussed and statistical comparison between the proposed method and the reference one was performed.

Comparative Electroanalytical Studies of Graphite Flake and Multilayer Graphene Paste Electrodes.

In this paper, the fabrication, surface characterisation and electrochemical properties of graphite flake (GFPE) and multilayer graphene (MLGPE) paste electrodes are described. The Raman investigations and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze and compare structure of both carbon materials. The electroanalytical performance of both electrodes was examined and compared on the basis of the square-wave and cyclic voltammetric behavior of acetaminophen and model redox systems. Results of those studies revealed that GFPE has a larger electroactive surface area and better conductive properties, whilst MLGPE demonstrate better analytical characteristic in case of acetaminophen (AC) determination. AC determination was developed using square wave voltammetry (SWV) and square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV). For both working electrodes, the process of accumulation enabled us to obtain an extended linear range and to lower the detection limit. In pharmaceutical formulations, AC was determined with good recovery.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks and cobalt-tannic acid nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode for simultaneous determination of dopamine, uric acid, acetaminophen and tryptophan: Investigation of kinetic parameters of surface electrode and its analytical performance

In this study, we have created a particularly selective electrochemical sensor cobalt-tannic acid nanocomposite (ZIF-8@Co-TA) and a familiar metal organic framework (ZIF-8), which was then used to simultaneously determine acetaminophen (AC), dopamine (DA), tryptophan (Trp), and uric acid (UA) with wide linear ranges and low detection limits (LOD). In addition, we have applied chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry so that the electrochemical features of the fabricated electrode could be assessed. The eminent catalytic activity and high-level conductivity of ZIF-8@Co-TA has led to perfectly separated peaks, and to improved peak currents of DA, UA, AC, and Trp. According to the results, the ΔEp of 130, 120, 310 mV vs. SCE were reported as the level of separation of anodic peak potentials for DA-UA, UA-AC, and AC-Trp, respectively. With LOD of 3.4, 1.2, 5.1 and 6.7 nM, the maximum currents linearly depended on DA, UA, AC and Trp concentrations in the ranges of 0.02–0.44 μM (Sbk/m = 3). Good repeatability and stability were observed after determining DA, UA, AC, and Trp, which was carried out through successfully challenging the chemically modified electrode with some interfering compounds and evaluating it in real samples. Therefore, it seems that fabricated sensor can be properly exploited for clinical experiments and pharmaceutical applications.

Rapid sol gel synthesis of BaFe12O19 nanoparticles: An excellent catalytic application in the electrochemical detection of tramadol in the presence of acetaminophen

• A BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles modified screen printed electrode was constructed. • This electrode reduced the overpotential for oxidation of tramadol about 140 mv. • This electrode was used for determination of tramadol and acetaminophen. The present study reports synthesis of BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles by sol gel technique followed by its characterization using Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The BaFe 12 O 19 nanoparticles have been applied to construct a modified graphite screen-printed electrode (GSPE). BaFe 12 O 19 /GSPE has been applied as a working electrode in the analysis of tramadol and acetaminophen by voltammetric techniques. The BaFe 12 O 19 /GSPE showed a good selectiveness for analysis of tramadol in the presence of acetaminophen with the separated peak potentials at ~ 230 mV, and ~ 700 mV, respectively. Excellent linear calibration curves, ranging from 0.08 to 500.0 µM for tramadol and from 5.0 to 500.0 µM for acetaminophen, with detection limits of 0.025 and 1.5 µM were obtained.

Electrocatalysis and simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and acetaminophen using PN[sbnd]COF/graphene oxide modified electrode

In this present study, a new porphyrin based covalent organic framework material (PNCOFs) is synthesized by the imidization reaction of tetraminophenyl porphyrin (TAPP) and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA), and then the obtained COFs were combined graphene oxide (GO) to prepare PNCOFs/GO modified electrode for the simultaneous determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and acetaminophen (AC). The composite material displays a well synergistic effect of high electrocataytic activity of the COFs and good conductivity of GO. Catalytic process and electrochemical oxidation mechanism are discussed. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits are 1.1 × 10−8 mol L − 1 and 9.0 × 10−9 mol L − 1 for AC and HQ, respectively. The linear ranges are 2.0 × 10−7 mol L − 1 to 1.5 × 10−4 mol L − 1 for AC and 1.0 × 10−7 mol L − 1 to 1.0 × 10−4 mol L − 1 for HQ. This work is beneficial to the electrochemical application of COFs.

Co-based metal-organic framework nanopinnas composite doped with Ag nanoparticles: A sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous determination of dopamine and acetaminophen

Hybridizing nanostructured metal nanoparticles with metal-organic framework is greatly promising for the enhancement of electrochemical performance of sensor. In the present study, an Ag nanoparticles-ZIF-67 nanopinnas composite material (Ag-ZIF-67p) has been fabricated by ultrasonication and reduction of a metal precursor (AgNO3) within ZIF-67 nanopinnas template. The desired Ag-ZIF-67p was characterized by transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis and elemental mapping, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Ag-ZIF-67p was modified on the GCE and demonstrated enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward dopamine (DA) and acetaminophen (AP) owing to synergetic properties of large porosity and surface area of ZIF-67 and the high conductivity and excellent catalytic activity of Ag nanoparticles. The results revealed broader linear range toward analysis of DA and AP with low detection limit of 0.2 and 0.05 μM (S/N = 3) for AP and DA, respectively. In addition, this Ag-ZIF-67p modified electrode also showed excellent selectivity for the detection of two compounds and prospective results in real tablets and dopamine hydrochloride injection samples.

Application of Single‐use Electrode Based on Nano‐clay and MWCNT for Simultaneous Determination of Acetaminophen, Ascorbic Acid and Acetylsalicylic Acid in Pharmaceutical Dosage

AbstractIn this study, a highly sensitive, selective and cost‐effective electrochemical nano‐sensor has been developed for the first time so as to facilitate the simultaneous and low‐level detection of acetaminophen (paracetamol, PAR), ascorbic acid (A) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) ternary mixture. The sensor is based on nano‐sepiolite clay (SEP) with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto electrochemically pretreated pencil graphite electrode (pPGE). The surface properties of the sensor were examined by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The pH effect, composition of modifiers, immobilization time, deposition potential and deposition time values were optimized to reach the best response of PAR, A and ASA. Moreover, in optimum analytical conditions, adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammmetric (AdsDPV) method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of the ternary mixtures concerned by using SEP/MWCNTs/pPGE sensor. This sensor exhibited the low detection limits of 0.018, 0.042 and 0.047 μM for PAR, A and ASA ternary mixture, respectively. The developed AdsDPV method was applied for quantitative determination of PAR, A and ASA in the pharmaceutical formulation. The recovery experiments were carried out to control the accuracy and precision of the method. The obtained voltammetric recoveries were comparable with the HPLC data given in the literature.

Self-assembly of DNA-templated copper nanoclusters and carbon dots for ratiometric fluorometric and visual determination of arginine and acetaminophen with a logic-gate operation.

This work describes the synthesis of red-emitting copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) by using DNA as the template. DNA-templated CuNCs combined with blue-emitting carbon dots (CDs) form the self-assembled complex DNA-CuNC/CDs through electrostatic interactions. In the presence of arginine (Arg), the blue fluorescence of CDs (with excitation/emission maxima at 350/440nm) is quenched. Addition of acetaminophen (AP) induces the competitive combination of Arg and AP for the CDs. This results in the release of Arg from CDs and the recovery of blue fluorescence. On addition of both Arg and AP, the red fluorescence of CuNCs (with excitation/emission maxima at 350/670nm) undergoes only slight changes. Hence, the DNA-CuNC/CD complex can serve as a dually emitting ratiometric probe to determine both Arg and AP, with detection limits of 0.35μM and 0.26μM, respectively. The probe also enables on-site, visual determination of Arg and AP in aqueous samples, best by placing the system in cuvettes or dropping it onto filter paper strips. An "INHIBIT" logic gate was designed based on this ratiometric and visual fluorometric assay, with Arg and AP as the inputs. Graphical abstractSchematic presentation of self-assembly of DNA-templated copper nanoclusters and carbon dots to construct novel dual-emitting nanoprobes for ratiometric fluorometric and visual determination of arginine and acetaminophen in aqueous solutions and on wetting filter paper strips.

ZIF-67/g-C3N4-Modified Electrode for Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Uric Acid and Acetaminophen with Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide as Discriminating Agent

In the present paper, the ZIF-67/g-C3N4 composite was synthesized and utilized as a modifier for a glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous voltammetric determination of uric acid (URA) and acetaminophen (ACE) with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a discriminating agent. The composite was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. The obtained ZIF-67/g-C3N4 composite exhibits good textural properties (specific surface area: 75 m2·g−1) and is stable in water with a pH range of 3 to 10. The ZIF-67/g-C3N4-modified electrode combined with CTAB as a discriminating agent possesses excellent catalytic electrochemistry towards URA and ACE with well-defined electrochemical responses. The electrochemical kinetics study is also addressed. The linear relation of the oxidation peak current of URA and ACE and the concentration ranging from 0.2 μM to 6.5 μM provide a detection limit of 0.052 μM for URA and 0.053 μM for ACE. The proposed method is well-suited to simultaneously analyze URA and ACE in human urine with comparable results with HPLC.

AuNPs@PMo12 nanozyme: highly oxidase mimetic activity for sensitive and specific colorimetric detection of acetaminophen.

The design of a highly specific and sensitive approach for the quantitative and qualitative determination of acetaminophen (AP) is crucial from a human health point of view. In this study, AuNPs@PMo12, as a nanozyme, has been developed for the highly sensitive and selective detection of AP with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) within a few seconds without adding oxidizing reagents (e.g. H2O2). Synthesized nanosensors are able to oxidize TMB to yellow-brown oxidized TMB (oxTMB). The maximum peak wavelength of oxTMB was observed at 450 nm. The addition of AP and then increasing its concentration led to the production of different products in blue color. In experimental measurements, the limit of detection was obtained as 14.52 mg L−1. The quantitative determination of AP concentrations can be carried out using UV-vis spectroscopy. The design of nanosensors is cost-effective and application of them in H2O2-free and enzyme-free conditions provides a rapid sensing approach for practical use in disease monitoring and diagnosis.