Determinate Growth Habit Research Articles

Registration of PR1146‐138 Yellow Bean Germplasm Line

The yellow bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important market class in Haiti. There have been, however, no previous attempts to genetically improve this seed type for the Caribbean. Landrace varieties of yellow beans in Haiti are susceptible to Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) and Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), which are important dry bean diseases in the region. In addition, leafhopper (Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore) can cause significant yield loss, especially when common beans are planted during periods of low precipitation. The development of dry bean cultivars with enhanced levels of resistance to diseases and pests is an important goal of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) and the National Seed Service in Haiti. PR1146‐138 (Reg. No. GP‐298, PI 675225) is a multiple virus‐ and pest‐resistant bean germplasm line adapted to the humid tropics that was developed and released cooperatively in 2015 by the UPR Agricultural Experiment Station, the USDA‐ARS, and the National Seed Service of the Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Rural Development of the Republic of Haiti. PR1146‐138 has a yellow seed type with a hue angle of 86.30 and a chroma of 34.68. PR1146‐138 possesses the I locus that confers resistance to BCMV and the bgm‐1 gene for resistance to BGYMV. PR1146‐138 produced a mean seed yield of 2095 kg ha−1 when tested in Puerto Rico and Haiti in seven environments over a 3‐yr period. It has a determinate growth habit and reached harvest maturity from 65 to 70 d after planting. This line should serve as a useful source of resistance to BGYMV, BCMV, and leafhoppers in the improvement of Andean beans for the tropical lowlands.

Registration of AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A Red Kidney Bean Germplasm Line with Bean Weevil, BCMV, and BCMNV Resistance

The bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus Say) is an aggressive post‐harvest pest of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) are important seedborne diseases of dry bean in the Americas and Africa. The development of bean lines that combine resistance to BCMV, BCMNV, and bean weevils can help to reduce yield loss during the growing season and avoid seed damage during storage. AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A, (Reg. No. GP‐299, PI 675563) is a multiple virus and bean weevil‐resistant bean germplasm line adapted to the humid tropics; it was developed and released cooperatively in 2015 by Sokoine University of Agriculture, Oregon State University, the USDA‐ARS, and the University of Puerto Rico. AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A has a determinate growth habit and a dark red kidney seed type similar to the cultivar Rojo, which is commercially acceptable in Tanzania. AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A possesses the I and bc‐12 genes that confer resistance to BCMV and BCMNV. AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A produced a mean seed yield similar to the checks USLK‐1 and ‘Badillo’ in three trials planted in Puerto Rico. Seed of AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A had greater levels of threonine, proline, analine, valine, lysine, methionine, and crude protein compared with the check cultivar Badillo. AO‐1012‐29‐3‐3A should serve as a useful source of resistance to the bean weevil, BCMV, and some pathogroups of BCMNV.

Registration of ‘UA 5014C’ Soybean

‘UA 5014C’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. No. CV‐141, PI 675648) is a high‐yielding early maturity group (MG) V conventional cultivar, developed and released in 2014 by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. UA 5014C is adapted to Arkansas and other southern states. It was developed by conventional breeding from a cross between two high‐yielding cultivars, ‘Ozark’ and ‘Anand’. The plant population was advanced from F2 to F4 using a modified single‐pod descent method. The F4:5 line was selected and bulk harvested for further agronomic evaluations. Before release, UA 5014C was tested in 125 environments in Arkansas and other southern states from 2006 to 2014 for yield and other agronomic traits, where it had a yield potential comparable to conventional and Liberty Link cultivars of similar maturity. Plants of UA 5014C have determinate growth habit, purple flowers, tawny pubescence, and tan pod walls. Seeds have yellow cotyledons with a dull yellow coat, and black hila. UA 5014C is resistant to southern stem canker [caused by Diaporthe phaseolorum (Cooke & Ellis) Sacc. var. meridionales F.A. Fernandez] and moderately resistant to frogeye leaf spot (caused by Cercospora sojina) and sudden death syndrome [caused by Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. glycines].

Registration of ‘Samurai’ Otebo Bean

‘Samurai’ otebo bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. CV‐312, PI 676022), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2015 as an upright, full‐season cultivar with virus (caused by Bean common mosaic virus) resistance and high yield potential. Samurai was developed using pedigree breeding method to the F6 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 3 yr of field trials, Samurai yielded 2828 kg ha−1, flowered in 45 d, and matured in 100 d on average. Plants averaged 52 cm in height, with lodging resistance score of 1.6 and seed weight of 28.1 g 100 seed−1. Samurai combines high yield potential with erect architecture with full‐season maturity in an otebo seed type. Samurai has resistance to lodging and high pod placement within plant structure, making it suitable for direct harvest under narrow‐row production systems. Current otebo cultivars are short‐statured plants with determinate growth habit that require traditional pulling equipment due to the excessive seed loss that would result from direct harvest. Samurai is susceptible to race 73 of anthracnose [caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magnus) Lams.‐Scrib], susceptible to rust race 22:2 [caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger], and hypersensitive resistant to strain NL 3 of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Samurai otebo bean seed differs from other white‐seeded navy and great northern cultivars in possessing low levels of resistant starch, which makes it better suited for paste rather than canned bean products that meet industry standards.

Potencial agronômico de híbridos de minitomate com hábito de crescimento determinado e indeterminado

RESUMO: Pouco se sabe a respeito da influência do hábito de crescimento no desempenho agronômico de híbridos de minitomate. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o potencial agronômico de híbridos de minitomate, portadores do hábito de crescimento determinado versus indeterminado. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa plástica no Sítio São Roque, em Piracicaba-SP. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos (híbridos Rosso, Giallo, Verdi, Arancio, Candy e Mascot) e cinco repetições. A semeadura foi realizada em 27/02/2012, em bandejas de poliestireno. Decorridos 37 dias da semeadura, as mudas foram transplantadas para vasos plásticos de cinco litros. Foram avaliados o número de frutos/planta; número de frutos/m2; produção/planta e produção/m2. Foi observado efeito significativo entre os híbridos avaliados pelo teste F (α= 0,05). Pode-se concluir, que os híbridos portadores do hábito de crescimento determinado (Rosso e Giallo) apresentaram melhor desempenho agronômico em relação aos híbridos portadores do hábito de crescimento indeterminado (Verdi, Arancio, Candy e Mascot). O híbrido Rosso se destacou entre os híbridos avaliados.

Further evidence for the genetic basis of qualitative traits and their linkage relationships in Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L.).

An investigation on inheritance of qualitative traits in dolichos bean revealed biallelic monogenic control of photoperiodinduced sensitivity to flowering time and flower colour in F₂ and F₂ generations. While, growth habit and pod curvature are each controlled by two genes that exhibit classical complementary epistasis, raceme emergence was controlled by two genes that displayed classical inhibitory epistasis. The dominant alleles, at two different unlinked pairs of genes are necessary for plants to exhibit indeterminate growth habit and bear straight pods. Any other combination of alleles at the two pairs of genes result in plants displaying determinate growth habit and bearing curved pods.While, the genes controlling growth habit, PSFT and raceme emergence are linked. Those controlling flower colour and pod curvature are segregated independent of each other. These results are discussed in relation to strategies for breeding dolichos bean.

English

Obtaining nutrient accumulation curves is very important in knowing the plant nutritional requirement dynamics and to direct the strategies for its supply. The aim of this work was to study the uptake, compartmentalization and exportation of macronutrients of a snap bean genotype with determinate growth habit. An experiment at field conditions at Londrina State University – UEL, Londrina-PR, Br azil, was performed in a randomized block design with five replications, using UEL-1 genotype. It was observed that dry matter production, as nutrients accumulation, were slow until 20 days after emergence (DAE), V4 stage, and became more pronounced after that period. The macronutrients were more accumulated in the pods, except for Ca, which had the leaves as preferred organ. The maximum amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S uptaken were 91.0; 35.2; 131.1; 35.2; 9.1 and 4.7 kg ha-1, respectively, while exportation to produce each ton of pod’s fresh matter were 7.01 kg of N; 3.30 kg of P; 7.91 kg of K; 0.6 kg of Ca; 0.48 kg of Mg and 0.31 kg of S. One must pay attention to the proper management of quantity and epoch of N and K supply, because of the high demand and exportation of these nutrients. Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris L., plant nutrition, accumulation, demand.

<b>AFLP analysis of genetic diversity in determinate and indeterminate snap bean accessions

The present study aimed to estimate and characterize the genetic divergence between determinate and indeterminate snap bean accessions from the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) germplasm bank based on amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of 40 and 32 accessions with determinate and indeterminate growth habits, respectively, were characterized for this purpose. Seven combinations of primers corresponding to EcoR1 and Mse1 were tested for the AFLP analysis, and the combinations E-AAG/M-CTC, E-ACT/M-CTT and E-ACC/M-CTT were selected. These selective AFLP combinations revealed 485 informative loci in total, and the combination E-ACC/M-CTT detected the greatest number of informative loci (49%). The analysis of dissimilarity frequency distribution showed that the distribution was uniform, ranging from 0.1285 to 0.7310 with a mean of 0.4801, and the accessions with indeterminate growth habits exhibited greater variability than the accessions with determinate growth habits. The clustering UPGMA, PCoA and Bayesian analyses showed the formation of two large clusters, wherein there is a possible association between snap bean growth habit and gene pool. The determinate accessions may be more closely associated with the Andean gene pool, while the indeterminate ones may be associated with the Mesoamerican gene pool. The Bayesian analysis showed accessions intermediate to both groups, suggesting introgression between the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools.

Influência da época de colheita no teor de sólidos solúveis em frutos de minitomate

Existem poucas informações publicadas sobre o efeito da época de colheita no teor de sólidos solúveis - SS (°Brix) de frutos de minitomate. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o teor de sólidos solúveis de híbridos de minitomate, portadores do hábito de crescimento determinado versus indeterminado em função da época de colheita. O experimento foi realizado em estufa agrícola, com seis tratamentos: Mascot (hábito de crescimento indeterminado), TSV918 (hábito de crescimento indeterminado), TSV912 (hábito de crescimento indeterminado), TSV678 (hábito de crescimento indeterminado), TSV1278 (hábito de crescimento determinado), TSV910 (hábito de crescimento determinado). Foram realizadas três colheitas em época distintas (90, 120 e 150 dias após o semeio - DAS) formando um fatorial 6 x 3. Durante as duas primeiras épocas de colheita (90 e 120 DAS) obteve-se os melhores teores de SS. Houve diferença significativa para os frutos coletados no ciclo final das plantas (150 DAS). O teor de sólidos solúveis variou durante as colheitas (90, 120 e 150 DAS), sendo inferior na última colheita (150 DAS). O hábito de crescimento influenciou o teor de SS apenas no início da colheita (90 DAS).

Avaliação de acessos de feijão-fava, para resistência a Colletotrichum truncatum, em condições de folhas destacadas e campo

RESUMOO feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) tem se mostrado uma importante fonte alternativa de alimentação e renda para as populações mais carentes na região Nordeste do Brasil. Entretanto, vários fatores, dentre eles a ocorrência de doenças têm contribuído para o baixo rendimento da cultura. Assim, no presente trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a reação de doze acessos de feijão-fava, de hábito de crescimento determinado, ao agente causal da antracnose, Colletotrichum truncatum, em condições de folha destacada, inoculada com o fungo e campo, sem inoculação. A severidade da doença foi estimada através de escala de notas e os acessos foram agrupados em cinco classes de acordo com a resistência. Os acessos apresentaram resistência variável à antracnose, de acordo com as condições de cultivo, sendo que em folhas destacadas foram mais suscetíveis ao fungo do que no campo. Observou-se no campo, para a maioria dos acessos, redução na porcentagem de área foliar doente em comparação com as respostas apresentadas em folha destacada. Os acessos UFPI 641, UFPI 644 e UFPI 645 comportaram-se como moderadamente resistentes em folha destacada, aos sete dias após a inoculação. Estes genótipos são, portanto, promissores para serem utilizados em programas de melhoramento genético do feijão-fava.

Semeadura cruzada em cultivares de soja com tipo de crescimento determinado

Increases in the soybean grain yield without significant alterations in the production cost can be achieved with variations in the spatial plant arrangement. The sowing in crossed rows has aroused the interest of Brazilian soybean producers once this practice was used in some areas with record-breaking soybean yield in Brazil in 2010/11 and 2011/12 growing seasons. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean cultivars with determinate growth habit managed under different spatial plant arrangements, including crossed rows. The experiments were carried out in Londrina, PR, at 2011/12 and 2012/13 growing seasons. A randomized complete block experimental design in a 2x2x2 factorial scheme was used, with three replications. The treatments were formed by combining two row spacing (0.4 and 0.6 m), two seeding rates (375,000 and 562,500 seeds ha-1) and two sowing systems (crossed or parallel rows).The cultivar BRS 294 RR was used in 2011/12 and BRS 295 RR in 2012/13 growing season. In both cultivars and years the grain yield was not affected by the sowing system, seeding rate, or by the interactions among factors, showing the high soybean phenotypic plasticity. Row spacing of 0.6 m showed the highest soybean grain yield in BRS 294 RR, mainly due to a higher grain production in the branches.

EFFECT OF SEASON AND IRRIGATION ON YIELD PARAMETERS AND SOLUBLE SOLIDS CONTENT OF PROCESSING CHERRY TOMATO

Cherry type tomato for processing with determinate growth habit and increased soluble solid content is a new perspective in improving tomato product quality. A three year (2010-2012) open field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different water supply on the yield components (yield, fruit number per ha, average fruit weight and °Brix) of ‘Strombolino’ F1, cherry type processing tomato. The seasonal effect of the three years was significant, because the precipitation totals were different in all three years. Calculated optimum water supply (WSO) was compared to a rainfed control (WSC). The irrigated plants gave a significantly higher marketable yield, by 116, 205 and 522% respectively compared to rainfed plants. We observed a strong positive correlation between the water supply and total marketable yield (R2 = 0.45). Increasing water supply increases fruit yield but reduces the ratio of healthy fruits. Indeterminate cherry type processing tomato are more responsive to seasonal variation of weather, especially rain during the ripening period, because of their higher sensitivity to fruit cracking, which results in non-marketable fruits.

English

The study of soybean (Glycine max) biometry and phenology can detect characteristics that interfere with yield, and quantitative plant development may vary according to the interaction between the genotype and the environment, and in different phenological development stages of the plant. This study evaluated the quantitative changes and phenological development caused by sowing date and their relation to grain yield of four contrasting soybean cultivars. The experimental design was a split plot with three replications, being the sowing date allocated to plots and the cultivars to subplot. The height of plants, diameter and number of nodes of the main stem, number of the branches, and leaf area index (LAI) were determined at four growth stages: V4, V9, R2 and R5.3, and the number and dry matter (DM) of the nodules at R5.3 growth stage. There was a reduction of growth in all cultivars with delayed sowing dates; however, the cultivar of determined growth habit showed to be less responsive to different sowing dates than the other cultivars. The DM of nodules was higher when plants were sown in October, and the cultivar with larger LAI obtained more DM of nodules than the others cultivars. The definition of the final quantitative characteristic of the plants occurred after the growth stage V9, and the LAI was the character at R5.3 with highest correlation with grain yield. Key words: Branches, Glycine max, leaf area index, nodulation, plants height.

English

Aiming to identify quantitative descriptors directly or indirectly related to grain yield and to verify whether this relationship depends of the growth habit of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merrill), an experiment was conducted at Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul –Aquidauana Unit, in a soil classified as Ultisol sandy loam texture. The experimental design was randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of six soybean genotypes, being three determinate growth habit and three indeterminate. The following descriptors were evaluated: plant height (PH), first pod insertion height (PIH), number of ramifications per plant (NR), number of pods (NP), mass of hundred grains (MHG) and grains yield (YIE). The data of each parameter of genotypes with determinate and indeterminate growth habit for each genetic class were compared by t-test at 5% probability. The results obtained showed that genotypes with indeterminate growth habit are more productive compared to those who have determinate growth habit. It is recommended simultaneous selection of the descriptors NP and NR for genotypes with determinate growth habit and PH, NP and NR for genotypes with indeterminate growth.

Seed yield and its components of indeterminate and determinate lines in recombinant inbred lines of soybean.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the benefits of indeterminate growth habit in breeding to improve yield potential of Japanese soybean varieties, which exclusively have determinate growth habit. Two populations of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from crosses between determinate Japanese cultivars and indeterminate US cultivars were grown in Akita and Kyoto, and seed weight per plant (SW) and its components were compared between indeterminate and determinate RILs. The difference of SW between the two growth habits in RILs varied depending on maturation time. The SW of early indeterminate lines was significantly higher than that of early determinate ones in Akita, but not in Kyoto. Among yield components, the number of seeds per pod was constantly larger in indeterminate lines than that in determinate ones irrespective of maturation time. The number of seeds per plant and the number of pods per plant of the indeterminate lines were greater than those of the determinate lines in early maturation in Akita. These results suggest that the indeterminate growth habit is an advantageous characteristic in breeding for high yield of early maturing soybean varieties in the Tohoku region.

Genetic divergence in novel determinate variants of resynthesized Indian mustard (Brassica juncea(L.) Czern & Coss)

A field experiment was conducted to study the genetic diversity in 125 genotypes with determinate plant growth habit in Brassica juncea along with 3 indeterminate check varieties PBR 357, Coral 432 and DMH 1 as per alpha lattice design with two replications at PAU, Ludhiana. Mahalanobis’ D2 analysis grouped genotypes into 12 clusters. Clusters 1, 2 and 6 were considered ideal for future breeding efforts based on inter genotypic distance and other agronomic performance. Out of the fifteen traits evaluated, yield (kg/ha) and pods/plant contributed the most towards the divergence (81.06% and 18.58%, respectively).

Variability and correlation analysis in the germplasm of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba(L.) Taub.] in hyper hot arid climate of Western India

The 44 accessions of cluster bean collected from Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates during summer and kharif seasons of hyper hot and dry climate of Rajasthan to estimate the presence of genetic variability, inter-characters associations, to identify a suitable high yielding with short duration accession of guar for cultivation during summer and to compare the relative performance of the genotypes in two seasons. The high degree of genetic variability was estimated during both seasons for seed yield per plant (g), 100-seed weight (g.), number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, plant height (cm.), number of days to 50% flowering and number of days to maturity. The moderate to high heritabilities coupled with moderate to high expected genetic advance were observed for all studied traits. Number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of clusters per plant, days to 50% flowering and days to maturity had positive and significant correlations with seed yield per plant. A promising unbranched with determinate growth habit genotype IC 421811-P6, developed through single plant selection yielded 20.6 gm seed per plant. The accessions IC 415109, IC 28272, IC 329036, IC 373427, IC 370490 during summer season and during kharif season IC 370478, IC 370481, IC 421811, IC 421817 and IC 402303 during kharif season exhibitedsuperiority in terms of seed yield over best check.

Population structure and breeding value of a new type of Brassica juncea created by combining A and B genomes from related allotetraploids.

Derived amphiploidy helped to resynthesize agronomically superior B. juncea germplasm which showed high heterosis in crosses with natural B. juncea . This new procedure facilitates a seamless flow of variation across Brassica digenomics. Brassica digenomics, artificially resynthesized by hybridizing extant genome donor diploids, show poor breeding value due to the linkage drag associated with diploid donors. We recently developed a method that involves resynthesis through hybridization between related allotetraploids. Derived B. juncea was created by combining A and B genomes extant in B. napus and B. carinata, respectively. Large genomic and agronomic modifications resulted. Population structure analysis based on the DNA polymorphism generated using 108 locus-specific SSR primers helped to identify three pools of allelic diversity. Thirteen progenies with determinate plant growth habit were discovered, and these aligned closely with B genome of the donor species like B. nigra and B. carinata. The indeterminate group showed greater genetic affinity with extant B. juncea. Derived genotypes possessed high agronomic potential. Importantly, high heterosis was observed in crosses between derived and natural B. juncea. Some derived juncea progenies figured in heterotic combinations during both the years of F 1 hybrid evaluation. In essence, the hybrids between derived B. juncea and natural B. juncea can be considered as interspecific hybrids between B. juncea and B. napus for A genome and between B. juncea and B. carinata for B genome. This possibly explains their high heterosis-inducing potential. Integrating genetic diversity with the inherent breeding value allowed more efficient prediction of heterosis. Besides generation of new novel variability of huge economic importance and operational simplicity, the method of derived amphiploidy allows a seamless flow of heritable variation across Brassica digenomics.

Discovery and mapping of Brassica juncea Sdt 1 gene associated with determinate plant growth habit.

Newly discovered determinate plant growth habit in Brassica juncea is simply inherited and can help in architectural restructuring of Brassica oilseeds. Brassica juncea is naturally indeterminate. This growth habit tends to accentuate intra-plant competition for resources within the plant canopy, leading to unfilled seeds, immature pods and tip sterility. Recent identification of plants with determinate growth habit is expected to open up new avenues for plant architectural modifications in crop Brassicas. Plants with determinate plant growth habit were identified in progenies of resynthesized B. juncea as a de novo variation. F1 plants, developed from crosses of determinate mustard with natural indeterminate genotypes were indeterminate, indicating the dominance of indeterminacy. F2 and F3 segregation revealed monogenic recessive inheritance in the progenies studied. Gene for determinacy (Sdt 1 ) was mapped to the linkage group 15 of B. juncea. Sdt 1 was flanked by SSR markers SJ6842 and Ni4-A10 at distances of 15.9 cM and 14.0 cM, respectively. Determinate progenies showed significant variation for plant height, flowering time and productivity. There appeared to be no adverse association in terms of lower pod density, productivity or oil content. Determinacy was under control of single recessive gene, mapped to the linkage group 15 of B. juncea. Determinate progenies with high agronomic performance were identified.

Optimization of crop productivity in tomato using induced mutations in the florigen pathway.

Naturally occurring genetic variation in the universal florigen flowering pathway has produced major advancements in crop domestication. However, variants that can maximize crop yields may not exist in natural populations. Here we show that tomato productivity can be fine-tuned and optimized by exploiting combinations of selected mutations in multiple florigen pathway components. By screening for chemically induced mutations that suppress the bushy, determinate growth habit of field tomatoes, we isolated a new weak allele of the florigen gene SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) and two mutations affecting a bZIP transcription factor component of the 'florigen activation complex' (ref. 11). By combining heterozygous mutations, we pinpointed an optimal balance of flowering signals, resulting in a new partially determinate architecture that translated to maximum yields. We propose that harnessing mutations in the florigen pathway to customize plant architecture and flower production offers a broad toolkit to boost crop productivity.