Determinants Of Unintended Pregnancy Research Articles

Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among pregnant woman attending ANC at Gelemso General Hospital, Oromiya Region, East Ethiopia: a facility based cross-sectional study.

BackgroundUnintended pregnancy is among the major public health problems that predispose women to maternal death and illness mainly through unsafe abortion and poor maternity care. The level of unintended pregnancy is high in developing countries. Hence, the purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of unintended pregnancy and the associated factors among pregnant woman attending antenatal care at Gelemso General Hospital, East Ethiopia.MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 10 to April 13, 2015 among women who had attended antenatal care at Gelemso General Hospital. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 413 participants. Data were collected via face-to-face interview using a structured and pre-tested questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were made to check the associations among the variables and to control the confounding factors.ResultsOut of the 413 pregnancies, 112 (27.1 %) were unintended of which 90(21.9 %) were mistimed, and 22(5.2 %) were unwanted. Multivariate analysis revealed that single, divorced/widowed marital statuses, having more than 2 children, and having no awareness of contraception were significantly associated with unintended pregnancy.ConclusionOver a quarter of women had an unintended pregnancy, a rate which is lower than previously reported. Designing and implementing strategies that address contraceptive needs of unmarried, divorced and widowed women, creating awareness of contraceptives at community level and reinforcing postnatal contraceptive counseling to all mothers giving birth at health institution is recommended to reduce the rate of the unintended pregnancy among parous women.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12905-016-0335-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Unintended Pregnancy: Magnitude and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Arba Minch Town, Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia, 2015

Background: Unintended pregnancy is an important public health challenge in many corner of the world especially in developing countries. Different efforts have been applied to reduce unintended pregnancy, but it is still increasing in Africa specifically in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the magnitude and associated factors of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women in Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted from February 15th to March 11th 2015 among 288 randomly selected pregnant women. Data on demographic and other risk factors of unintended pregnancy were collected using semi-structured questionnaire. The result was analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Logistic regressions employed to assess the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Level of significance determined at p-value <5%. Results: Magnitude of unintended pregnancy was 19.4%. This problem was affected by different factors positively or negatively. Predictor like age at first marriage ≤18 and husband refusal to use family planning were found to be positively associated with unintended pregnancy as evidenced by statistical result of [AOR=4.60 (95%CI):(2.88, 7.34)] and [AOR=3.5 (95%CI):(1.97, 6.24)] respectively. On the other hand, knowledge on family planning [AOR =0.40 (95%CI) :(0.075, 0.37)] and utilization of family planning [AOR=0.35 (95%CI): (0.20, 0.61)] were found to be protective factors for unintended pregnancy. Conclusions: The magnitude of unintended pregnancy was relatively high in this study. Age at first marriage, husband refusal to use family planning, lack practicing family planning and knowledge about family planning were determinants of unintended pregnancy. Therefore, well-tailored family planning, and organized family discussion education program targeting both women and men should be initiated.

Prevalence and Determinants of Unintended Pregnancy Among Women in South-Western Nigeria.

To study the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy in urban and rural settlements in Southwestern Nigeria. A prospective cross-sectional study of women within reproductive age. Community-based study of unwanted pregnancy was conducted in 2012. They were women of reproductive age who had experienced unintended and/or unwanted pregnancies and they were randomly selected from rural and urban areas of Ogun state in Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The prevalence of unintended/unwanted pregnancy, associated factors including the views, perception and attitudes of community members in both urban and rural settlements and the pattern of help-seeking behavior on the problem. The age range of respondents was 15-48 years (mean age 31.2± 6.7 years). One thousand, two hundred and twenty-one (51.6%) of the respondents were married. The percentage of illiterate respondents was 3.5% in urban area and 4.1% in rural area. There was a statistically significant association between level of education and use of a method to avoid or delay pregnancy (p < 0.001). The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 35.9% while that of induced abortion was 33.5%. Quality of service was the most important factor in the choice of a place for pregnancy termination in urban and rural areas. Economic reasons were often cited as reasons women make use of abortion services. Unwanted pregnancy constitutes a problem, even at the community level. The high contraceptive awareness should be translated to an increased use so as to bridge the large gap of unmet need.

Determinants of unintended pregnancies in rural Ghana.

BackgroundUnintended pregnancies may carry serious consequences for women and their families, including the possibility of unsafe abortion, delayed prenatal care, poor maternal mental health and poor child health outcomes. Although between 1993 and 2008, unintended births decreased from 42% to 37% in Ghana, the rate of decline is low, whilst levels are still very high. This raises the need to understand factors associated with unintended pregnancies, especially among women in rural settings where the rates and risks are highest to help improve maternal health.MethodWe collected data from 1,914 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic between January 2012 and April 2012 in four health facilities in the Mfantseman Municipal of the Central Region of Ghana. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to explore how socio-demographic characteristics, past reproductive health experiences, partner characteristics and relations, awareness and past experience with contraceptives, influenced the status of women’s current pregnancy (whether intended or unintended).ResultsThe mean age of the 1,914 respondents in this study was 25.6 ± 6.5 years. Seventy percent (70%) said the pregnancies they were carrying were unintended. The odds of carrying unintended pregnancy among women with five or more children were higher than those with one to two children [AOR 6.06, 95% CI (3.24-11.38) versus AOR 1.48, 95% CI (1.14-1.93)]. Women with other marital arrangements showed significantly higher odds of carrying unintended pregnancy compared to those married by ordinance (Muslim or Christian wedding). Women not living with their partners exhibited increased odds of having unintended pregnancies compared to women who lived with their partners (AOR 1.72, 95% CI: 1.28 - 2.30). Awareness of traditional methods of family planning (withdrawal and rhythm) was associated with lower odds of having unintended pregnancy compared to non-awareness (AOR 0.66, 95% CI (0.49-0.89).ConclusionsIn this study, important risk factors associated with unintended pregnancies were: parity, living arrangements with partner, marriage by ordinance and awareness of traditional, non-pharmacological contraceptive methods. Family planning interventions targeting different groups of women, especially during the postpartum period, would be essential to reduce rates of unintended pregnancies and promote positive health outcomes.

Determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Nepal

Aim: This study aims to determine the factors influencing unintended pregnancy among married women in Nepal Methods: This paper reports on data drawn from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 2001 which is a nationally representative sample survey. The analysis is restricted to the currently pregnant women at the time of survey. Logistic regression was used to assess the net effect of several independent variables on unintended pregnancy. The factors leading to unintended pregnancy were also predicted by using some significant variables in the model. Results: More than two-fifth of the respondents (41%) reported that their current pregnancies were unintended. The results indicate that age, age at first marriage, religion, exposure to radio and knowledge of family planning (FP) methods were key predictors of unintended pregnancy. Experience of unintended pregnancy augments along with the women’s age. Similarly, increase in age at first marriage reduces the likelihood of unintended pregnancy among women. Those who were exposed to radio were less likely (odds ratio, 0.65) to have unintended pregnancy compared to those who were not. Those women who had higher level of knowledge about FP methods were 40% less likely to experience unintended pregnancy compared to those having lower level of knowledge. Conclusion: One of the important factor contributing to high level of maternal and infant mortality is unintended pregnancy. Programs should intend to reduce unintended pregnancy by focusing on all these identified issues so that infant and maternal morbidity and mortality as well as abortion will be decreased and the overall health of the family could be improved. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v3i2.10828 Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Vol.3(2) 2008; 26-34

Prevalence and Determinants of Unintended Pregnancies in Malawi

Available statistics indicate high levels of unintended pregnancies in Africa. This study examines the prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancies in Malawi based on 2,144 pregnant women extracted from the 2010 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multinomial logistic regression models. Nearly 43% of the pregnancies were unintended of which 25% were mistimed. Multivariate analysis indicated that mistimed pregnancies are significantly influenced by the age of the respondent, fertility preference and number of children ever born. Among the variables that significantly increased the likelihood of unwanted pregnancies are age of respondent, wealth status, fertility preference, and region of residence even though potential confounding factors were used as control. The study recommends the strengthening of family planning services in order to reduce the level of unintended pregnancies. Focus should be on couples in Central Region and those having large number of children.

Levels, Trends, and Determinants of Unintended Pregnancy in Iran: The Role of Contraceptive Failures

The rate of contraceptive use in Iran is high, but because abortion is illegal, many unintended pregnancies among married women are likely to be terminated by clandestine and often unsafe procedures, resulting in adverse health outcomes. Drawing upon data from the 2009 Tehran Survey of Fertility, this study estimates the levels and trends of unintended pregnancy and examines determinants of pregnancy intentions for the most recent birth, using multinomial logistic regression analysis. The level of unintended pregnancy decreased from 32 percent in 2000 to 21 percent in 2009, while contraceptive use increased. Unintended pregnancies in the five years preceding the 2009 survey resulted from failures of withdrawal (48 percent) and of modern contraceptive use (20 percent), together with contraceptive discontinuation (26 percent) and nonuse (6 percent). Multivariate findings show that, compared with women experiencing withdrawal failures, the risk of unintended pregnancy was higher among women reporting modern contraceptive failure and lower among those reporting contraceptive discontinuation and nonuse. The high risk of unwanted pregnancy among women experiencing failures in practicing withdrawal or using modern contraceptive methods points to an unmet need for family planning counseling and education rather than to a shortage of contraceptive methods.

Extent and determinants of unintended pregnancy in Basrah

Background: The problem of unintended pregnancy exists in all societies, regardless of degree of development. Unintended pregnancy is associated with adverse health outcomes for both mother and child and it is a risk factor for poor health of both of them. Objective: To assess the extent of the problem of unintended pregnancy in Basrah, and to identify the main socio-demographic and reproductive factors associated with its occurrence. Methodology: The study was a cross sectional study involving 260 women who gave birth within the 6 months preceding the time of the study. The studied women were selected from 10 primary health care centers. Data were collected by direct interviewing of the women using a special questionnaire form constructed for the purpose of the study. The questionnaire included questions that covered socio-demographic and reproductive aspects of the participants, as well as details about their last pregnancy. Results: Sixty seven (25.8%) of the participants reported that their last pregnancy ending in a live birth was unintended at the time of conception. This included 33(12.7%) unwanted preg¬nancies and 34(13.1%) mistimed pregnancies. The study showed that old, illiterate and unemployed women were more likely to have an unintended pregnancy than young, educated and employed women. The prevalence of unintended pregnancy increased with the increase in the number of previous pregnancies. The study also showed that women who planned their last pregnancy, were more likely to attend the antenatal care clinic than those who did not. Conclusion: Unintended pregnancy is not a rare event in Basrah despite the fact that unintended pregnancies ended in abortion were not included in the present study.

Prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in Nairobi, Kenya

BackgroundThe prevalence of unintended pregnancy in Kenya continues to be high. The 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) showed that nearly 50% of unmarried women aged 15–19 and 45% of the married women reported their current pregnancies as mistimed or unwanted. The 2008–09 KDHS showed that 43% of married women in Kenya reported their current pregnancies were unintended. Unintended pregnancy is one of the most critical factors contributing to schoolgirl drop out in Kenya. Up to 13,000 Kenyan girls drop out of school every year as a result of unintended pregnancy. Unsafe pregnancy termination contributes immensely to maternal mortality which currently estimated at 488 deaths per 100 000 live births. In Kenya, the determinants of prevalence and determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in diverse social and economic situations, particularly in urban areas, are poorly understood due to lack of data. This paper addresses the prevalence and the determinants of unintended pregnancy among women in slum and non-slum settlements of Nairobi.MethodsThis study used the data that was collected among a random sample of 1262 slum and non-slum women aged 15–49 years in Nairobi. The data was analyzed using simple percentages and logistic regression.ResultsThe study found that 24 percent of all the women had unintended pregnancy. The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 21 per cent among women in slum settlements compared to 27 per cent among those in non-slum settlements. Marital status, employment status, ethnicity and type of settlement were significantly associated with unintended pregnancy. Logistic analysis results indicate that age, marital status and type of settlement had statistically significantly effects on unintended pregnancy. Young women aged 15–19 were significantly more likely than older women to experience unintended pregnancy. Similarly, unmarried women showed elevated risk for unintended pregnancy than ever-married women. Women in non-slum settlements were significantly more likely to experience unintended pregnancy than their counterparts in slum settlements.The determinants of unintended pregnancy differed between women in each type of settlement. Among slum women, age, parity and marital status each had significant net effect on unintended pregnancy. But for non-slum women, it was marital status and ethnicity that had significant net effects.ConclusionThe study found a high prevalence of unintended pregnancy among the study population and indicated that young and unmarried women, irrespective of their educational attainment and household wealth status, have a higher likelihood of experiencing unintended pregnancy. Except for the results on educational attainments and household wealth, these results compared well with the results reported in the literature.The results indicate the need for effective programs and strategies to increase access to contraceptive services and related education, information and communication among the study population, particularly among the young and unmarried women. Increased access to family planning services is key to reducing unintended pregnancy among the study population. This calls for concerted efforts by all the stakeholders to improve access to family planning services among the study population. Increased access should be accompanied with improvement in the quality of care and availability of information about effective utilization of family planning methods.

Determinants of Unintended Pregnancy: Results from a Re-Analysis of the Philippines’ 2003 NDHS

Determinants of Unintended Pregnancy: Results from a Re-Analysis of the Philippines’ 2003 NDHS

Contraceptive Adherence and Frequency of Sex Among Oral Contraceptive Users: Findings from the Contraceptive History, Initiation, and Choice Study

Purpose Among oral contraceptive (OC) users, adherence to the dosage regimen and frequency of sex are major determinants of unintended pregnancy. Though integral to studies of fertility and contraceptive effectiveness, information on these determinants is limited. The purpose of the Contraceptive History, Initiation, and Choice (CHIC) Study is to determine factors related to adherence and frequency of sex. Methods Women between the ages of 18–45 who were using birth control were approached while waiting for appointments at a family medicine clinic in Atlanta. Those who agreed signed an informed consent form and filled out a short baseline survey. Current OC users were invited to participate in a longitudinal study. Of 158 identified OC users, 98 returned 413 weekly diaries containing daily information on adherence and frequency of sex. Logistic regression for correlated responses was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Women using OCs to regulate their menstrual cycles had increased odds of adherence (OR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.07, 7.02). Black women had decreased odds of having sex (OR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.96), as did women experiencing menstrual bleeding (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.78). With regards to adherence, there was no association between missing ≥1 pill during a week and sex (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.64). However, women who deviated from their self-reported pill taking time by ≥2 hours had increased odds of having sex (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.13, 2.29). Conclusion A diverse group of well-educated, sexually active OC users frequently forgot to take pills or did not take them at a consistent time, thereby increasing their risk of unintended pregnancy. Subgroup analyses of this exploratory study suggest associations that should be further investigated with respect to their impact on fertility, contraceptive effectiveness, and sexually transmitted infections.

Factors associated with unintended pregnancy.

This research was designed to identify determinants of unintended pregnancy among women attending family practice or family planning clinics. Survey data were collected from 95 women who were categorized according to whether or not they had experienced an unintended pregnancy. Women reporting unintended pregnancy were younger, reported earlier sexual debut and a greater number of sexual partners than those not having experienced an unintended pregnancy. Those who had avoided unintended pregnancy displayed higher levels of preventive sexual self-efficacy, had more confidence in their ability to use contraceptive methods, perceived more negative consequences associated with having children in the near future, and believed pregnancy among unmarried women to be less acceptable than did women who had had unintended pregnancies.