Gender Determination Research Articles

465 Analysis of Female Authorship Trends in Neurosurgery Over a 10-year period: 2010–2020

INTRODUCTION: While women had greater representation in medicine in recent years, neurosurgery continues to rank towards the bottom when it comes to the proportion of women occupying a residency position in the US. Many have inferred a gender gap in the authorship of neurosurgical literature. To our knowledge, no study has analyzed changes in the representation of women among first and principal (last) authors in neurosurgery over a consecutive period. METHODS: Using the PUBMED search engine, all articles published from January 1st, 2010, to December 31st, 2020 in 10 prominent general and subspecialty neurosurgery journals were examined. Author gender was inferred using a verified online gender determination tool. RESULTS: Among the 49,023 neurosurgery articles analyzed from 2010 to 2020, 8,845 were published by a female first author, while 40,178 were published by a male first author (18.0% vs. 82.0%). Moreover, among articles with at least two authors, 5,542 were published by a female principal author, while 39,682 were published by a male principal author (12.3% vs. 87.7%). The top three publishers in terms of the proportion of female authorship (first or last author) were all subspecialty journals. Over this 10-year period, the proportion of female first authorship increased at a greater rate than female principal authorship. The rate of increase in female first authorship was greater among general neurosurgery literature compared to subspeciality neurosurgery literature. Using binomial logistic regression, articles with a female principal author were 1.72 times more likely to have a female first author than those with a male last author. CONCLUSION: In the past decade, woman representation in original neurosurgery literature has varied by time, subspecialty, and principal authorship gender. A gradual rise in woman authorship highlights incremental progress in gender diversity and the need for expanded efforts to achieve equity in neurosurgery research.

Development and Validation of a Novel and Fast Detection Method for Cannabis sativa: A 19-Plex Short Tandem Repeat Typing System.

In recent years, influenced by the legalization of Cannabis sativa in some countries and regions, the number of people who smoke or abuse C. sativa has continuously grown, cases of transnational C. sativa trafficking have also been increasing. Therefore, fast and accurate identification and source tracking of C. sativa have become urgent social needs. In this study, we developed a new 19-plex short tandem repeats (STRs) typing system for C. sativa, which includes 15 autosomal STRs (D02-CANN1, C11-CANN1, 4910, B01-CANN1, E07-CANN1, 9269, B05-CANN1, H06-CANN2, 5159, nH09, CS1, ANUCS 305, 3735, and ANUCS 302 and 9043), two X-chromosome STRs (ANUCS 501 and 1528), one sex-determining marker (DM016, on Y-chromosome), and a quality control marker (DM029, on autosome). The whole polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process could finish within 1 h, making the system suitable for fast detection. The PCR products were detected and separated with an Applied Biosystems 3500XL Genetic Analyser. Developmental validation studies indicated that the 19-plex typing system was accurate, reliable and sensitive, which could also deconvolute mixed C. sativa samples. Specifically, the sensitivity study showed that a full genotyping profile was obtainable with as low as 125 pg of C. sativa DNA. The species specificity study demonstrated that this multiplex has no cross-reactivity with common non C. sativa DNA. In the population study, a total of 162 alleles at 15 autosomal STRs and 14 alleles at two X-chromosome STRs were detected among 85 samples. The efficiency parameters, including the total discrimination power (TDP) and the combined power of exclusion (CPE) of the system, were calculated to exceed 0.999 999 999 999 988 and 0.998 455 889 684 078, respectively, further proving that the system could meet the needs of individual identification. To the extent of the known studies, this is the first study that included the C. sativa sex-determining marker. In conclusion, the developed new 19-plex STR typing system can successfully achieve the purposes of species identification, gender determination, and individual identification, which could be a powerful tool in tracing trade routes of particular drug syndicates or dealers or in linking certain C. sativa to a crime scene.

A Computational Linguistic Approach for Gender Prediction Based on Vietnamese Names

Gender prediction is extensively studied in recent years since it is widely applied in many fields. Several factors have been investigated to determine a gender of male or female through facial images, voice, gait, finger print, etc. In this study, we present a machine learning approach for gender determination based on Vietnamese names. A model based on N-gram for the full name, combining its own middle name feature based on the specificity of Vietnamese language, is proposed. The experimental evaluation of gender prediction tasks is applied on GenderVN1.0 dataset (with 3 million Vietnamese names) that achieves 90.9% of accuracy.

C-Reactive Protein Levels in Male and Female Blood Donors at Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya

Background: C-reactive protein is an inflammatory marker and has found a wide clinical application in monitoring disease progress, effectiveness of treatment and post-operative complications. Determination of gender – based reference intervals of this protein would be of great value in eliminating any biases in results interpretation. It was in this endeavor that this cross-section study was conducted at Kenyatta National Hospital, blood donor unit, between 2018 and 2019. Objectives: To determine gender-based means, medians and 2.5 th and 97.5 th interquartile ranges of C-reactive protein (CRP) in suitable blood donors attended to at the blood donor unit of Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya. Methods: A total of 108 (53.5%) female and 94 (46.5%) male volunteer blood donors aged between 18 and 60 years were recruited consecutively as they consented. Their social demographic characteristics were captured using a questionnaire form. Immediately after blood donation five milliliters of blood samples for CRP determination were drawn from the pilot tube of the blood bag by injecting the cap of an Ethylene dopamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) vacutainer with the donation needle. Extracted plasma samples were stored frozen at -70 0 C till analysis. Analysis was done using standard laboratory methods. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 21. Bootstrap methods were used to calculate means, medians and confidence intervals. The fit of the observed data distribution was determined using Shapiro – Wilk tests with P > 0.05 indicating Gaussian distribution. Means, medians and 2.5 th and 97.5 th interquartiles were determined. Gender – based comparison of the medians were done using Wilcoxon rank-sum test with, p< 0.05, considered significant. Results: The male enrollees had a mean age of 31.91 years, while females’ mean age was 31.85 years. C-reactive protein demonstrated non-parametric distribution. Females’ medians were higher than males’ (11.7 mg/l vs. 4.4 mg/l, p< 0.01) Conclusion: The females have significantly higher CRP median values than males in health.

Knowledge and perspectives of registered gynecologists about gender determination in relation to abortion laws – Exploratory questionnaire based study in central India

India is one of the few countries to legalize abortion since 1971. However, legalizing abortion has not translated into safe and affordable services. The birth sex ratio in India has been declining since the 1901. Despite the attempts by government to monitor radiologists and genetic laboratories, the Census of India 2011reported a dip in the child sex ratio in states like Maharashtra between 2001 and 2011.The present study was conducted as a cross-sectional questionnaire based study in clinics of participating doctors in a district in tribal region of central India. With the help of pre-validated questionnaire the knowledge and perception of registered gynaecologists were noted regarding the recent abortion laws.72% respondents were aware of the recent amendments in abortion laws but surprisingly only 54% participants have successfully enumerated them and 28% participants were unaware of the recent amendments in the Act.Only 24% participants said that amendments in MTP act was very good but still 12% doctors believed that there is a scope for further amendments.According to 64% participants the PCPNDT Act is acceptable but 12% said record keeping is very difficult and 6% felt that it needs lots of amendments.Majority of the respondents were aware about the MTP & PCPNDT Acts, surprisingly only 54% participants have successfully enumerated them. According to only 24% participants recent amendments was good, According to 12% they were necessary but still 12% believed that there is a scope for further amendments.

Klasifikasi Jenis Kelamin Wajah Bermasker Menggunakan Algoritma Supervised Learning

The human face is an example of the unique biometric data that each person has. The human face contains a lot of information, including face shape, skin color, eye shape, nose shape, mouth shape, and some additional attributes such as beard, mustache, hair, and eyebrows. This biometric information can be used to obtain further information regarding the human identity itself. In this study, sample data of human faces aged 20 to 30 years were used. The purpose of this study is to classify gender in human facial images using masks, while the algorithm used uses supervised learning. The research process carried out was collecting human face sample data, conducting training stages which included face resizing, storing data in arrays, feature extraction using faceNet, training data and gender models. Perform testing stages which include video data acquisition, video extraction into frames, video frames, face detection, facial image resixing, storing data in arrays, feature extraction using faceNet and prediction of gender determination. The benefits of this research can provide information in determining the gender of human faces with masks, apply the application of supervised learning algorithms to processing human face images and can be applied to face detection on highways, public areas and shopping centers. Based on testing using the K-NN method, the train accuracy value is above 87% and the test accuracy is above 96%. Testing using the SVM method obtained train accuracy above 99% and test accuracy above 98%. Tests using the random forest method obtained 100% train accuracy and test accuracy above 88%.

Study on the development of carbon nanotube enhanced biosensor for gender determination of fish

To efficiently produce seedlings in aquaculture farms, it is essential to control the ratio of males and females by sex distinguishing. On the other hand, the concentration of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), which is contained in the plasma, would be an excellent indicator that is significantly different between males and female fish. However, the concentration of 11-KT is challenging to measure due to its low concentration. In this study, we attempted to develop a high-sense biosensor system enhanced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with high conductivity and improved the efficiency and accuracy of fish gender determination. First, a self-assembled monolayer (SAM)was formed on the surface of a disk-type gold electrode, and an anti-rabbit IgG was immobilized on the SAM end. Next, an anti-11-KT antibody was immobilized on this IgG antibody, and then SWCNTs were immobilized on the electrode surface to fabricate the biosensor. Then, we attempted to quantify 11-KT by analyzing the minor electrochemical changes on the electrode surface before and after the reaction of an anti-11-KT antibody with 11-KT as an antigen by cyclic voltammetry. Next, after examining the influence of various conditions (temperature, pH, reaction time) on the response value of this sensor, the specificity of the sensor using other hormones was confirmed. Furthermore, as an application of this sensor to the actual sample, the 11-KT concentration in a Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) plasma was measured and correlated with the measurement value obtained by the conventional method (ELISA) was compared.

Cephalometric Analysis for Gender Determination Using Maxillary Sinus Index in Population of Gujrat, India

Introduction: Humans are sexually dimorphic. Identification of remnants of skeletal and decomposing parts of humans is one of the most difficult skills in forensic medicine. Forensic anthropologists can receive whole or fragmented skeletal remains. But the unique thing is that the maxillary sinus is intact within the skull, so maxillary sinus radiography is being used to identify remains and determine gender. Materials and Method: A total of 51 adult digital lateral cephalometric radiographs (20 males and 31 females) were included in the study. The maxillary sinus analysis was performed by measuring the height and width of these digital lateral cephalometric radiographs using measurement tools of Sidexis4 software. Maxillary sinus index was calculated, discriminant function analysis performed, and discriminant equation derived for determination of gender. Results: Comparison of maxillary sinus parameters (height and width) between male and female groups showed statistically insignificant differences in this study. Regression analysis is done and an equation is derived, which will aid in the prediction of gender by substituting the values of specific measurements in the equation.

Classification of Fruit Flies by Gender in Images Using Smartphones and the YOLOv4-Tiny Neural Network

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a classic research object in genetics and systems biology. In the genetic analysis of flies, a routine task is to determine the offspring size and gender ratio in their populations. Currently, these estimates are made manually, which is a very time-consuming process. The counting and gender determination of flies can be automated by using image analysis with deep learning neural networks on mobile devices. We proposed an algorithm based on the YOLOv4-tiny network to identify Drosophila flies and determine their gender based on the protocol of taking pictures of insects on a white sheet of paper with a cell phone camera. Three strategies with different types of augmentation were used to train the network. The best performance (F1 = 0.838) was achieved using synthetic images with mosaic generation. Females gender determination is worse than that one of males. Among the factors that most strongly influencing the accuracy of fly gender recognition, the fly’s position on the paper was the most important. Increased light intensity and higher quality of the device cameras have a positive effect on the recognition accuracy. We implement our method in the FlyCounter Android app for mobile devices, which performs all the image processing steps using the device processors only. The time that the YOLOv4-tiny algorithm takes to process one image is less than 4 s.

Gender-based differentials in food insecurity and wellbeing in Arab countries

BackgroundWomen in the Arab region are particularly vulnerable to food insecurity (FI). Nevertheless, limited studies examine the gender-based differentials and determinants of FI and its associations with measures of wellbeing within Arab countries. ObjectivesCompare the prevalence of FI within and across Arab countries between men and women; explore potential interactions between gender and socio-demographic determinants of FI; and examine associations between FI and wellbeing, by gender. MethodsData for the present study were drawn from four waves of the Gallup World Poll (GWP) surveys, covering 18 Arab countries (n = 65,903; 2014–2017). GWP surveys included questions about FI, socio-demographics, and well-being (daily experience index score (DEI), personal health index score (PHI), and global wellbeing index (thriving vs. non-thriving). Individual FI was assessed using the FI experience scale (FIES) and categorized into 4 categories: food secure, mild FI, moderate FI, and severe FI. Multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the associations of FI with DEI, PHI, and global wellbeing index, considering gender-based interactions and controlling for country and year effects. ResultsThe prevalence of FI in the Arab world was reported to be on average 43% (95%CI: 42.4,43.18) with 25% experiencing moderate to severe FI, using the GWP 2014–2017 data. Overall, females experienced higher levels of FI compared to males in all Arab countries with few exceptions. Significant interactions between gender and sociodemographic variables in relation to levels of FI were also noted in the present study (e.g., age, education, and employment; p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression models showed dose-responsive and significant associations between FI (at all levels) with lower DEI and PHI scores among females compared to their male counterparts. The lowest DEI and PHI scores were observed amongst severely food insecure females compared to food secure males (adjusted β: −18.45; 95%CI: −19.36, −17.55 and adjusted β: −24.12; 95%CI: −25.11, −23.13, respectively). In addition, females experiencing mild, moderate, and severe FI had significantly lower odds of reporting a thriving global well-being compared to food secure males [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 0.50 (0.43,0.57); 0.36(0.30,0.43); and 0.38 (0.30,0.47), respectively]. ConclusionFemales in the Arab region experience different forms of FI and have significantly lower subjective wellbeing measures compared to males. Findings highlight the need for developing policies and programs that address gender disparities in employment, education, and economic participation in the workforce to alleviate FI and improve overall wellbeing of women in the Arab world.

Machine Learning Techniques for Human Age and Gender Identification Based on Teeth X-Ray Images.

The use of digital medical images is increasing with advanced computational power that has immensely contributed to developing more sophisticated machine learning techniques. Determination of age and gender of individuals was manually performed by forensic experts by their professional skills, which may take a few days to generate results. A fully automated system was developed that identifies the gender of humans and age based on digital images of teeth. Since teeth are a strong and unique part of the human body that exhibits least subject to risk in natural structure and remains unchanged for a longer duration, the process of identification of gender- and age-related information from human beings is systematically carried out by analyzing OPG (orthopantomogram) images. A total of 1142 digital X-ray images of teeth were obtained from dental colleges from the population of the middle-east part of Karnataka state in India. 80% of the digital images were considered for training purposes, and the remaining 20% of teeth images were for the testing cases. The proposed gender and age determination system finds its application widely in the forensic field to predict results quickly and accurately. The prediction system was carried out using Multiclass SVM (MSVM) classifier algorithm for age estimation and LIBSVM classifier for gender prediction, and 96% of accuracy was achieved from the system.

Assessment of condyle-coronoid angle and gonial angle for gender determination: A digital panoramic study in Bagalkot population.

The determination of gender is of utmost importance for forensic science and medico-legal purposes. The mandibular bone may play a vital role in gender determination as it is the most dimorphic bone of the skull that is often recovered intact. In this respect, orthopantomograms are of great value in accurate age and sex estimation. The mandibular angles, especially the gonial angle is an important parameter of the craniofacial complex giving an indication about the vertical parameters and symmetry of the facial skeleton. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the usefulness of mandibular gonial and coronoid-condyle angle measurements on digital panoramic images as an indicator for gender determination in the Bagalkot population. A total of 200 panoramic images (100 males and 100 females) of Bagalkot district patients aged (18-58) yrs old were selected. Two mandibular parameters 1) gonial angle and 2) condyle-coronoid angle were analyzed using trophy DICOM 6.1.2.0, masterview 4.2.0. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Tukey's multiple post hoc procedures were used to compare the gender and two sides (left and right) with respect to gonial angle and condyle-coronoid angle. The analysis of the present study confirmed a statistically significant difference between the right and left sides of the gonial angle and condyle-coronoid angle in both genders. The mean comparison also shows a variation between males and females, based on gonial angle and condyle-coronoid values; females have statistically significant higher mean values than males. Based on the analysis, the present study concludes that this difference between males and females from both sides suggests that the gonial angle and condyle-coronoid angle help in gender determination. The results of the study show that greater mandibular angle aids in gender dimorphism and proves to be beneficial in gender estimation. Gonial angle and condyle-coronoid angle can be used to differentiate gender with high accuracy.

Molecular technique for gender identification: A boon in forensic odontology

Identification of an individual is essential both for legal and humanitarian purposes. Gender identification is an essential criterion required to establish the identity of an individual. The use of molecular techniques in forensic odontology is an emerging field that widens the avenue even in challenging cases of identification. Gender determination using molecular techniques in forensic odontology shows prodigious outcomes and hence befits a frontier in forensic odontology. Identification of an individual in mass disaster and crime investigation cases in the current scenario is an arduous but highly desirable task. Thorough knowledge of forensic genetics is essential and is the need of the hour. Recent advancements in molecular techniques for DNA typing useful in gender determination are both economical and time-saving. These advancements will bring justice to people and large benefits to the society. An exhaustive internet-based literature search was carried out in PubMed and Google Scholar databases using terms ‘gender identification’ OR ‘individual identification’ AND ‘DNA fingerprinting’. The search yielded 1,848 articles. Inclusion criteria included relevance to the context determined by reading the abstract and availability of the full text. A total of 169 articles were selected. After reading the full texts, only articles pertaining to the oral cavity along with relevant articles from the references of the selected articles were considered. A total of 90 articles were considered in the final review. The current article aims to comprehensively review the gender determination molecular techniques useful in forensic odontology. It emphasizes the various sources, techniques, profiling systems, and genes employed for gender identification from the oral cavity.

Gender determination from eye morphometric analysis among malaysian chinese for person identification

Gender determination is a vital tool for the anthropologist during crime scene investigation, narrowing down the suspects and building a biological profile. During crime operations, criminals used to hide their faces by wearing masks or helmets but uncover their eyes for the vision that forms a valuable clue for identification. Here, the only choice of identification evidence are the eyes.Eye morphometryis affected by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, regions and country. Hence, this study investigated the relationship between gender and eye morphometry among the Malaysian Chinese population, the first-ever anthropological study in Malaysia. A total of 127 consenting volunteers (63 males and 64 females) aged 18 to 40 years were enrolled under the convenience sampling method. The eye morphometric measurements in this study are Interpupillary Distance (IPD), Interocular Breadth (IOB), Ocular Width (OW) and Binocular Breadth (BOB). Following the standard procedure, the measurements were taken using a digital vernier calliper. The data were analysed using independent t-test. All parameters showed significant gender differences except for IOB. Therefore, the eye morphometric analysis is a promising method for gender determination among the Malaysian Chinese population.

Assessment of the Usefulness of Morphometric and Volumetric Analysis of Mastoid Process for Gender Determination in Forensic Odontology

Background: Personal identification is crucial in natural mass disasters and in man-made disasters when the body is highly mutilated and fragmented. The mastoid process of the skull is important in this regard for sex determination, since it is one of the most protected region and is resistant to damage. Aim: To assess the usefulness of morphometric and volumetric analysis of the mastoid process for gender determination in forensic odontology. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 60 retrospective CBCT skull images (30 males and 30 females) of known sex within the age group of 17–65 years. Radiographic measurements of the length, width, height and volume of the right and left mastoid processes were made using customized software. Statistical Analysis: The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the Mann–Whitney U test, and discriminant functional analysis (DFA) were used to analyze all the collected data. Results: In the present study, the mean values of length, height, width and volume of the mastoid process were found to be higher in males than in females. The height of the mastoid process was found to be a good indicator of gender determination, with a sensitivity of 76.7%, a specificity of 76.7%, and an overall accuracy of 76.7%. Conclusion: We conclude that the mastoid process is a good indicator of gender determination. The volume can also be included as an additional parameter along with length, height, and width. We therefore recommend the use of the mastoid process for gender determination in personal identification in forensic odontology.

A prospective study to determine and compare the sizes of the frontal sinus by age and gender

Introduction: Determination of gender and estimation of stature from the skeleton is vital to medicolegal inquiries. CT scan measurements of maxillary and frontal sinuses are thought to be useful for gender determination. The aim of this study is to compare the frontal sinus dimensions and to assess their reliability and accuracy for gender determination using a CT scan. Materials and Methods: A comparative study included cranial Computerized tomography (CT) of 40 patients aged between 18 and 65 years who underwent CT examination of the head and neck for other medical problems that are not related to the frontal sinus. The measurements of the frontal sinus were done in axial and scout images. Results: Our study showed that the maximum depth of frontal sinus in males and females was 10.76 ± 2.12 and 9.23 ± 1.85, respectively, which showed a statistically significant P value (<0.05). The thickness of the anterior wall for males and females was 5.27 ± 1.46 and 5.62 ± 1.60, respectively. There was no statistical significance with respect to the thickness of the anterior wall of the frontal sinus. The maximal anteroposterior length of frontal sinus measured from scout image for males and females were 12.35 ± 3.11 and 10.52 ± 2.15, respectively, which showed a statistically significant P < 0.05. The frontal sinus dimensions were correlated with age subgroups, and there is no statistical significance. Conclusion: We concluded that the dimensions of the frontal sinus could be used for gender dimorphism. This study also proposes the reliability and accuracy of frontal sinus; hence the study proves vital in identifying the gender of a person in forensic anthropology.

Gender Determination by Morphometric Evaluation of the Frontal Sinus in Indian Population - A Digital Radiographic Study

Gender Determination by Morphometric Evaluation of the Frontal Sinus in Indian Population - A Digital Radiographic Study

Gender Determination Using Data Mining Methods Through Measurements of Ascender and Descender Parts of Letters

Gender Determination Using Data Mining Methods Through Measurements of Ascender and Descender Parts of Letters

Use of pulp tissue of deciduous teeth for gender determination - A comparative molecular analysis study.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pulp tissue collected from deciduous teeth for the determination of gender using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 140 extracted deciduous teeth were selected. The control group comprised 20 teeth that were subjected to DNA analysis immediately. Whereas Group I and Group II consisted of 60 teeth which were stored in the open environment and salt water, respectively, for a period of 3, 9, and 15 months. DNA was isolated and quantified followed by the amplification of X and Y chromosomes by PCR and compared with the actual gender of the child. The data were analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, the independent sample t-test, paired t-test, and the Chi-square test. The PCR analysis results of Group I showed a more correct interpretation of gender as compared to Group II on storage for a period of 15 months. The PCR analysis results of the Control group showed a 100% accuracy rate as compared to the samples in Groups I and II. Gender could be effectively determined from the samples evaluated immediately after extraction. But the period of storage and the method of storage conditions affected the quality of isolated DNA and thus decreased the ability of gender determination.

Reliability of odontometrics in gender determination: A systematic review

Reliability of odontometrics in gender determination: A systematic review