Detection Of Electromagnetic Radiation Research Articles

Emerging New-Generation Semiconductor Single Crystals of Metal Halide Perovskites for Radiation Detection

Radiation detection uses semiconductor materials to convert high-energy photons into charge (direct detection) or low-energy photons (indirect detection), and it has a wide range of applications in nuclear physics, medical imaging, astronomical detection, homeland security, and other fields. Metal halide perovskites have the advantages of high frequency number, high carrier mobility, high defect tolerance, low defect density, adjustable band gap, and fast light response, and they have wide application prospects in the field of radiation detection. However, the research is still in its infancy stage, and it is far from meeting the requirements of industrial application. This paper focuses on the advantages of metal halide perovskite single-crystal materials in both semiconductors-based direct conversion detection and scintillator-based indirect detection as well as the latest progress in this promising field. This paper not only introduces the latest application of lead halide perovskite monocrystalline materials in high-energy electromagnetic radiation detection (X-ray and γ-rays), but it also introduces the latest development of α-particle/β-particle/neutron detection. Finally, this paper points out the challenges and future prospects of metal halide perovskite single-crystal materials in radiation detection.

Resonant switching current detector based on underdamped Josephson junctions

Current-biased Josephson junctions can act as detectors of electromagnetic radiation. At optimal conditions, their sensitivity is limited by fluctuations causing stochastic switching from the superconducting to the resistive state. This work provides a quantitative description of a stochastic switching current detector, based on an underdamped Josephson junction. It is shown that activation of a Josephson plasma resonance can greatly enhance the detector responsivity in proportion to the quality factor of the junction. The ways of tuning the detector for achieving optimal operation are discussed. For realistic parameters of Nb/AlOx/Nb tunnel junctions, the sensitivity and noise-equivalent power (NEP) can reach values of S≃5×1012 (V/W) and NEP≃2×10−23 (WHz−1/2), respectively. These outstanding characteristics facilitate both bolometric and single-photon detection in microwave and terahertz ranges. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Electromagnetic Radiation Detector with a Wavelength Range of the 2 mm Based on the Schottky Barrier Diodes

The results of development and research of a 2-mm band detector based on a series pair of the Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) are presented. The realised waveguide-microstrip design of the detector and the principle of operation are described. The linear calculation of the detector characteristics and the model of the nonlinear element based on the equivalent parameters of the SBDs in the operating mode are considered. The technique of measuring the characteristics of the 2-mm detector is specified. Experimental results of voltage sensitivity, current sensitivity, return loss of the detector input are given. The dependence of the voltage drop on the series pair of SBDs on the power of the EHF signal is investigated. The dependence of the voltage sensitivity and VSWR of the detector input on the bias current is also investigated. The influence of the equivalent parameters of the nonlinear element on the voltage sensitivity and VSWR of the detector input is considered.

Superstrate-lens integration using paraffin wax on top of semiconductor-based THz detector chips

A detector of electromagnetic radiation may benefit – if its sensor area is small – from the application of a substrate lens, which focusses the radiation onto the active sensing area of the device and thus enhances its responsivity. The use of such a lens, attached directly onto the detector backside in order to avoid reflection losses, requires that the detector substrate and backside be transparent to the radiation. However, if this is not the case, one may like to place instead a superstrate lens onto the front side of the detector. It may even be of interest to use both a substrate and a superstrate lens if the detector needs to be illuminated with two beams, e.g. for heterodyne detection, where one beam provides the local-oscillator signal. The use of a superstrate lens is, however, often hindered or impeded by an uneven surface topography or by the presence of bonding wires on the front side of the detector. Here, we address this issue and explore the use of paraffin wax to form or attach superstrate lenses. In the first case, which is the main topic of this contribution, we exploit the surface tension of liquid paraffin, brought onto the detector, to sculpt the wax itself into a lens. In the second case, only addressed conceptually here, we use paraffin to form a thin intermediate layer which also acts as an adhesive for the attachment of a plastic or silicon lens. In both cases, the application of liquid paraffin allows one to fill out an uneven detector surface and to embed wires without breaking them. We investigate the use of wax for the case of CMOS TeraFETs – detectors of terahertz radiation based on field-effect transistors – embedded into antenna structures. We describe the processing steps and analyze the performance of a TeraFET equipped with such a wax superstrate lens for front-side beam coupling.

Astronomical measurements 1923–2023: a century of astonishing progress

How have advances in technology changed astronomy over the past 100 years? In this very brief review I will give examples of just how closely discovery has followed technical innovation, allowing observations that would previously have seemed impossible. Obviously great progress has come from spaceflight allowing observations from outside the Earth’s atmosphere. But two other factors have also been crucial—the development of efficient detectors of electromagnetic radiation and the application of computers to both instrument control and data analysis. Driving down experimental errors in pursuit of ever-more accurate measurements has been important too. I will particularly highlight advances in cosmology, the nature of galactic nuclei and the discovery of exoplanets.

Peculiarities of Resonant Absorption of Electromagnetic Signals in Multilayer Bolometric Sensors.

We examine the effect of resonant absorption of electromagnetic signals in a silicon semiconductor plasma layer when the dielectric plate is placed behind it both experimentally and numerically. It is shown that such plate acts as a dielectric resonator and can significantly increase the electromagnetic energy absorption in the semiconductor for certain frequencies determined by the dielectric plate parameters. Numerical modelling of the effect is performed under the conditions of conducted experiment. The numerical results are found to be in qualitative agreement with experimental ones. This study confirms the proposed earlier method of increasing the efficiency of bolometric-type detectors of electromagnetic radiation.

Air shower radio signal electric field orientation as measured with the Astroneu Cosmic Ray telescope.

The Astroneu cosmic ray telescope is a small scale hybrid array consisting of both scintillator counters and electromagnetic radiation detectors in the radio-wave frequency (RF) band (antennas). Astroneu was installed and operated in the area of the Hellenic Open University (HOU) campus near the city of Patras in Greece. In the present development phase, the Astroneu telescope includes two stations consisting of 3 scintillation detectors modules (SDM) and one RF antenna while a third station includes 3 particle detectors and 4 RF antennas (3SDM-4RF). In this context we present the resent results from both the 3SDM-4RF autonomous station and simulations related to the estimation of the direction of the electric field emitted during the air shower development. The electric field measured in the ground level is the superposition of the two dominant emission mechanism, the time depended transverse current induced by the geomagnetic field and the net negative charge variation at the shower front. Since the electric field emitted by the two contributions is polarized in different directions the measured electric field in the ground encloses information about the charge-excess to geomagnetic ratio (CGR). Furthermore the orientation of the electric field emitted by charge-excess mechanism is strongly depends from the distance to the shower core (the intersection of the shower axis with the ground level). In this study we use the core information as reconstructed using the radio data and simulations. The estimated charge-excess to geomagnetic ratio is in agreement with previous studies which reveals that the shower core reconstruction method is efficient. Finally we report on that CGR measurements can be used for an efficient noise rejection in a future self trigger mode

Laser-induced graphene based visible and near-infrared radiation detector

A broadband fast detector of electromagnetic radiation in the visible and near-infrared spectral range is prepared from laser-induced graphene (LIG) obtained by thermal decomposition of a polyimide film. The thermal resistance coefficient of the LIG and resistive responsivity of LIG detector to 532 nm laser power reach up to ∼0.05%K−1 and ∼0.16 %mW−1, respectively, at ambient conditions. The working frequency of LIG detector is spread over 10 kHz, which is explained by the contributions of two different mechanisms: the thermal heating of the graphene and the photogating effect. The photoresponse spectral characteristic of the LIG detector is similar to that of black body radiation with the exception of the tiny peculiarities associated with absorption of light by the optical setup, as well as with the processes of photoelectron generation in the LIG.

Pengaruh Daun Bayam Merah Amarantanthus tricolor L sebagai Material Bioscreen Anti-radiasi pada Laptop

The era of the industrial revolution 4.0 and society 5.0 has necessitated the use of technology in life. For academics, the use of technology is very dependent on laptops. The use of laptops for various purposes is increasing. However, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by laptops can harm the wearer. Reducing radiation on laptops can be pursued through the use of environmentally friendly renewable materials, such as spinach leaf bioscreen. This study aims to determine the effect of Amaranthus tricolor L red spinach leaves as an anti-radiation bioscreen on laptops. This study uses a pre-experimental method with a one group pre-test post-test design. The amount of electromagnetic radiation was measured using an electromagnetic radiation detector DT-1130. Data analysis used correlation test and simple linear regression test. The results of the Pearson product moment analysis obtained a correlation coefficient value of r = -0.999 which means that there is a very strong relationship between the increase in the number of spinach leaves and the decrease in laptop radiation. Regression test shows the amount of radiation (y) can be predicted from the number of leaves (x) with the equation y=1420,106–26,311x, meaning that an increase in the use of spinach leaves by 1cm2 will reduce radiation by 26,311µW. The results of this study indicate that spinach leaves have the potential as a bioscreen material in reducing exposure to electromagnetic radiation on laptops.

Optomechanical metamaterial nanobolometer

Bolometers are detectors of electromagnetic radiation that usually convert the radiation-induced change in temperature of the detector into electric signals. Temperature-dependent electrical resistance in semiconductors and superconductors, the thermoelectric effect in thermocouples, and the pyroelectric effect of transient electric polarization of certain materials when they are heated or cooled are among the underlying physical phenomena used in bolometers. Here, we report that the dependence of the fundamental frequency of a nanowire string detected via scattering of light on the string can be used in a bolometer. Arrays of such nanowires can serve as detectors with high spatial and temporal resolution. We demonstrate a bolometer with 400 nm spatial resolution, 2–3 µs thermal response time, and optical power detection noise floor at 3–5 nW/Hz1/2 at room temperature.

Bismuth oxyhalide based photo-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerators

Utilizing wide absorption characteristics of a narrow bandgap (~1.8 eV) semiconductor, we report on Bismuth Oxyiodide (BiOI) based photo-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The potentiostatic deposition of tribo-positive BiOI on transparent, electrically conducting Fluorine doped Indium Tin Oxide (FTO) substrates provides a pathway to exploit concurrently the photo-enhanced charge generation and triboelectric effects. When utilized against tribo-negative polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films, under illumination, the BiOI/PDMS TENGs’ output was significantly enhanced, wherein an increase of 21% in output voltage, 38% in charge density (26% in short-circuit current density), and 74% in overall power density (from 0.25 Wm −2 (in dark) and 0.44 Wm −2 (under illumination)), respectively, was observed. Correspondingly, a dramatic enhancement (from ~25 mV to ~300 mV) in the average surface potential, termed as surface photovoltage (SPV), for the illuminated BiOI was observed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM). For an isolated, grounded BiOI/FTO electrode, this enhanced SPV was slow-decaying (~3.5 h) and is attributed to the high dielectric constant, presence of deep surface states and traps within BiOI, and slow charge-exchange with the ambient environment. The work thus not only provides an approach for the enhancement of mechanical-to-electrical efficiency of TENGs by light absorption but can also be utilized for self-powered detection of electromagnetic radiation and photodetectors. • Potentiostatic deposition of n- type, tribo-positive Bismuth Oxyiodide (BiOI) for photo-enhanced triboelectric effect. • Under white light illumination, BiOI-PDMS TENG displays 74% increase in output power density. • Under illumination, dramatic surface photovoltage enhancement (from 25 mV to 300 mV) measured using photo-KPFM.

Electromagnetic radiation detection using cantilever-based photoacoustic effect: A method for realizing power detectors with broad spectral sensitivity and large dynamic range

A sensitive photoacoustic detection approach employing a silicon cantilever is investigated for power measurement of electromagnetic radiation. The technique which is actuated by pressure waves generated through radiation-induced heat depicts high sensitivity for a considerably large spectral range from 325 nm to 1523 nm. The implemented method shows linear response in the measurement of radiation power from 15 nW to 6 mW demonstrating a dynamic range of almost six orders of magnitude. A numerical model has been developed to analyze and optimize the measurement sensitivity. The model allows studying different dimensions of the cantilever which is one of the key components of the radiation detection process. The numerical results are in good agreement with experimental results. The electromagnetic power detection technique shows future potential for industrial applications and scientific studies.

Analysis effect of winding on radiation-electromagnetic field on the tesla coil

Utilization of modern technology has been widely felt by the public as well as utilizing wireless charging technology on android phones. The charging, of course, uses the concept of Tesla coil, namely the transfer of electricity without wires. The Tesla coil can emit electromagnetic radiation which depends on its input. This study aims to design a miniature tesla coil as a magnetic inductor. In this design, measuring electromagnetic radiation with a coil diameter of 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm with the same number of turns is 500 turns. The method used is an experimental method using determinants such as the diameter of the coil, the height of the measurement of electromagnetic radiation, and the distance measurement of electromagnetic radiation. Experiments carried out varying independent variables including diameter of the coil, measurement distance, height and number of turns as a constant quantity. The measurement uses the electromagnetic radiation detector DT-1130 to measure the electromagnetic radiation at several heights of the Tesla coil. The results showed that electromagnetic radiation which has the highest value is at the top or at the end of the coil for the position near the primary coil obtained the lowest electromagnetic radiation results among the three measurements, whereas for distance researchers get the result that the further measurement between the electromagnetic sensor and the Tesla coil electromagnetic radiation is getting weaker. At a winding diameter of 0.3 mm which produces the smallest radiation but when brought closer to the Neon lamp the light intensity of the Neon lamp is brighter compared to the diameter of the winding 0.5 mm which has the most radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation detection in cement-mortar/lead zirconate titanate composites using drop-weight impact technique

Investigation on the electromagnetic radiation (EMR) emission from cement-mortar/lead zirconate titanate (cement-mortar/PZT) composites using a drop-weight impact technique has been undertaken to explore its possible applications in civil structures as a sensor. Unpoled soft grade PZT (SP-5A) powder, having a particle size of 1 µm is used for preparing the cement-mortar/PZT composite samples onto which the experiments were conducted in unpoled state. The EMR generation from cement-mortar/PZT composites is due to the accelerated movement of the charged particles in the pores of hydrated cement and due to oscillations of dipoles in the PZT. The values of EMR voltage, the average release rate of EMR energy, and dominant frequency are observed to increase with the rise of the PZT content and the height of impact. The deformation/strain in the composite could be sensed by measuring the EMR voltage. Also, the addition of PZT in mortar results in an increase in the compressive strength and bulk density and a decrease in the porosity of the composite. The effect of the separation of the antenna and the composite samples on the EMR voltage has also been studied. The results obtained, foreshadow the prospect of the present non-destructive technique, a better option for structural health monitoring.

Integrated Low Noise Amplifier with Capacitive Shunt Feedback Impedance Matching for Radio Astronomy

The noise performance of integrated low noise amplifiers (LNAs) is impaired by on-chip inductors owing to their low-quality factor, especially when inductors are used in the signal path at the input, such as for the inductively degenerated common-emitter amplifier. The inductively degenerated common-emitter configuration is largely used in LNA design, owing mainly to its ability to achieve impedance and noise matching simultaneously. This paper proposes an LNA configuration that achieves impedance matching and noise matching simultaneously without an inductor in the input signal path, owing to capacitive feedback and transistor sizing. Only the resistive component of the optimum noise resistance is matched to the source resistance. The impact of the mismatch due to the reactive component to the noise figure is reduced by the ratio G s /R n . A technique initially developed for the broadband matching of a single-layer microstrip patch antenna is used for the output matching network. Using a 130 nm silicon–germanium heterojunction bipolar transistor process, simulation results indicate a noise figure of 2.3 dB, a gain of 26 dB and S 11 and S 22 that are better than −12 dB at 1.42 GHz. This frequency corresponds to the 21 cm hydrogen line. This novel multi-stage LNA can be used for the detection of electromagnetic radiation from neutral hydrogen atoms from space in radio astronomy and the proposed design methodology can be generalized to LNAs.

A Search for Ultra-high-energy Neutrinos from TXS 0506+056 Using the Pierre Auger Observatory

Abstract Results of a search for ultra-high-energy neutrinos with the Pierre Auger Observatory from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 are presented. They were obtained as part of the follow-up that stemmed from the detection of high-energy neutrinos and gamma rays with IceCube, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and other detectors of electromagnetic radiation in several bands. The Pierre Auger Observatory is sensitive to neutrinos in the energy range from 100 PeV to 100 EeV and in the zenith-angle range from θ = 60° to θ = 95°, where the zenith angle is measured from the vertical direction. No neutrinos from the direction of TXS 0506+056 have been found. The results were analyzed in three periods: one of 6 months around the detection of IceCube-170922 A, coinciding with a flare period of TXS 0506+056, a second one of 110 days during which the IceCube collaboration found an excess of 13 neutrinos from a direction compatible with TXS 0506+056, and a third one from 2004 January 1 up to 2018 August 31, over which the Pierre Auger Observatory has been taking data. The sensitivity of the Observatory is addressed for different spectral indices by considering the fluxes that would induce a single expected event during the observation period. For indices compatible with those measured by the IceCube collaboration the expected number of neutrinos at the Observatory is well below one. Spectral indices as hard as 1.5 would have to apply in this energy range to expect a single event to have been detected.

What Heinrich Hertz discovered about electric waves in 1887–1888

Among the most influential and well-known experiments of the 19th century was the generation and detection of electromagnetic radiation by Heinrich Hertz in 1887–1888, work that bears favorable comparison for experimental ingenuity and influence with that by Michael Faraday in the 1830s and 1840s. In what follows, we pursue issues raised by what Hertz did in his experimental space to produce and to detect what proved to be an extraordinarily subtle effect. Though he did provide evidence for the existence of such radiation that other investigators found compelling, nevertheless Hertz’s data and the conclusions he drew from it ran counter to the claim of Maxwell’s electrodynamics that electric waves in air and wires travel at the same speed. Since subsequent experiments eventually suggested otherwise, the question arises of just what took place in Hertz’s. The difficulties attendant on designing, deploying, and interpreting novel apparatus go far in explaining his results, which were nevertheless sufficiently convincing that other investigators, and Hertz himself, soon took up the challenge of further investigation based on his initial designs.

Electromagnetic radiation detection from cubical mortar sample and its theoretical model

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) signals have been detected from cubical cement mortar specimens during quasi-static compression and impact loading. In case of quasi-static compression EMR voltage vary from 45 to 13 mV while for impact height of 18 cm EMR voltage was found to vary between 434 and 228 mV. Nature of variation of EMR voltage and evaporable water content with increase in number of curing days is observed to be similar. Based on the EMR signals obtained during repetitive impacts mathematical model for EMR under impact loading is presented. Ions contained in the capillary and gel pores of the cement form dipoles and vibrations of dipoles under impact has been considered as the possible source of the observed emissions. EMR signals obtained using proposed model are in good agreement with the experimental ones in terms of nature as well as in amplitude and can be used for deformation monitoring.

Photoresponse of current-biased superconductor/normal metal strip with large ratio of resistivities

We study the perspective of thin bilayer strips made of highly resistive (in the normal state) superconductor (S) and low resistive normal metal (N) as a detector of electromagnetic radiation. A small minigap in the quasiparticle spectra, induced in the N layer due to proximity induced superconductivity from the S layer and the ability of low resistive N layer to carry a larger superconducting current than the host dirty superconductor leads to steep temperature dependence of critical current of SN strip in wide temperature ranges. It results in higher sensitivity of current-biased SN strip to the electromagnetic radiation in comparison with S strip. We present experimental results on several microns wide MoN/Cu and MoN strips, which confirm this statement in the bolometric regime. We also discuss possible advantages of single photon counting by narrow SN strips.

Sensitivity of a superconducting photon detector with a normal domain

This study analyzes a non-threshold electromagnetic radiation detector, which is a current-carrying superconducting film with a normal domain. The normal domain is formed as a result of heating a portion of the film by an external heat source, and Joule heat in the domain. The detection mechanism consists in the fact that the heating of the film by electromagnetic radiation leads to an increase in the length of the normal domain, and thereby to an increase in voltage across the film. The authors have calculated the sensitivity of the detector under consideration, and determined the conditions under which this sensitivity reaches its maximum.