Array Detector Research Articles

Construction of novel hyper-crosslinked polymers with adjustable hydrophilicity for efficient extraction of nitroimidazoles.

To effectively control food safety risks caused by nitroimidazoles (NDZs), a sensitive detection method was established on the basis of a newly-developed solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent named as Phl-TBM that is a porous polymer prepared by crosslinking natural phloretin with (2,4,6-tris(bromomethyl)mesitylene. The Phl-TBM presented outstanding NDZs adsorption capacity, which can be ascribed to its well-developed porosity and multiple hydrogen bonding sites. With Phl-TBM as SPE sorbent, NDZs were successfully isolated and enriched from lake water, Basa fish, and beef before being assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. This Phl-TBM based method has a detection limit of 0.02-0.06 ng mL-1 in lake water, 0.60-1.50 ng g-1 in Basa fish, and 0.70-1.20 ng g-1 in beef. The method recoveries are 80.0-120 % with relative standard deviations less than 8.1 %. This study presents an effective and feasible approach for detection of NDZs residues at trace level.

A gamma-ray spectrometer based on MAPD-3NM-2 and LaBr3(ce) and LSO scintillators for hydrogen detection on planetary surfaces

The presented work is dedicated to the detection of hydrogen, using detectors based on a MAPD (Micropixel Avalanche Photodiode) array based on new MAPD-3NM-2 type photodiodes and two different scintillators (LaBr3(Ce) and LSO(Ce)). The physical parameters of the MAPD photodiode used in the study and the intrinsic background of the scintillators were investigated. For the 2.223 MeV energy gamma-ray indicating the presence of hydrogen, the energy resolution was 6.89% with the MAPD array and LSO scintillator-based detector, and the number of events corresponding to this energy was 4817. With the MAPD array and LaBr3(Ce) scintillator, the energy resolution for the 2.223 MeV gamma-ray was 3.55%, and the number of events corresponding to this energy was 3868. The LSO scintillator-based detector allowed for the detection of 24.5% more 2.223 MeV energy gamma-rays compared to the LaBr3(Ce) scintillator. For the 2.223 MeV gamma-ray associated with hydrogen, the energy resolution with the LaBr3(Ce) scintillator was 48.5% better than with the LSO scintillator. The lower energy resolution compared to the LSO is due to the higher light output of LaBr3(Ce). The obtained results experimentally demonstrate that it is possible to obtain information about the presence of hydrogen in the target using both detectors.

Stability study of topotecan in ophthalmic prefilled syringes for intravitreal delivery

BackgroundIntravitreal and intracameral administration of melphalan and topotecan (TPT) has shown its efficacy in the treatment of retinoblastoma over the last few years. Due to rapid hydrolysis, melphalan must be...

Assessment of greenness, blueness, and whiteness profiles of a validated HPLC-DAD method for quantitation of Donepezil HCl and Curcumin in their laboratory prepared co-formulated nanoliposomes

White and Green Analytical Chemistry are innovative approaches in analytical chemistry that prioritize both sustainability and efficiency. Together, these approaches aim to advance scientific research while minimizing environmental impact and enhancing safety. This integration of environmental consciousness into analytical practices represents a significant step forward in achieving sustainable scientific progress. In the present study, a sensitive eco-friendly HPLC-DAD method was carried out and validated to allow concurrent determination of Donepezil HCl (DPZ) and Curcumin (CUR) in their pure form and laboratory made nano-liposome formulation. Optimum seperation was accomplished by utilising Zobrax Eclipse Plus C18 column (4.6*100 mm,5 μm) with gradient elution of the mobile phase composed of 0.02 M phosphate buffer at pH 3.2 and ethanol at flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. A diode array detector (DAD) was implemented for detection at 273 nm and 435 nm for DPZ and CUR, respectively, with the column oven set at 40 °C. The method was validated according to ICH specifications in terms of accuracy, precision, linearity range, detection and quantification limit. The calibration plots were linear with correlation coefficients (r2) = 0.999 over the range (0.1–100 µg/ml) and (0.1–100 µg/ml) for DPZ and CUR, successively. The validated HPLC-DAD approach was adopted to analyse both medications in laboratory prepared nano-liposomal formulation in which the analytes were successfully quantified with good recovery values and no disrubtion from the added excipients. The investigation of whiteness, blueness, and greenness metrics revealed a major benefit of the suggested approach over previous reported ones.

The Stability-Indicating Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method Applied for the Forced Degradation Study of Ritlecitinib: An Appraisal of Green and Blue Metrics.

Janus kinase inhibitors open new horizons for small-molecule drugs in treating inflammatory bowel disease, with ritlecitinib demonstrating significant efficacy in clinical trials for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Ritlecitinib, a second-generation JAK3 inhibitor, is a novel therapeutic agent for alopecia areata and other autoimmune conditions. A new stability-indicating UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS method was developed, validated, and applied for a forced degradation study of ritlecitinib under ICH guidelines. The method demonstrated high specificity, sensitivity (LOD: 0.04 µg/mL; LOQ: 0.14 µg/mL), precision (RSD ≤ 0.15%), and accuracy (99.9-100.3%). Forced degradation studies under acidic, basic, oxidative, thermal, and photolytic conditions revealed four novel degradation products. Basic degradation followed second-order kinetics, while oxidative degradation followed zero-order kinetics. The validated method reliably characterized ritlecitinib's stability and degradation products, providing essential data for optimizing formulation, determining proper storage conditions, anticipating drug-excipient interactions, and ensuring quality control. The eco-friendliness and applicability of the developed forced degradation procedure were evaluated using various green and blue metric tools. Incorporating green analytical principles underscores its potential for sustainable pharmaceutical analysis.

Thymelaea hirsuta extract attenuates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats: Effect on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most prominent diseases of the aged men urinary system. It is associated with cellular proliferation, hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Traditionally, Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) (TH) leaves and flowers were used as a decoction or infusion in traditional medicine to treat skin disorders, urinary tract infection and infertility. To date, its potential protective effects for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have not been investigated. This study explored the effects of Thymelaea hirsuta extract (THE) on the development of BPH using a rat model of testosterone induced BPH. The THE phenolic composition was identified by liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (LC-DAD). Then, 21 male Wistar rats (Ten-week old) weighting 200-250g were separated into three groups: the group 1 was considered as a control while the group 2 and 3 received intramuscular injection of testosterone at dose of 3mg/kg (BPH). Only the group 3 received orally THE at dose of 36mg/kg. After four-week experimental time, the animals were sacrificed, and reproductive tissue was taken for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Biochemical tests were also carried out. Additionally, the protein expression levels including in the inflammation pathway were analyzed by western blot. Our results revealed that THE treatment reduced the prostate weight and index. Orally THE administration improved the prostate biochemical and morphological characteristic in BPH rats and then lead to a normal prostate morphology restoration. As expected, THE supplementation significantly inhibited rat prostate enlargement, improved the pathological feature and reduced the epithelial thickness. Additionally, the anti-hyperplasic effect of THE is related to its possible ability to regulate the apoptotic and inflammatory pathways. Indeed, immunohistochemical and western blot analyses displayed a significant regulation of the apoptotic markers (Bax and Bcl-2) and a decrease in the inflammatory protein expression (NF-κB and TNF-α). Similarly, THE treatment increased the prostate cells' endogenous antioxidant capacity through the improvement of GSH level and the SOD activity. Conversely, it decreased the prostatic lipid peroxidation content. The HPLC-ESI-MSn analysis showed that chlorogenic acid and vicenin-2 were putatively identified as the major compounds of THE. The advanced results revealed the THE efficiency in the prevention of the testosterone-induced BPH in rats indicating that THE can be used as an alternative therapy for BPH management.

Direct measurement of the 19F(p,α)16O reaction using the LHASA detector array

The low-energy 19F(p,α)16O reaction has significant implications for nuclear astrophysics. The 19F(p, α)16O reaction occurs via three channels: (p,α0), (p,απ), and (p,αγ). At lower temperatures, below 0.15 GK, the (p,α0) channel is the dominant contributor of the reaction. The 19F(p,α0)16O reaction cross section in the energy range of 400–900 keV was studied in this work. Recent data in the literature reveals a roughly 1.4 increase compared to prior findings reported in the NACRE (Nuclear Astrophysics Compilation of REactions) compilation. Therefore, we present new additional result of the study published in EPJA [22] employing a silicon strip detector array (LHASA - Large High-resolution Array of Silicon for Astrophysics). The anguar distributions, the reaction cross sections and the astrophysical S-factors of the (p,α0) channel were obtained through this experiment. Our findings resolve the discrepancies that exist between the two previously available data sets in the literature.

Refining the Production Date of Historical Palestinian Garments Through Dye Identification

The dyes used to produce two Palestinian garments from the British Museum’s collection attributed to the late 19th–early 20th century were investigated by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Palestinian embroidery is a symbol of national identity and the topic of scholarly research. However, little attention has been given to the dyes and how these changed with the introduction of new synthetic formulations in the second half of the 19th century. The results revealed the use of natural indigoid blue and red madder (Rubia tinctorum), in combination with tannins. Yellow from buckthorn (probably Rhamnus saxatilis) and red from cochineal (probably Dactylopius coccus) were found mixed with synthetic dyes in green and dark red embroidery threads, respectively. Early synthetic dyes were identified in all the other colours. These include Rhodamine B (C.I. 45170), Orange II (C.I. 15510), Orange IV (C.I. 13080), Metanil Yellow (C.I. 13065), Chrysoidine R (C.I. 11320), Methyl Violet (C.I. 42535), Malachite Green (C.I. 42000), Fuchsin (C.I. 42510), Auramine O (C.I. 41000) and Methyl Blue (C.I. 42780). As the date of the first synthesis of these dyes is known, the production date of the garments was refined, suggesting that these were likely to be produced towards the end of the 1880s/beginning of the 1890s. The continuous use of historical local sources of natural dyes, alongside new synthetic dyes, is of particular interest, adding rightful nuances to the development of textile-making practices in this region.

Barley leaf cell-wall responses to the penetration by adapted and nonadapted powdery mildew fungi revealed with the thermal-source based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy and focal plane array

Infrared microspectroscopy allows for detailed characterization of functional groups at subcellular levels in plants. In this study, barley leaves were inoculated with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh, adapted) and B. graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt, nonadapted). Globar-based transmission Fourier transform infrared (gFTIR) microspectroscopy equipped with an upgraded high-resolution focal plane array (FPA) detector which enabled the rapid acquisition of high magnification imaging with a 3.3-μm × 3.3-μm capacity, was employed to quantitatively analyse the cell wall (CW) modification over individual leaf cells in response to attempted penetration at 24 hours post-inoculation. Univariate and multivariate analyses of gFTIR spectra revealed distinct changes in several CW functional groups upon attempted penetration by Bgt, with significant increases in the integrated areas of cellulose, hemicellulose, methyl-esterified pectins and lipid regions compared to cells without penetration. Notably, neither guaiacyl (G) nor syringyl (S) lignin increased significantly in CWs near Bgt penetration sites relative to nonpenetrating controls, though the G/S ratio was higher than in Bgh-penetrated sites. These findings suggest early and rapid CW modifications occur during the nonhost resistance to Bgt. This study also confirms previous results obtained using synchrotron-based FTIR (sFTIR), demonstrating that both gFTIR and sFTIR are valuable for studying plant CW apposition, with gFTIR being more accessible and rapid for imaging over large areas with compatible quality and resolution to sFTIR.

Integrated Underwater X‐Ray Detector Arrays Fabricated by Perovskite Single‐Crystal Arrays

AbstractGiven the promising application prospects of underwater X‐ray detection technology, traditional perovskite materials, despite their outstanding performance in X‐ray detection, are significantly constrained by their inherent susceptibility to hydrolysis, hindering their effective utilization in underwater environments. To date, most efforts are devoted to evaluating these materials' performance under atmospheric conditions, with a limited exploration into their adaptability in underwater settings. In this study, the successful fabrication of thick perovskite single‐crystal arrays with a thickness of 400 µm and their integration into a stable underwater X‐ray detector array is demonstrated. The single‐crystal arrays exhibit remarkable uniformity in both alignment and dimensions, thereby contributing to improved detection homogeneity and enhanced underwater imaging capabilities. The detector arrays exhibit exceptional X‐ray detection performance, characterized by a high sensitivity of 155,020 µC·Gy−1·cm−2 at 5 V bias and a low detection limit of 52 nGy·s−1, which represents a significant advancement in the frontier of perovskite‐based materials for underwater X‐ray detection. After continuous submersion in water for over 60 days, the detector array maintains its initial X‐ray detection performance, proving its stable adaptability to the underwater environment.

High-performance solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector arrays based on two-inch ϵ-Ga2O3 films for imaging applications

Abstract To achieve high-quality solar-blind imaging applications based on ultrawide bandgap semiconductor photodetectors, it is crucial to fabricate highly uniform wafer-scale films. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of exceptionally uniform two-inch ε-Ga2O3 thin films on sapphire substrates using an off-axis pulsed laser deposition method. The two-inch ε-Ga2O3 films exhibit remarkable uniformity across key parameters, including thickness, crystalline quality, bandgap, and surface roughness, with an inhomogeneity ratio less than 5%. Additionally, these films are preferentially oriented along the (001) crystal plane. At 20 V bias, the individual ε-Ga2O3 photodetector demonstrates outstanding solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetection performance, with a responsivity of 52.77 A/W at 240 nm, an external quantum efficiency of 2.7×104%, a dark current of 5.5×10-11 A and a UV–visible rejection ratio of 1.2×104. Furthermore, the 10×10 photodetector arrays fabricated on two-inch ε-Ga2O3 films exhibit highly uniform photodetection performance, with photocurrent deviations remaining within one order of magnitude and a maximum standard deviation of ~8%. High-contrast optical imaging of the letters of “NIMTE” is successfully achieved using the 10×10 photodetector array detector. This work provides valuable insights for fabricating wafer-scale uniform ε-Ga2O3 films and achieving high-quality solar-blind UV imaging applications.

Freeze-Drying for the Reduction of Fruit and Vegetable Chain Losses: A Sustainable Solution to Produce Potential Health-Promoting Food Applications.

Freeze-drying fresh vegetables and fruits may not only prevent post-harvest losses but also provide a concentrated source of nutrients and phytochemicals. This study focused on the phenolic composition of different freeze-dried products derived from horticultural crop remains (HCRs) in the vegetable and fruit production chain. These products may be considered as a potential health-promoting solution for preventing post-harvest fruit spoiling and losses. The total polyphenolic content (TPC) and the main phenolics were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a diode array detector (DAD). Additionally, an in vitro chemical screening of the antioxidant capacity was carried out using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. These analyses were performed together with an investigation of the correlations among phenolics and their antioxidant properties, and a bioinformatic approach was used to estimate the main potential bio-targets in human beings. Furthermore, a statistical approach using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out for a multivariate characterization of these products. Catechins, flavonols, and phenolic acids were the predominant and most discriminating classes in different products. The TPC values obtained in this study ranged from 366.86 ± 71.30 mg GAE/100 g DW (apple, MD) to 1077.13 ± 35.47 mg GAE/100 g DW (blueberry, MID) and 1102.25 ± 219.71 mg GAE/100 g DW (kaki, KD). The FRAP values ranged from 49.28 ± 2.88 mmol Fe2+/kg DW (apple, MD) to 80.43 ± 0.02 mmol Fe2+/kg DW (blueberry, MID) and 79.05 ± 0.21 mmol Fe2+/kg DW (kaki, KD). The proposed approach may be an effective tool for quality control and valorization of these products. This study showed that the utilization of crop remains can potentially lead to the development of new functional foods, providing additional economic benefits for farmers. Finally, the use of freeze-drying may potentially be a sustainable and beneficial solution for growers who may directly utilize this technology to produce dried products from the crop remains of their fruit productions.

A Novel Array-Based Fluorescent Sensing Approach for the Identification and Quantification of Pesticides with High Sensitivity Based on Distinguishable Cross-response Algorithm.

The presence of excessive residues of pesticides poses a great threat to ecology and human health. Herein, a novel, low-cost, simple and precise quantification sensing platform was established for differentiating and monitoring four common pesticides in China. Particularly, the array-based ratio fluorescent sensor array detector (ARF-SAD) based on cross-reaction characteristics of porphyrins and other porphyrin derivative was successfully constructed and integrated into the platform. Via acquiring the fluorescent data before and after the reaction of the ARF-SAD with pesticides, a novel, unique, and recognizable pattern of fluorescence changes was developed and utilized for the rapid characterization of pesticides. In addition, after raw data processed through the intervention of machine learning algorithms (hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, fitting of a polynomial), the selected pesticides and their mixture can be accurately distinguished via the constructed fluorescence fingerprint map by the platform in terms of category. By use of ratio fluorescence strategy, the platform and fluorescent sensor array can provide good sensitivity and selectivity for the monitoring of selected pesticides with LODs less than 10 ppb. Furthermore, the reproducibility, stability and practicability analysis of real sample have been thoroughly validated simultaneously. The findings indicated that the standard recovery rates of the six categories of blended pesticides in Jialing River water samples ranged from 86.13% to 114.84%, with the lowest relative standard deviation (RSD) reaching a remarkable level of only 3.04%. All representations consistently demonstrate that the detector serves as a prompt and viable sensing platform for discriminating and quantitatively analyzing pesticides, thereby showcasing its potential in the fields of pesticide differentiation and detection.

Synthetic aperture X-ray ghost imaging with sub-micron pixel resolution

Synthetic aperture X-ray ghost imaging (SAXGI) is proposed to achieve megapixel X-ray ghost imaging together with a reduced number of measurements. As the bucket detector array is artificially generated by post-pixel-binning of the images collected with the same detector as that in the reference arm, the unique advantages of SAXGI are not verified experimentally. In this paper, we developed a systematic solution of the experimental implementation of SAXGI, with the automatic interchange of 2× and 20× optical magnification of the detector for object and reference signal acquisition respectively, together with electronic pixel-binning of the detector. Taking the experimentally achieved 40×40 blocks as the bucket array in the object arm and addressing the challenge of image registration among the reference and object signals, we successfully achieved SAXGI imaging of 1960×1920 pixels with a pixel size of 0.325 µm. By developing a set of protocols improved in each part of the experiments, we can implement the data acquisition process of SAXGI in a few minutes, which is anticipated to facilitate the further application of the SAXGI method in related research fields.

Fe3O4@SiO2/GO/HKUST-1 nanocomposite for quercetin extraction and preconcentration followed by its determination using HPLC.

Quercetin, a key flavonoid found in many fruits and vegetables, offers notable health benefits, including antioxidant, antiviral, and antitumor properties. Yet, isolating it from complex plant materials is challenging. This research aimed to develop a selective and efficient sorbent to clean up real sample matrices and pre-concentrate quercetin, enhancing its detection using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Several metal organic frameworks (MOFs) were synthesized and initially, their abilities to sorption of quercetin from aqueous and alcohol media were examined. Among them, HKUST-1 showed the best performance. To improve the efficiency of this MOF, its composite with graphene oxide (GO) was prepared (Fe3O4@SiO2/GO/HKUST-1) and was employed for quercetin extraction through magnetic dispersive micro solid-phase extraction. The effect of different parameters was examined and the kinetic, thermodynamic, and isotherm of the sorption process was studied. The related results showed the system followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models applicable in aqueous and methanol solutions, respectively. The method enabled rapid preconcentration and clean up within 20 min, with a 99.6% adsorption efficiency using just 5mg of sorbent. The nanocomposite demonstrated an adsorption capacity of 29.3mg/g and effectively extracted quercetin from red onion samples, achieving recovery rates between 75% and 98% for HPLC-diode array detector analysis. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Quercetin is a common polyphenolic compound, which is widely found in plant materials such as onions. Owing to its medicinal effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, cardioprotective, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-allergic features, it has widespread usage in pharmacology and preparation of food preservers. In this study, Fe3O4@SiO2/GO/HKUST-1 nanocomposite was synthesized for extraction and preconcentration of quercetin from an onion sample. Very low amounts of this sorbent indicated high adsorption percentage and adsorption capacity for quercetin. This method was simple, fast, cost-effective, precise, and accurate, which exhibited a potential for extraction of quercetin in a large scale.

UiO-66 with missing cluster defects for high-efficient extraction and enrichment of benzoylurea insecticides.

The creation of defects in crystalline structures can tune metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) properties, such as improving their adsorptive and catalytic performance with producing more porosity and active sites. In this work, the bimetallic UiO-66 containing Zn and Zr was prepared. And then UiO-66 with missing cluster defects (UiO-66-1/3) were obtained by acid washing to remove the Zn nodes. UiO-66-1/3 was used as sorbent of dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) to extract and enrich (BUs). Combination with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed to detect trace BUs in soil samples. Adsorption equilibrium can be reached in 3 min. The method possesses high enrichment factor (202-325), low detection limit (0.005-0.04 ng·mL-1), and wide linear range (0.02-200 ng·mL-1). In addition, the recovery rate of UiO-66-1/3 as an adsorbent was still higher than 95% after reused for 16 times. This work provides a new material for the enrichment and detection of benzoylurea insecticides in the environment.

The impact of sulphated polysaccharides from Ecklonia maxima on carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, muscle glucose uptake and intestinal glucose absorption ex vivo

Ecklonia maxima is a rich source of bioactive compounds and has been shown to exhibit several biological activities. However, the antidiabetic potential of sulphated polysaccharide (SP) from E. maxima is yet to be fully explored. This study characterised crude and purified SPs from E. maxima using Fourier-transform infrared Spectroscopy, Ultra Performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The antidiabetic potential of the SPs was assessed via their effect on carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), glucose uptake in psoas muscles and intestinal glucose absorption ex vivo. The SPs revealed the presence of glucose, galactose, xylose and galacturonic acid. The crude and purified SPs exhibited strong inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity. The SPs significantly increased glucose uptake into yeast cells and psoas muscles. The crude and purified SPs significantly reduced intestinal glucose absorption compared to metformin. The SPs displayed notable potential for glucose uptake in yeast cells and psoas muscle and inhibition of glucose absorption in small intestine. The antidiabetic mechanisms of the SPs could be linked to inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, reduction of intestinal glucose absorption and increase in glucose uptake into the muscles. SPs from E. maxima exhibit strong antidiabetic potentials and can be explored for the management of type-2 diabetes.

Exploring ultrasound-induced free radical formation: A comparative study in water and sour cherry juice using glutathione and terephthalic acid indicators.

This study aims to assess free radical (FR) generation potential of ultrasound in water and sour cherry juice (SCJ) model systems using an indirect method with specific indicators including glutathione (GSH), a well-known antioxidant, and terephthalic acid (TPA), which fluoresces upon oxidation. Initially, aqueous GSH solutions were subjected to ultrasound at varying amplitudes (60% and 80%) for up to 30min using probes of different diameters (13mm and 19mm) to identify maximal oxidation conditions. FR formation was monitored using UPLC equipped with diode array detector and fluorescence spectrophotometer for GSH and TPA oxidation, respectively. Increasing sonication time decreased GSH and increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in water for both probes; however, the 19mm probe generated five times more GSSG than the 13mm, implying a substantially higher rate of FR formation. Subsequently, ultrasound was applied to aqueous TPA solution using the 19mm probe-representing the more challenging conditions-at a previously optimized amplitude (67%) during 30min. Time-course water samples showed a steady increase in TPA fluorescence intensity with longer sonication durations, suggesting that oxidation reactions driven by FRs were progressing over time in water. Following sonication of GSH- and TPA-added SCJ under the same conditions, analysis by LC-QTOF-MS and fluorescence spectrophotometry revealed no GSSG or fluorescence formation, confirming the absence of notable oxidation of both indicators, likely due to the juice's complex composition (e.g., presence of antioxidant compounds). This study offers key insights into how ultrasound conditions affect FR formation in water and SCJ media by stabilizing them in detectable forms.

Simultaneous Determination of Tylosin Tartrate and Tylvalosin Tartrate in Wastewater by the Solid‐Phase Extraction and High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography–Diode Array Detector Method

ABSTRACTTylosin tartrate (TYL) and tylvalosin tartrate (TAT) are widely used veterinary antibiotics, the presence of which in untreated wastewater poses environmental and health risks. This study established a method to simultaneously quantify TYL and TAT in wastewater using solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (SPE/HPLC–DAD). The method was evaluated for sample pretreatment and HPLC–DAD parameters to ensure specificity, linearity, recovery, and precision. The evaluated method was subsequently applied to determine the concentration of veterinary antibiotics in actual pharmaceutical wastewater. The detected concentrations were 2.59 mg/L for TYL and 4.37 mg/L for TAT. Recoveries for TYL and TAT at three spiked levels (1, 10, and 100 mg/L) ranged from 74.28% to 97.28%, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of less than 8.78%. This rapid and accurate method is effective for monitoring antibiotic discharge, aiding in environmental protection.

Integrated UHPLC-mS/mS analysis, spectrum-effect relationship, and molecular docking to study the antidiabetic components of Cyclocarya paliurus

The leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinsk., a plant native to China that has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetes. It remains to be determined what chemical constituents are responsible for this effect. The aim of this study was to identify the antidiabetic components of C. paliurus using the spectrum-effect relationship and confirmed using molecular docking. The components of C. paliurus were detected using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (UHPLC-DAD). C. paliurus could significantly reduce glycosylated haemoglobin, blood glucose levels and blood lipid profile. Esculetin, shikimic acid, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, tricin, and pterocaryoside A were determined to be the main antidiabetic components of C. paliurus. Results revealed that the antidiabetic effect of C. paliurus was due to the combination of multiple chemical components. The method developed is valuable for identifying the active ingredients of this plant species.