Detector Components Research Articles

Positron tracking detector for J-PARC muon [formula omitted]/EDM experiment

The positron tracking detector is developed for the J-PARC muon g−2/EDM (E34) experiment. It uses silicon strip sensors for positron detection and signals from sensors are transferred to the front-end readout system via flexible printed circuits (FPCs) glued on the sensors. The front-end readout system consists of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) on FPCs and the field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based readout board. Mass production of silicon strip sensors is ongoing. Designs of the FPC on the sensor and the front-end ASIC were fixed and their mass production has been started. Development of other detector components are also ongoing. The status of these developments and fabrications are presented.

Status of ProtoDUNE Dual Phase

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will use a large liquid argon (LAr) detector consisting of four modules each with a fiducial mass of 10 ktons of LAr. One of the technology options for the far detector modules is a liquid-argon Time Projection Chamber (TPC) working in Dual Phase mode. A large demonstrator, called ProtoDUNE Dual-Phase, with a 6×6×6 m3(300t) active volume, is currently under-construction at the CERN neutrino platform. As well as being the engineering prototype of a Far Detector module, it will also demonstrate the concept of a very large Dual-Phase LAr TPC. The design of the TPC including the fabrication, testing, installation and commissioning of the various detector components is outlined.

Results From a Prototype Combination TPC Cherenkov Detector With GEM Readout

A combination Time Projection Chamber-Cherenkov prototype detector has been developed as part of the Detector R&D Program for a future Electron Ion Collider. The prototype was tested at the Fermilab test beam facility to provide a proof of principle to demonstrate that the detector is able to measure particle tracks and provide particle identification information within a common detector volume. The TPC portion consists of a 10x10x10cm3 field cage, which delivers charge from tracks to a 10x10cm2 quadruple GEM readout. Tracks are reconstructed by interpolating the hit position of clusters on an array of 2x10mm2 zigzag pads The Cherenkov component consists of a 10x10cm2 readout plane segmented into 3x3 square pads, also coupled to a quadruple GEM. As tracks pass though the drift volume of the TPC, the generated Cherenkov light is able to escape through sparsely arranged wires making up one side of the field cage, facing the CsI photocathode of the Cherenkov detector. The Cherenkov detector is thus operated in a windowless, proximity focused configuration for high efficiency. Pure CF4 is used as the working gas for both detector components, mainly due to its transparency into the deep UV, as well as its high N0. Results from the beam test, as well as results on its particle id capabilities will be discussed.

Biosensors: An Emerging Technology in Pharmaceutical Industry

The evolution of biosensors has been the center of scientist's attraction for recent decades. It is a device which is used mainly for living organism or different biological molecules, enzymes or antibodies, to find out the presence of chemicals. Biosensors can basically serve as low-cost and highly efficient devices in addition to use in other day to day applications. Biosensor is a device that consists of two main parts: A bio-receptor and a transducer were as, Bio-receptor is a biological component that recognizes the target analytes and transducer is a physicochemical detector component that converts the recognition event into a measurable signal and quantify or it transforms one signal into another one, this works in a physiochemical way like Optical piezoelectric, electrochemical etc. Biomolecules like antibodies, enzymes, organelles, receptors and microorganisms as well as animal and plant cells or tissues have been used as biological sensing elements. In this paper, we review recent development and use of biosensors as a diagnostic tool, as well as some future applications of biosensor technology. Keywords: Biosensors, Microbial biosensor, Transducer, Pathogen detection.

Recent Advances in Equalization Technologies for Short-Reach Optical Links Based on PAM4 Modulation: A Review

In recent years, short-reach optical links have attracted much more attention and have come to constitute a key market segment due to the rapid development of data-center applications and cloud services. Four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) is a promising modulation format to provide both a high data rate and relatively low cost for short-reach optical links. However, the direct detector and low-cost components also pose immense challenges, which are unforeseen in coherent transmission. To compensate for the impairments and to truly meet data rate requirements in a cost-effective manner, various digital signal processing (DSP) technologies have been proposed and investigated for short-reach PAM4 optical links. In this paper, an overview of the latest progress on DSP equalization technologies is provided for short-reach optical links based on PAM4 modulation. We not only introduce the configuration and challenges of the transmission system, but also cover the principles and performance of different equalizers and some improved methods. Moreover, machine learning algorithms are discussed as well to mitigate the nonlinear distortion for next-generation short-reach PAM4 links. Finally, a summary of various equalization technologies is illustrated and our perspective for the future trend is given.

Accelerator physics design in the interaction region for CEPC double ring scheme

With the discovery of the Higgs boson at around 125 GeV, a circular Higgs factory design with high luminosity [Formula: see text] is becoming more popular in the accelerator world. The CEPC project in China is one of them. Machine Detector Interface (MDI) is the key research area in electron–positron colliders, especially in CEPC; it is one of the criteria to measure the accelerator and detector design performance. Because of the limited space available in the designed tunnel, many equipment including magnets, beam diagnostic instruments, masks, vacuum pumps, and components of the detector must coexist in a very small region. In this paper, some important MDI issues will be reported for the Interaction Region (IR) design, e.g. the final doublet quadrupoles physics design parameters, beam-stay-clear region and beam pipe, synchrotron radiation power and critical energy are also calculated.

Scatter Correction for Industrial Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Using VSHARP, a fast GPU-Based Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation Solver

The use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to inspect objects containing aluminum, Inconel and other metals is a challenge due to high amounts of scattered radiation in the projection data. Following in the footsteps of VSHARP, our kernel-based two-dimensional (2D) software scatter correction algorithm that operates on x-ray projection data, we introduce three-dimensional (3D) VSHARP designed to offer improved accuracy and flexibility. The core of 3D VSHARP is fast finite element Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (LBTE) solver that models photon transport within the object-of-interest and computes the scatter component of the projection data with Monte Carlo-like accuracy but greatly reduced computation times. 3D VSHARP utilizes an object model consisting of 3D material density maps based on a first pass reconstruction, and an imaging chain model describing the system geometry, the x-ray source components (polychromatic spectrum, beam filtration, and collimation hardware), and the x-ray detector components (flat-panel imager in this case). The 3D material density maps making up the object model may be further informed by Computer Aided Design (CAD) files. Validation against Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of overlapping metal blocks showed that 3D VSHARP- and MC-computed scatter fractions agreed to within 3% RMS. The 3D VSHARP execution time was less than 1 sec per projection using a single NVidia TitanXp GPU (NVidia Inc., Santa Clara CA) while the MC simulations took 1566 CPU-hours using two Intel-Silver-Xenon, 2.2 GHz, 10x core CPU (Intel Inc., Santa Clara CA), in a Dell 7920 workstation (Dell Inc., Austin TX). Experimental CBCT scans were taken of an aluminum motorcycle cylinder head and Inconel turbine blade at 450kVp. Results showed that high quality reconstructions and volume renderings were obtained which may open up the possibility of in-line CBCT applications.

The LHCb RICH detectors: Operations and performance

Abstract The LHCb experiment has collected an unprecedented data sample to investigate beauty and charm hadrons decays. One of its key detector components is the RICH system providing excellent particle identification (PID) over a wide momentum range (2–100 GeV/c). Last year for the first time the RICH detectors have been operated in the automatic LHCb online alignment framework that, together with the well established calibration system, provided an excellent performance. The operations and performance of the RICH system during Run II are presented together with the activities performed during the winter shutdown to prepare for the last running period of the current RICH detectors before the LHCb upgrade.

Timing-performance evaluation of Cherenkov-based radiation detectors

With the upgradation of detector components, such as scintillators and photodetectors, the PET-image signal-to-noise ratio of time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) systems has been improved, compared to those of ordinary nonTOF-PET systems. A TOF-PET with an ultrahigh time resolution, for example a coincidence time resolution (CTR) better than few tens of picoseconds, can not only improve the image quality, but also remove the image reconstruction process, significantly impacting medical imaging. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a high-time resolution PET detector. We focus on the prompt emission of Cherenkov radiation, owing to the instantaneousness of which, a high time resolution can be expected. One of the candidates for the Cherenkov radiator is lead fluoride (PbF2) due it has excellent properties, including transparency toward the ultraviolet region, high refractive index (n = 1.82), and high density (7.77 g/cm3). Moreover, it does not contain radioisotopes, unlike lutetium-based scintillators, which are commonly used in the currently available TOF-PET detectors. In this work, we experimentally investigate the timing performance of PbF2-based Cherenkov detectors, breaking down the timing performance into physical components. 3×3×5 mm3 and 9.6×9.6×5 mm3 PbF2 crystals are used as Cherenkov radiators; both are attached to a microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) because the single channel MCP-PMT is one of the best photodetectors in terms of the SPTR, which is 25 ps full width at half maximum (FWHM). All the surfaces, except the end surface where the MCP-PMT is connected, are wrapped in black tape to suppress the reflections of the Cherenkov photons in the crystal. The CTR is measured by placing a detector pair face-to-face, using an 22Na point source, and an oscilloscope at 20 GS/s with a set bandwidth of 4.2 GHz. A CTR of 46.9 ps FWHM, corresponding to a position resolution of 7.0 mm, is obtained, consistent with our simulation results.

P.1.05 Parcellation of the cerebral cortex based on messenger ribonucleic acid gene expressions

The positron tracking detector is developed for the J-PARC muon g−2/EDM (E34) experiment. It uses silicon strip sensors for positron detection and signals from sensors are transferred to the front-end readout system via flexible printed circuits (FPCs) glued on the sensors. The front-end readout system consists of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) on FPCs and the field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based readout board. Mass production of silicon strip sensors is ongoing. Designs of the FPC on the sensor and the front-end ASIC were fixed and their mass production has been started. Development of other detector components are also ongoing. The status of these developments and fabrications are presented.

KM3NeT Acquisition Control

The multi-site nature of the KM3NeT neutrino observatory in the Mediterranean Sea has influenced the development and evolution of its acquisition control software. It is flexible and portable. The same programs are used in data-taking shore stations of neutrino telescopes as well as in testing sites for detector components at different stages of the integration. Flexibility is obtained through high modularity and tight integration with the central database system. The software architecture can be defined as “maximally disconnected” to ensure that no “single point of failure” exists. The most recent development is dynamic resource provisioning and failover, to automatically cope with the possible event of a hardware failure of one or more data taking servers or network elements.

Knowledge and Technology Transfer in KM3NeT

The status of the construction of the KM3NeT detector components and the experience gained from the detector units deployed underpin the dissemination of innovative technological solutions to industry, Institutions and other potentially interested parties. KM3NeT is now entering a phase during which the design of the detector elements is being finalized and testing procedures for controlling the quality of the different components are settled. In addition, a few KM3NeT detection units have been deployed successfully and many more are coming, data have been recorded and are currently being analysed. The maturity and scalability of the technological solutions developed or modified by KM3NeT has been demonstrated and therefore justifies their exposure to relevant technology developers or users.

Investigation of neutron scattering in the Multi-Blade detector with Geant4 simulations

The European Spallation Source (ESS) is the world's next generation spallation-based neutron source. The research conducted at ESS will yield in the discovery and development of new materials including the fields of manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, engines, plastics, energy, telecommunications, transportation, information technology and biotechnology. The spallation source will deliver an unprecedented neutron flux. In particular, the reflectometers selected for construction, ESTIA and FREIA, have to fulfill challenging requirements. Local incident peak rate can reach 105 Hz/mm2. For new science to be addressed, the spatial resolution is aimed to be less than 1 mm with a desired scattering of 10−4 (peak-to-tail ratio). The latter requirement is approximately two orders of magnitude better than the current state-of-the-art detectors. The main aim of this work is to quantify the cumulative contribution of various detector components to the scattering of neutrons and to prove that the respective effect is within the requirements set for the Multi-Blade detector by the ESS reflectometers. To this end, different sets of geometry and beam parameters are investigated, with primary focus on the cathode coating and the detector window thickness.

Direct search for WIMP dark matter particles with the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) detector

Abstract LZ is a second-generation Dark Matter experiment to conduct searches for weakly interacting massive particles . It is expected that the detector will reach a sensitivity for spin-independent elastic WIMP-nucleon cross-section of 1 . 6 × 1 0 − 48 cm 2 at a mass of 40 GeV/c 2 in 1000 days of operation. Aside from Dark Matter particle interactions, the detector will also be sensitive to solar and supernova neutrinos as well as neutrinoless double beta decay from 136Xe. Background sources such as 222Rn and 85Kr must be significantly suppressed. This will be assured by radioactive screening of detector components and purification of xenon. The design of the LZ detector, radioactive background expectations and projected WIMP sensitivity are presented in this article.

A 4 tonne demonstrator for large-scale dual-phase liquid argon time projection chambers

A 10 kilo-tonne dual-phase liquid argon TPC is one of the detector options considered for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The detector technology relies on amplification of the ionisation charge in ultra-pure argon vapour and offers several advantages compared to the traditional single-phase liquid argon TPCs. A 4.2 tonne dual-phase liquid argon TPC prototype, the largest of its kind, with an active volume of \ hree has been constructed and operated at CERN. In this paper we describe in detail the experimental setup and detector components as well as report on the operation experience. We also present the first results on the achieved charge amplification, prompt scintillation and electroluminescence detection, and purity of the liquid argon from analyses of a collected sample of cosmic ray muons.

The new inner tracking system for the ALICE upgrade at the LHC

ALICE, the CERN LHC experiment devoted to the study of the QGP (Quark–Gluon Plasma) properties, will undergo a comprehensive upgrade during the second long shutdown of the LHC (in 2019–2020)to enhance the capability for high precision measurements of rare processes at low transverse momenta ( p T ). One of the key elements of the upgrade strategy is the novel, high-resolution, ultra-light Inner Tracking System (ITS) consisting of seven concentric layers of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) covering a total active area of 10 m 2 segmented in 12.5 Gpixels. This paper presents an overview of the detector components, the most relevant characterisation results and the status of the detector construction.

Modelling radiation damage effects to pixel sensors for the ATLAS detector

Abstract Silicon pixel sensors are at the core of the current ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and as the detector component closest to the interaction point, they are exposed to a significant amount of radiation during operation. This paper presents a digitization model incorporating radiation damage effects to the pixel sensors. Predictions for basic pixel cluster properties such as the charge collection efficiency are also presented alongside validation studies with Run 2 collision data in ATLAS Pixel Detector.

Neutron Rem Detector Response Changes due to Activation of Components.

The relative response of neutron rem detectors has previously been shown to increase after prolonged exposure to a neutron flux. This increase has been referred to as the "soak factor." The cause of the increased response has been previously unexplained. This note reports on a search for the underlying cause of the increased response. Testing involved gamma-ray spectroscopy of activated neutron rem detector components and testing of instrument response at various rates of neutron flux and accumulated fluence. The proposed primary cause of the increased response is activation of copper in the brass collar at the fill end of the gas-filled detector tube. This component allows for attachment of the extension housing on the tube containing BF3 or He gas. Under a neutron flux, some of this copper activates to Cu. In addition, Mn was detected in activated components but does not seem to be a significant contributor to the detector response. Cadmium isotopes did not appear to be significant. The activated component causes an increase in indicated neutron dose rate due to decay photons from activated components. Photons normally have little impact on neutron rem detector readings because the electrical pulses produced in the probes are below the lower-level discriminator. However, the photon pulses do impact the overall count rate when they occur simultaneously with normally uncounted, lower amplitude, wall-effect neutron pulses.

The STEREO experiment

The STEREO experiment is a very short baseline reactor antineutrino experiment aiming at testing the hypothesis of light sterile neutrinos as an explanation of the deficit of the observed neutrino interaction rate with respect to the predicted rate, known as the Reactor Antineutrino Anomaly. The detector center is located 10 m away from the compact, highly 235U enriched core of the research nuclear reactor of the Institut Laue Langevin in Grenoble, France. This paper describes the STEREO site, the detector components and associated shielding designed to suppress the external sources of background which were characterized on site. It reports the performances in terms of detector response and energy reconstruction.

First measurements of beam backgrounds at SuperKEKB

The high design luminosity of the SuperKEKB electron–positron collider is expected to result in challenging levels of beam-induced backgrounds in the interaction region. Properly simulating and mitigating these backgrounds is critical to the success of the Belle II experiment. We report on measurements performed with a suite of dedicated beam background detectors, collectively known as BEAST II, during the so-called Phase 1 commissioning run of SuperKEKB in 2016, which involved operation of both the high energy ring (HER) of 7 GeV electrons as well as the low energy ring (LER) of 4 GeV positrons. We describe the BEAST II detector systems, the simulation of beam backgrounds, and the measurements performed. The measurements include standard ones of dose rates versus accelerator conditions, and more novel investigations, such as bunch-by-bunch measurements of injection backgrounds and measurements sensitive to the energy spectrum and angular distribution of fast neutrons. We observe beam–gas, Touschek, beam–dust, and injection backgrounds. As there is no final focus of the beams in Phase 1, we do not observe significant synchrotron radiation, as expected. Measured LER beam–gas backgrounds and Touschek backgrounds in both rings are slightly elevated, on average three times larger than the levels predicted by simulation. HER beam–gas backgrounds are on average two orders of magnitude larger than predicted. Systematic uncertainties and channel-to-channel variations are large, so that these excesses constitute only 1–2 sigma level effects. Neutron background rates are higher than predicted and should be studied further. We will measure the remaining beam background processes, due to colliding beams, in the imminent commissioning Phase 2. These backgrounds are expected to be the most critical for Belle II, to the point of necessitating replacement of detector components during the Phase 3 (full-luminosity) operation of SuperKEB.