Detection Wavelength Research Articles

Fast Determination of Propofol in Human Plasma Using C18-Functionalized Magnetic Nanomaterials Followed by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography.

Novel C18-functionalized magnetic nanomaterials; i.e., C18@poly-styrene-divinylbenzene-glycidyl methacrylate-Fe3O4 (C18@PS-DVB-GMA-Fe3O4) have been synthesized by using N, N-dimethyloctadecylamine as modifying agent, which could be beneficial to remove the blood phospholipids. The C18@PS-DVB-GMA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been used and evaluated in the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) procedure for human plasma prior to the analysis of propofol by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). In the QuEChERS procedure, human plasma samples are directly mixed with extraction solvent and C18@PS-DVB-GMA-Fe3O4 nanoparticles, and the extraction and cleanup procedures have been accomplished simultaneously. The SFC separation was performed with a C18 column (Thermo Scientific™ Acclaim™ 120, 250 × 4. 6mm, 5μm) within 5min, using thymol as the internal standard. Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as the mobile phase with methanol as the cosolvent at the flow rate of 1.0mL/min. The column temperature was 38°C, and detection wavelength was 275nm. A good linearity was obtained among the propofol concentration range of 0.5-10mg/L (R2 = 0.9997) with the limit of detection of 0.17mg/L. Recoveries were in the range of 76.5-91.9%, with RSD less than 7.9%. These results suggested that method is convenient, rapid with high accuracy and little matrix effect, and suitable for rapid determination of propofol plasma concentration.

Cleaning Method Validation for Determination of Residues in Anti-Cancer Drug product for Injection by Using RP-HPLC Technique

Cleaning method validation is a part of good practices in pharmaceutical sector and need to seek the contamination present in production area. OBJECTIVE: An RP-HPLC method for the cleaning samples analysis for Anti-Cancer Drug product Melphalan Hydrochloride for Injection was develop and validated. The method was developed and validated for quantitation of Cleaning of residue left in the vessels of the production equipment’s. The analytical method used to determine the complete cleaning for Melphalan Hydrochloride for Injection by HPLC method. METHOD: The Cleaning validation was performed on Inertsil ODS,C18,(150mm×4.6mm,5μm) chromatographic column temperature at 40°C, and the detection wavelength was set at 260nm. Mobile Phase-A:10mL ammonium acetate, 88mL Purified water, 10mL acetic acid, 2mL Triethylamine, and Mobile Phase-B: 1mL Buffer, 10mL acetonitrile,190mL Purified water, and at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, and the injection volume was 10μL. RESULTS: The validation results of Melphalan Hydrochloride were linear over the concentration from 0.10 µg/mL to 0.75µg/mL (r = 1.00) and the recoveries from LOQ to 150% and precision ranged from 50% to 76% (RSD < 30%, n =9). CONCLUSION: This method has been validated successfully and all the results met the acceptance criteria. Hence method of Cleaning Validation is suitable for testing of residue sample of Melphalan Hydrochloride for Injection.

Progress in Remote Sensing of Heavy Metals in Water

This review article details the advancements in detecting heavy metals in aquatic environments using remote sensing methodologies. Heavy metals are significant pollutants in aquatic environment, and their detection and monitoring are crucial for predicting water quality. Traditional in situ water sampling methods are time-consuming and costly, highlighting the advantages of remote sensing techniques. Analysis of the reflectance and absorption characteristics of heavy metals has identified the red and near-infrared bands as the sensitive wavelengths for heavy metal detection in aquatic environments. Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between total suspended matter and heavy metals, which forms the basis for retrieving heavy metal content from TSM data. Recent developments in hyperspectral remote sensing and machine (deep) learning technologies may pave the way for developing more effective heavy metal detection algorithms.

Rapid wavelength interval selection technology for multi-channel intensity-interrogation surface plasmon resonance imaging sensing

Intensity-interrogation surface plasmon resonance (I-SPR) provides the fastest imaging speed among various SPR techniques, including wavelength, phase, and angle-based detection. It also integrates easily with other devices and has substantial practical application potential. However, I-SPR's reliance on direct detection of reflected light intensity renders it sensitive to light source fluctuations and detector dark noise, and its dynamic range is relatively limited. To address these challenges, we have developed a multi-channel I-SPR sensing platform featuring rapid wavelength interval selection technology. This system optimizes the sensing wavelength according to the refractive indices of different samples, mitigating issues related to inconsistent SPR signals from various biomolecules. Our improved I-SPR technology enables high-throughput biomolecular detection with a refractive index range size of 2.035 × 10−2 for dynamic monitoring, reaching a leading role among the existing I-SPR technologies. This represents the widest linear dynamic range for I-SPR to date. Experimental results on protein binding kinetic constants KD are consistent with those obtained from commercially available instruments. We believe that this study is expected to accelerate the development of SPR technology toward broader biological applications.

Low excess noise and high quantum efficiency avalanche photodiodes for beyond 2 µm wavelength detection

The rising concentration of greenhouse gases, especially methane and carbon dioxide, is driving global temperature increases and exacerbating the climate crisis. Monitoring these gases requires detectors that operate in the extended short-wavelength infrared range (~2.4 µm), covering methane (1.65 µm) and carbon dioxide (2.05 µm) wavelengths. Here, we present a high-performance linear mode avalanche photodetector (APD) with an InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II superlattice absorber and an AlGaAsSb multiplier, matched to InP substrates. This APD achieves a room temperature gain of 178, an external quantum efficiency of 3560% at 2 µm, low excess noise (less than 2 at gains below 20), and a small temperature coefficient of breakdown (7.58 mV/K·µm). These results indicate that a manufacturable semiconductor material-based APD could significantly advance high-sensitivity receivers for greenhouse gas monitoring, potentially enabling their commercial production and widespread use.

Refractive index sensing characteristics of PCF-SPR based on dual-plasmon materials

Abstract In this paper, a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) refractive index sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with dual plasmonic materials (indium tin oxide and gold) is proposed. We innovatively designed a dual-core PCF structure and pore arrangement effectively enhancing the coupling effect. Using two different plasma materials, phase matching is achieved at two different wavelengths for the evanescent and surface plasmon waves, resulting in dual resonance peaks. The refractive index sensing is accomplished by measuring the dual-peak resonance shift, which expands the detection wavelength and RI detection ranges. The sensor can detect analytes with refractive indices ranging from 1.32 to 1.43 at wavelengths between 0.4 um and 1.4 um. We optimized the photonic crystal fiber structure and studied the sensing performance of the sensor, improving its sensitivity. Simulation results indicate that the designed PCF sensor exhibits outstanding maximum dual-peak shift sensitivity (DPSS), reaching up to 28,000 RIU-1, along with maximum amplitude sensitivity (AS) and wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 18,500 RIU-1 and 34,500 RIU-1, respectively, in the direction of y-polarization. Furthermore, the sensor achieves high resolution, and the figure of merit (FOM) values can reach up to 5.134×10-7 and 2758. Consequently, the proposed sensor can provide high-precision and extensive-range measurements of solution refractive indices within the visible and infrared light spectrum, and it holds potential application prospects in numerous fields, such as food safety testing and chemical substance detection.

Determination of an Anti-Parasitic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient in Wastewater Effluents Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis.

Ireland has a successful pharmaceutical industry with over 100 pharmaceutical manufacturing sites across the island. Although this success has many benefits, the irreversible effects emissions from pharmaceutical manufacturing can have on the environment are a major drawback. Although known pollutants are regularly monitored with limits set out by the Environmental Protection Agency, one significant pollutant has been overlooked: pharmaceutical pollution. Detecting these pollutants and ensuring they are at a safe concentration for the environment is of utmost importance. In recent years, capillary electrophoresis is being recognised as a suitable alternative to high-performance liquid chromatography due to its many benefits such as faster analysis, water-based buffers and smaller sample volumes. In this paper, a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with a preconcentration step of solid-phase extraction was developed for an anti-parasitic active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) called ZB23. The API was successfully detected in a wastewater sample in less than 10min using the CZE parameters of 25mM borate buffer with a pH of 10.5, 15% MeOH, 10kV voltage, 25mbar for 5s injection size, an Lt of 40cm, an Ld of 31.5cm and a detection wavelength of 214nm.

Optical resonant cavities carving pathways in tunable wavelength sensitive visible-NIR organic photodetectors

Enhancing the photodetection capabilities of organic photodetectors (OPDs) is crucial for advancing applications in medical monitoring, optical communications, image sensing, and robotics, where a strong, focused peak response at a specific designed wavelength is essential for improving sensitivity, wavelength selectivity, and resolution in imaging systems. By controlled integration of ZnO layers within PBDBT:BTP-4F-based OPDs to form a Fabry-Pérot optical cavity, we developed a cost-effective approach to fabricating highly sensitive OPDs by utilizing PBDBT:BTP-4F organic bulk heterojunctions, and extended its detection wavelengths into the near-infrared (NIR) range. Our design integrates a single silver (Ag) layer that significantly enhances peak detection at a wavelength of 830 ​nm, resulting in a remarkably narrow full-width at half maximum (FWHM) wavelength of 30 ​nm and yielding a photoresponse ten times greater than that of non-resonant devices. Furthermore, by varying the thickness of the ZnO layer from 77 ​nm to 620 ​nm, we achieve high spectral tunability, allowing fine adjustments of the resonant peak across a spectrum ranging from ultraviolet (UV) and visible to NIR wavelengths. This sensitive photodetector is also well-suited for applications in photoplethysmography (PPG), effectively detecting pulse signals in the NIR spectrum which has significant potential in medical diagnostics. This work advances the integration of cost-effective, wavelength-selective spectroscopic visible-NIR OPDs, paving the way for the next generation of sensitive photodetectors.

A validated high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet method for the determination of valproic acid derivatives in pharmaceutical formulations with a microbiological suitability evaluation

Valproic acid and its derivatives are common drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy, a result of CNS disorders. Because the molecular structure of valproic acid, as a fatty acid, does not contain any chromophore groups, its peak response demanded special conditions to be detected in HPLC, ensuring the best precision results. Still, the current approach illustrates simple, validated procedures for conduction. The conducted chromatographic system consists of the BDS Hypersil C8, 150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: phosphate buffer (4:6) at a detection wavelength of 215 nm at room temperature. A full method validation study was conducted and approved to ensure precise, repeatable, and accurate results by implementing system suitability parameters. In microbiological terms, a suitability test is used to validate microbiological testing methods, ensuring their efficacy despite potential interference from antimicrobial properties in the tested materials. The HPLC-UV developed and validated analytical method was evaluated, and it was found to be sensitive for use in the detection of low concentrations of methylparaben, propylparaben, and valproate with an optimum run time of six minutes. limit of detection (LODs) were statistically estimated and found to be 2.27 µg/mL, 39.77 ng/mL, and 1.84 µg/mL for methylparaben, propylparaben, and valproate, respectively. Additionally, the method demonstrated a high recovery of methylparaben, propylparaben, and valproate with an excellent closed-accuracy range (98.84% - 101.34%). An excellent regression coefficient (r) of 0.99924, 0.99998, and 0.99997 for methylparaben, valproate, and propylparaben, respectively, was achieved. Assay determination of various pharmaceutical dosage forms in the local market was implemented, yielding admirable results.

Simultaneous determination of picroside I and picroside II in dietary supplements by high performance liquid chromatography with PDA detector

Picroside I and picroside II are two compounds found in the Picrorhiza Kurroa plant, which have anti-cirrhosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, fever, and asthma effects, etc. They are included in the ingredients of many dietary supplement products that help protect the liver and bile, prevent oxidation, etc. Therefore, determining the content of these two active ingredients in dietary supplements is necessary to evaluate product quality. In this study, highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC-PDA) was used to simultaneously determine picroside I and picroside II in dietary supplements. The analytes in the samples were extracted with methanol for 60 min using a horizontal shaking technique. The extract was then filtered and determined by the HPLC–PDA method with the following conditions: C18 Column (250 mm x 4.6 mm; 5 µm) and a corresponding pre-column (3.9 mm x 5 mm; 5 µm), the mobile phase consists of a solvent mixture of acetonitrile and water according to the gradient program, detection wavelength 265 nm. The method has good specificity, the calibration curve of picroside I and picroside II has a linear coefficient R2 > 0.9999 and the repeatability and recovery meet the AOAC requirements. The method limits of detection (MDL) for these two substances were 4.3 mg/kg and 3.2 mg/kg, respectively. The method was applied to simultaneously determine picroside I and picroside II in 30 different dietary supplement products. The results detected analytes in 3 samples positive with picroside I and picroside II concentrations ranging from 98.8 to 148 mg/kg.

Simultaneous quantitative analysis of some main components in cinnamon leaves (Cinnamomum cassia) by HPLC-PDA

Cinnamon leaves, a part of the cinnamon tree, are used as raw materials to extract cinnamon essential oil and as a spice in food processing. Trans-cinnamaldehyde is the main ingredients that have biological effects and high concentration in cinnamon, cinnamic acid is often used as a marker in the quantification methods of cinnamon, coumarin is the ingredient that needs to be controlled due to risk of liver toxicity. So that, cinnamaldehyde (CAL), cinnamic acid (CA) and coumarin (CM) have been choosen to determin quality of cinnamon leaves. The analytes in the test sample were extracted with methanol:water ratio 9:1 by ultrasound twice 30 minutes and resting for 30 minutes between extractions. The ultrasonic extract was analyzed using an HPLC-PDA, C18 column (250×4.6 mm, 5 µm) at 25°C, mobile phase system consisting of acetonitrile and 0.05% phosphoric acid is eluted according to the program's gradient, detection wavelength 280 nm. The method was determined according to AOAC 2016 guidelines with appropriate specificity and linearity ranging from 51.90-691.31 µg/mL for coumarin, 1.00-20.10 µg/mL for cinnamic acid and 52.45-609.8 µg/mL for trans-cinnamaldehyde, good repeatability with RSD from 0.46% to 0.61%, accuracy of coumarin, cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyd were 101.0%, 100.7% and 100.7% respectively, meets AOAC requirements at 3 concentration levels. The study applied quantitative research methods to quantify coumarin, cinnamic acid and transcinnamaldehyde on 17 C. cassia leaves samples collected in provinces in Vietnam. In result, analyte concentrations varied widely between samples, with coumarin ranging from 0.53- 2.47%, cinnamic acid from 0.01-0.08%, and cinnamaldehyde from 0.95-2.56%.

Study on determination of cynarin in dietary supplement containing artichoke by high performance liquid chromatography

There has been no announcement on the standardization and testing of cynarin in dietary supplements containing artichokes in Vietnam. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to determine cynarin in dietary supplements containing artichokes. The sample was extracted twice with 80% methanol solvent and ultrasonicated at 50°C for 20 minutes. Centrifuge at 6000 rpm for 5 minutes, filter, and inject into HPLC system with XBridge C18 column (250 mm x 4,6 mm, 5 µm) and corresponding pre-column, mobile phase consisting of two solvents phosphoric acid 0,1% and acetonitrile eluted according to gradient program, flow rate 1mL/min, detection wavelength 322nm. The calibration curves for cynarin had R2 = 1, and the validation parameters met AOAC standards. The method detection limits and the limit of quantification were 3.00 mg/kg and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively. The validated method was applied to determine cynarin in 15 dietary supplement samples. The content of cynarin varied depending on the manufacturer

Determination of Polyphenols in Cigar Tobacco by HPLC

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in cigar tobacco. Firstly, the extraction method, extraction liquid concentration and dosage, column temperature and mobile phase flow rate of polyphenols in cigar tobacco were discussed. Then the detection limit, recovery rate, precision and standard curve of three polyphenols were tested. Finally, tobacco samples were tested. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were: ultrasonic extraction, extraction time was 30 min, methanol volume concentration was 50%, dosage was 20 mL, the optimal detection conditions were: column temperature was 30 ℃, flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, detection wavelength was 340 nm. The contents of neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were in the range of 0~0.202 mg/g, 0~0.331 mg/g and 0.050~0.073 mg/g, respectively, and the linear correlation coefficients of the three polyphenols were ≥0.9991, indicating that the linear correlation of the method was good, and the detection limit was ≤0.066 mg/L. The precision was ≤0.427%, and the recovery was 95.13~96.39%. The results showed that the method had good precision, high accuracy, short analysis time and high detection efficiency, and could be used as an effective method for the detection of polyphenols in cigar tobacco leaves.

QbD-Driven Approach to Cleaning Method Development and Validation for Darunavir Analysis in Oral Films.

The current investigations involve developing a high-performance liquid chromatographic method that’s simple to operate, fast to establish, accurate, precise, and economical through design-enabled methods. A positive experimental design is offered to utilize the central composite design of pH and the mobile phase, two crucial components of the RP-HPLC technology. The chromatographic conditions were optimized with the release of Design Expert software version 13.0. Symmetry C18 column (4.6×150mm, 5µm) was used in the procedure, along with acetonitrile (20:80 v/v) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer pH 4.0 as the mobile phase. There was a 0.70 ml/min flow rate. 263 nm is the wavelength of detection. Darunavir’s sharp, resolved peak was seen 2.3 minutes after swabbed samples from the 10*10 cm SS plate were injected. A linear calibration curve with an R2 of 0.9991 was observed in the concentration range of 0.25 to 25µg/ml. For precision %RSD is 1.03,1.48. Accuracy % concentration 50%,100%,150% mean recovery 99.43-100.53.LOD & LOQ 1.12µg/ml, 3.39µg/ml. Robustness was tested with modest modifications to the wavelength and flow rate. Forced degradation studies were carried out and found to be within the limits. the degradation parameters such as Acid, Base, Oxidative, Photolytic, and thermal degradation parameters are according to the ICH guidelines. % Assay was done for oral films and it was found to be within the limits. Thus, the outcomes unequivocally demonstrated that the QbD technique could be effectively used to enhance the HPLC method for the measurement of darunavir in production settings.

Development of a QAMS Analysis Method for Industrial Lanolin Alcohol Based on the Concept of Analytical Quality by Design

The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept was adopted to establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components with a single marker (QAMS) method for industrial lanolin alcohol, targeting cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. The potential critical method parameters (CMPs) were identified as column temperature, flow rate, and gradient. Definitive screening design and statistical modeling were employed to optimize the gradient conditions of the mobile phase, column temperature, and flow rate. The Method Operable Design Region (MODR) was determined using a risk-based quantification approach. The robustness was assessed using a Plackett–Burman experimental design, followed by methodological validation. Optimal analytical conditions were as follows: acetonitrile (B)—water (A) mobile phase system; flow rate of 1.58 mL/min; detection wavelength of 205 nm; injection volume of 10 µL; and column temperature of 37 °C. A gradient elution program was implemented as follows: 0–19.0 min, 90.5% B; 19.0–25.0 min, 90.5–100% B; and 25.0–55.0 min, 100% B. Cholesterol served as an internal standard for quantifying lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, with relative correction factors of 0.4227 and 0.8228, respectively. This analytical method utilized only the cholesterol reference substance as an internal standard to quantify the content of cholesterol, lanosterol, and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol in industrial lanolin alcohol. It reduced the testing costs and enhanced efficiency, making it potentially suitable for widespread adoption in lanolin alcohol processing industries.

Real-time demonstration of 64 × 200 Gbps UDWDM-PON downstream transmission based on silicon photonic integrated transceiver

Coherent detection, high-order modulation, and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) technologies provide solutions for increasing bandwidth demand of future access networks. We experimentally demonstrate a real-time 64 × 200-Gb/s coherent ultra-dense wavelength-division (UDWDM) coherent passive optical networks (PONs) at 75-GHz channel spacing. The demonstrated downlink transmission is realized with the dual-polarization QPSK (DP-QPSK) modulation scheme. The cost is reduced by using silicon photonic integrated coherent transceiver modules and wider grid AWGs. The power budget is evaluated when all 200 channels are launched at C band. The power budget is 26 dB after 20-km G.652D standard single mode fiber (SSMF) transmission without amplifier at the receiver side under soft-decision FEC (SD-FEC) threshold of 1 × 10−2, and can achieve 32.5 dB with pre-amplified semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) used at the receiver side.

Expanding the scope of resonance Raman spectroscopy in hydrogenase research: New observable states and reporter vibrations

Oxygen-tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenases are valuable blueprints for the activation and evolution of molecular hydrogen under application-relevant conditions. Vibrational spectroscopic techniques play a key role in the investigation of these metalloenzymes. For instance, resonance Raman spectroscopy has been introduced as a site-selective approach for probing metal-ligand coordinates of the [NiFe] active site and FeS clusters. Despite its success, this approach is still challenged by a limited number of detectable active-site states – due to missing resonance enhancement or intrinsic light sensitivity – and difficulties in their assignment. Utilizing two oxygen-tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenases as model systems, we illustrate how these challenges can be met by extending excitation and detection wavelength regimes in resonance Raman spectroscopic studies. Specifically, we observe that this technique does not only probe low-frequency metal-ligand vibrations but also high-frequency intra-ligand modes of the diatomic CO/CN− ligands at the active site of [NiFe] hydrogenases. These reporter vibrations are routinely probed by infrared absorption spectroscopy, so that direct comparison of spectra from both techniques allows an unambiguous assignment of states detected by resonance Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, we find that a previously undetected state featuring a bridging hydroxo ligand between Ni and Fe can be probed using higher excitation wavelengths, as photoconversion occurring at lower wavelengths is avoided. In summary, this study expands the applicability of resonance Raman spectroscopy to hydrogenases and other complex metalloenzymes by introducing new strategies for probing and assigning redox-structural states of the active site.

Harmonic‐Assisted Super‐Resolution Rotational Measurement

AbstractEnhancing rotational measurement resolution and broadening the detectable spectral range are two critical and unresolved matters within the realm of motion perception. The rotational Doppler effect (RDE) is combined with the harmonic generation process to create a rotational measurement scheme that offers flexible detection wavelength conversion, exponential improvement of measurement resolution, and real‐time display of detection results. In the experiments, a cascaded second harmonic generation process is employed to attain a fourfold enhancement in rotational resolution and demonstrate how low‐cost silicon‐based detectors can be used for real‐time detection of infrared objects. This scheme employs a Gaussian beam within the nonlinear process to achieve high conversion efficiency, thereby enabling potential for subsequent cascade amplification. Additionally, it is fully compatible with existing RDE schemes, allowing for co‐amplification of rotational resolution at both the front‐end and back‐end. This research could offer a more precise and cost‐effective method for remote sensing detection.

Double-formant PCF-SPR refractive index sensor with ultra-high double-peak-shift sensitivity and a wide detection range

A dual-resonance-peak photonic crystal fiber–surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) refractive index (RI) sensor is designed for different wavelength ranges. The first resonance peak of the sensor is distributed in the wavelength range of 700–2350 nm, while the second peak is distributed in the range of 2350–5550 nm. In addition to detecting analytes using the full spectrum of constraint losses (CLs), it is also possible to use a single resonance peak to achieve the detection of analytes. By systematically optimizing the nanowire diameter, the diameter of the inner and outer layer air hole, the width of the groove, the polishing depth, and the distance from the outer layer air hole to the fiber core, the optimal structure of the sensor is finally determined. In this study, the sensor was studied by numerical analysis, and the characteristics of the sensor were evaluated by wavelength detection technology. The results show that within the RI range of 1.24–1.37, the sensor has a maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 54700 nm/RIU for detecting the RI of analytes. Within the above refractive index range, the regression coefficient R2 of the dual-peak-resonance wavelength is 0.99993, ensuring the accuracy of the estimated resonance wavelength of the sensor. In addition, the sensor can also use dual-peak-shift sensitivity (DPSS) to detect the refractive index, which is a relatively new sensing technology. The maximum DPSS of the sensor is 95300 nm/RIU. Due to its high sensitivity and unique dual-peak characteristics, this sensor has wide application prospects in medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, food safety, and other fields.

Research on Compatibility of Packaging Materials of High-Risk Cephalosporin Powder Injection and Establishment of Indicator Component Evaluation Method

aims: To establish a GC-MS method for the determination of extractable substances in the stoppers of Ceftriaxone sodium bottles for injection; To establish a HPLC method for the determination of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant in Ceftriaxone sodium for injection bottle stopper and to analyze the correlation between the volatile substances of rubber stopper and the clarity of solution. objective: To establish a GC-MS method for the determination of extractable substances in the stoppers of Ceftriaxone sodium bottles for injection; To establish a HPLC method for the determination of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant in Ceftriaxone sodium for injection bottle stopper and to analyze the correlation between the volatile substances of rubber stopper and the clarity of solution. method: GC-MS method was used with capillary column Rtx-5MS (30.0 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 µm), the carrier gas was He at the flow rate of 1.8mL·min-1, the temperature of injection port was 200 ℃, shunt ratio was 10∶l, the column temperature was programmed temperature(initial column temperature was 40 ℃ and kept for 15 min, and with the speed of 10 ℃ upping to 100 ℃ and kept for 2 min, and with the speed of 25 ℃ upping to 230 ℃ and kept for 10 min), the interface temperature was 250 ℃, and the scanning range was from 29 to 600(m·z-1), and the volatile substances were using full scan. An inertsil ODS-3 column(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) was used for the HPLC analysis. The mobile phase A consisted of water containing 0.04% trifluoroacetic and the mobile phase B consisted of acetonitrile containing 0.04% trifluoroacetic acid, the gradient elution was used and the flow rate was set as 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was 30 ℃, the detection wavelength was 210 nm and the injection volume was 10 µL. result: Antioxidant BHT(264), silicone oil and other organic compounds in rubber stopper permeated and migrated to the sample with acceleration time by GC-MS. A good linearity was observed over the range of 0.5-100 μg·mL-1(r＞0.999). The detection limits of vulcanizing agent and antioxidant were about 0.03 μg·mL-1, and the quantitation limits were about 0.1 μg·mL-1. The average recoveries (low, medium and high) of antioxidant (168, 264, 330, 1076, 1010) and vulcanizing agents (carbon disulfide, sulfur) were between 90.0% and 110.0%, and the corresponding RSD were less than 5% (n=9) by adding standard recovery experiments. The stability test showed that the antioxidant and the vulcanizing agent solution had good stability and was stable within 24 hours. conclusion: the GC-MS/HPLC method can be used for the quality control of rubber stopper of cefuroxime Sodium for Injection.The compatibility study and comprehensive evaluation system of Ceftriaxone sodium for injection packaging materials have been initially formed.