Detection Of Norfloxacin Research Articles

Portable and sustainable electrochemical platform for the sub-minute detection of norfloxacin in organic fertilizers

Portable and sustainable electrochemical platform for the sub-minute detection of norfloxacin in organic fertilizers

Molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensing platform based on g-C3N4/MOFs photoresponsive oxidase mimic for norfloxacin detection

A molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensor was successfully designed for sensitive detection of norfloxacin (NOR) based on poly (o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) sensitized g-C3N4/Zr-MOFs(Fe) composite. Herein g-C3N4/Zr-MOFs(Fe) heterojunction composite was explored as photoresponsive oxidase mimic and photoactive material for the purpose of enhancing photoelectrochemical performances. In addition, PoPD molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were introduced not only to act as the recognition element for selective performance, but also to possess photosensitive effect, which enhanced the photocurrent of sensor. SEM, element mapping method, XRD, UV–Vis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were employed for the characterization of the structural, chemical composition, optical and electrical properties of g-C3N4/Zr-MOFs(Fe) composite. Thanks to the photoresponsive oxidase mimic property and the selectivity of MIPs, the as-prepared sensor presented a good linear range of from 1.0 × 10−8 mol/L to 2.0 × 10−6 mol/L with NOR and a limit of detection of 5.7 × 10−9 mol/L. Moreover, the sensor platform has been proved to have excellent selectivity and real sample application.

A new supramolecular fluorescent probe based on cucurbit[8]uril for visual determination of norfloxacin: Multi-color, quantitative detection, and practical applications

In recent years, the excessive use of antibiotics in agricultural by-products and aquaculture has attracted great attention due to its impact on human health and damage to ecosystems. Therefore, it is of great significance to detect antibiotics with sensitive and intuitive. In this paper, we report a novel fluorescence probe based on multiple chromaticity response for the rapid and sensitive detection of norfloxacin, in which the fluorescence probe was assembled through host–guest coordination between cucurbit[8]uril (Q[8]) and dibromoxanthen-9-one phenylpyridine cationic derivative (DBXPY), named DBXPY@Q[8]. With the addition of norfloxacin, the probe DBXPY@Q[8] provides a continuous fluorescence color change from yellow to blue, and even white fluorescence appears. In the presence of amino acids, pesticides, and other antibiotics, the probe remains unaffected in the detection of norfloxacin with a low detection limit (1.08 × 10−7 M). Interestingly, combined with smart phone RGB analysis, the probe DBXPY@Q[8] enables visual and quantitative detection of norfloxacin without any precision instrument and can be applied to the detection of norfloxacin in food and water. In contrast to traditional NOF detection methods, which are time-consuming, costly, and complex to operate, the use of fluorescent probes allows for the visual analysis and detection of NOF in water and food. It’s simple to operate, responsive, and can be monitored in real time, offering a significant improvement over conventional methods and has great application potential in field and quantitative analysis.

Construction of a molecularly imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor based on g-C3N4/Cu-MOF for the detection of norfloxacin

Construction of a molecularly imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor based on g-C3N4/Cu-MOF for the detection of norfloxacin

A smartphone-integrated portable platform based on polychromatic ratiometric fluorescent paper sensors for visual quantitative determination of norfloxacin

The emergence of “superbugs” due to antibiotics overuse poses a significant threat to human health and security. The development of sensitive and effective antibiotics detection is undoubtedly a prerequisite for addressing antibiotics overuse-associated issues. However, current techniques for monitoring antibiotics typically require costly equipment and well-trained professionals. Hence, we developed herein a rapid, instrument-free, and on-site detection method for antibiotic residues such as norfloxacin (NOR) based on a ratiometric sensing platform utilizing “on–off–on” response properties of polychromatic fluorescence for direct visual quantitative NOR analysis. Specifically, this platform integrated iron ions (Fe3+)-chelated blue carbon dots (BCDs) for signal sensing and red carbon dots (RCDs) as an internal reference. The sensor mechanism is selective quenching of BCDs' blue fluorescence by Fe3+ via an inner filter effect with unaffected RCDs' red fluorescence. Further NOR addition led to competitive binding with BCDs due to Fe3+ shedding from the BCDs’ surface for a recovered blue fluorescence signal. Notably, the ratiometric fluorescence sensor demonstrated rapid and highly sensitive NOR detection in a concentration range of 1–70 μM with an impressive detection limit of 6.84 nM. The ratiometric fluorescence sensing platform was constructed by integrating smartphone and paper-based strategies, which exhibited exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response for portable, instrument-free, visual quantification of NOR in real samples.

Mix-ligand strategy to construct a novel cadmium-based coordination polymer for effective antibiotic identification in water

A mixed-ligand cadmium-based coordination polymer was successfully synthesized by solvothermal method and named {[Cd3(L)(bipy)(H2O)3]·2H2O}n (1) (where L = 3,4-bis(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)phthalic acid, bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine). Subsequently, complex 1 was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffractometer (SC-XRD), powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to the excellent photoluminescence properties of complex 1, it was used to identify antibiotics in water and it can turn-on detection of norfloxacin in water and also quenched detection of nitrofurazone in water with excellent limit of detection. The mechanism is finally discussed in a rational manner by UV–Visible absorption spectra and density functional theory calculations.

Two-Dimensional Lanthanide Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Platform for Sensing Pollutant and Nitrophenols Reduction.

The discharge of harmful and toxic pollutants in water is destroying the ecosystem balance and human being health at an alarming rate. Therefore, the detection and removal of water pollutants by using stable and efficient materials are significant but challenging. Herein, three novel lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs), [La(L)(DMF)2(H2O)2]·H2O (LCUH-104), [Nd(L)(DMF)2(H2O)2]·H2O (LCUH-105), and [Pr(L)(DMF)2(H2O)2]·H2O (LCUH-106) [H3L = 5-(4-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)isophthalic acid (H3TZI)] were solvothermally constructed and structurally characterized. In the three Ln-MOFs, dinuclear metallic clusters {Ln2} were connected by deprotonated tetrazol-containing dicarboxylate TZI3- to obtain a 2D layered framework with a point symbol of {42·84}·{46}. Their excellent chemical and thermal stabilities were beneficial to carry out fluorescence sensing and achieve the catalytic nitrophenols (NPs) reduction. Especially, the incorporation of the nitrogen-rich tetrazole ring into their 2D layered frameworks enables the fabrication of Pd nanocatalysts (Pd NPs@LCUH-104/105/106) and have dramatically enhanced catalytic activity by using the unique metal-support interactions between three Ln-MOFs and the encapsulating palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs). Specifically, the reduction of NPs (2-NP, 3-NP, and 4-NP) in aqueous solution by Pd NPs@LCUH-104 exhibits exceptional conversion efficiency, remarkable rate constants (k), and outstanding cycling stability. The catalytic rate of Pd NPs@LCUH-104 for 4-NP is nearly 8.5 times more than that of Pd/C (wt 5%) and its turnover frequency value is 0.051 s-1, which indicate its excellent catalytic activity. Meanwhile, LCUH-105, as a multifunctional fluorescence sensor, exhibited excellent fluorescence detection of norfloxacin (NFX) (turn on) and Cr2O72- (turn off) with high selectivity and sensitivity at a low concentration, and the corresponding fluorescence enhancement/quenching mechanism has also been systematically investigated through various detection means and theoretical calculations.

Electrospun nanofiber-based indicatorpaper sensing platform for fluorescence and visualization detection of norfloxacin

Norfloxacin (NOR) residues in water pose a serious threat to human health via the food chain, necessitating the development of a rapid on-site antibiotic detection technique. In this work, we utilize electrostatic spinning technology that combines polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-rare earth metal Tb3+ complexes (ATP/Tb) to construct a new ternary film-based sensor for sensitive, quick, and convenient field testing of NOR in water. The operating mechanism is that the ternary system produces gradually enhanced bright green fluorescence at increasing concentrations of NOR. The unique fluorescence property of the ternary systems is attributed to the use of ATP, rather than the commonly used adenosine monophosphate (AMP), to coordinate with Tb3+, which avoided the possible fluorescence quenching from competitive water binding. Benefiting from the PAN nanofiber's superior stability, acid, and alkali resistance, and flexibility as support, the ternary system exhibited a good linear response to NOR in a wide dynamic range of 0.04–30 μM at the detection limit of 16 nM. Additionally, the combination of a smartphone color recognition app allows for quick on-scene NOR detection. This film sensing strategy is instructive for the development of smart and portable sensing platforms for real-time detection of analytes such as antibiotics, pesticide residues, and hazardous materials in water bodies.

Selective Determination of Norfloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine Samples Using Poly(8-aminonaphthaline-2-sulfonic Acid)-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes.

In this study, a glassy carbon electrode was modified potentiodynamically with poly(8-aminonaphthaline-2-sulfonic acid) [poly(ANSA)/GCE] for the detection of norfloxacin (NFN) in tablet formulations and human urine samples. Improvement of the effective surface area of the modified electrode and decreased charge-transfer resistance confirmed surface modification of the GCE by a conductive poly(ANSA) film. The appearance of an oxidative peak without a reductive peak in the reverse scan direction showed the irreversibility of the electrochemical oxidation of NFN in both the bare GCE and poly(ANSA)/GCE. A better coefficient of determination for the peak current on the square root of the scan rate (R2 = 0.99514) than the scan rate (R2 = 0.97109), indicating the oxidation of NFN at the poly(ANSA)/GCE, was predominantly diffusion mass transport-controlled. Under optimized pH and square wave parameters, the voltammetric current response of NFN at the poly(ANSA)/GCE showed linear dependence on the concentration, ranging from 1.0 × 10-8 to 4.0 × 10-4 M with a limit of detection of 4.1 × 10-10. The NFN level in the studied tablet brands was in the range of 90.30-103.3% of their labeled values. Recovery results in tablet and urine samples ranged from 98.35 to 101.20% and 97.75 to 99.60%, respectively, and interference recovery results were less than 2.13% error in the presence of ampicillin, chloroquine phosphate, and cloxacillin. The present method had a better performance for the determination of NFN in tablet formulations and urine samples as compared with recently reported voltammetric methods due to its requirement of a simple electrode modification step, which provides the least limit of detection and a reasonably wider linear dynamic range.

SERS-based molecularly imprinted polymer sensor for highly sensitive norfloxacin detection

SERS-based molecularly imprinted polymer sensor for highly sensitive norfloxacin detection

Eco-friendly fabrication of multifunctional magnetic plasmonic photocatalyst for adsorption, SERS monitoring and photodegradation of residual fluoroquinolone antibiotics in water

In this work, a kind of multifunctional magnetic plasmonic photocatalyst was prepared by a green and efficient process. Magnetic mesoporous anatase titanium dioxide (Fe3O4@mTiO2) was synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal, and Ag NPs were simultaneously in-situ grown on Fe3O4@mTiO2 (Fe3O4@mTiO2@Ag), graphene oxide (GO) was then wrapped on Fe3O4@mTiO2@Ag (Fe3O4@mTiO2@Ag@GO) to increase its adsorption capacity for fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs). Owing to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of Ag, as well as the photocatalytic capacity of TiO2, a multifunctional platform based on Fe3O4@mTiO2@Ag@GO was constructed for adsorption, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) monitoring and photodegradation of FQs in water. The quantitative SERS detection of norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and enrofloxacin (ENR) was demonstrated with LOD of 0.1 μg mL−1, and the qualitative analysis was confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The photocatalytic degradation rate of NOR over Fe3O4@mTiO2@Ag@GO was about 4.6 and 1.4 times faster than that of Fe3O4@mTiO2 and Fe3O4@mTiO2@Ag, indicating the synergetic effects of Ag NPs and GO, the used Fe3O4@mTiO2@Ag@GO can be easily recovered and recycled for at least 5 times. Thus, the eco-friendly magnetic plasmonic photocatalyst provided a potential solution for the removal and monitoring of residual FQs in environmental water.

Construction of a Molecularly Imprinted Sensor Modified with Tea Branch Biochar and Its Rapid Detection of Norfloxacin Residues in Animal-Derived Foods.

Norfloxacin (NOR) is a common antibiotic used in humans and animals, and its high levels can cause intolerance or poisoning. Therefore, NOR levels in animal-derived foods must be monitored due to potential side effects and illegal use phenomena. This research centered on the development of an environmentally friendly electrochemical sensor for NOR detection. Potassium carbonate activated tea branch biochar (K-TBC) as an efficient use of waste was coated on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and a molecular-imprinted polymer (MIP) layer was subsequently electropolymerized onto the modified electrode. NOR was used as template molecule and o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) and o-aminophenol (o-AP) were used as bifunctional monomers. The electrochemical sensor was built and its electrochemical behavior on NOR was investigated. The sensor demonstrated an excellent linear current response to NOR concentrations in the ranges of 0.1-0.5 nM and 0.5-100 nM under ideal experimental circumstances, with a detection limit of 0.028 nM (S/N = 3). With recoveries ranging from 85.90% to 101.71%, the designed sensor was effectively used to detect NOR in actual samples of milk, honey, and pork. Besides, the fabricated sensor had low price, short detection time, good selectivity and stability, which can provide a theoretical and practical basis for the actual monitoring of NOR residues.

Highly Sensitive Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors Enhanced by Gold Nanoparticles for Norfloxacin Detection in Aquaculture Water.

The overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture and pharmaceuticals and their subsequent leaking into the environment have been demonstrated to be a potential route for creating antibiotic resistance in bacteria. In order to assess the impact of this problem and take regulatory measures, it is necessary to develop tools that allow for the detection of antibiotics in environmental samples in a routine, low-cost manner. In this study, we integrated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) membrane to fabricate a new sensor for the detection of norfloxacin in pharmaceuticals and aquaculture samples. The receptor layers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results of these studies demonstrate that the addition of AuNPs to the polymer network enhanced the sensor sensitivity by at least a factor of two. The MIP-AuNPs sensor has a low detection limit (0.15 ng/mL, S/N = 3) with a wide linear range and very high sensitivity. The selectivity of the fabricated sensor was measured in the sample containing other antibiotics (like chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin). Rapid and precise norfloxacin detection in pharmaceutical compounds and fishpond water samples indicates that the fabricated sensor has the potential to be used for routine screening of aquacultures and pharmaceutical processes.

Colorimetric Chemosensor Based on Fe3O4 Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Norfloxacin in Milk.

Long-term use of norfloxacin (NOR) will cause NOR residues in foods and harm human bodies. The determination of NOR residues is important for guaranteeing food safety. In this study, a simple, selective, and label-free colorimetric chemosensor for in situ NOR detection was developed based on Fe3O4 magnetic molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MMIP NPs). The Fe3O4 MMIP NPs showed good peroxidase-like catalytic activity to 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and selective adsorption ability to NOR. The colorimetric chemosensor was constructed based on the Fe3O4 MMIP NPs-H2O2-TMB reaction system. The absorbance differences were proportional to the concentrations of NOR in the range of 10-300 ng/mL with a limit of detection at 9 ng/mL. The colorimetric chemosensor was successfully applied to detect NOR residue in milk. The recovery range was 78.2-95.81%, with a relative standard deviation of 2.1-9.88%. Together, the proposed colorimetric chemosensor provides a reliable strategy for the detection of NOR residues in foods.

A CaCuSi4O10/GCE electrochemical sensor for detection of norfloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations.

This study reports on a calcium copper tetrasilicate (CaCuSi4O10)/glassy carbon electrode (GCE) electrochemical sensor developed for rapid sensing and quantification of an antibacterial drug, norfloxacin, using both cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor was fabricated by modifying a glassy carbon electrode with the CaCuSi4O10. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed and the Nyquist plot showed that the CaCuSi4O10/GCE had a lower charge transfer resistance of 22.1 Ω cm2 compared to the GCE with a charge transfer resistance of 43.5 Ω cm2. Differential pulse voltammetry showed that the optimum pH for the electrochemical detection of norfloxacin in potassium phosphate buffer solution (PBS) electrolyte was pH 4.5 and an irreversible oxidative peak was found at 1.067 V. Two linear ranges were established at 0.01 to 0.55 μM and 0.55 μM to 82.1 μM, and the limit of detection was ca. 0.0046 μM. We further demonstrated that the electrochemical oxidation was controlled by both diffusion and adsorption processes. The sensor was investigated in the presence of interferents and was found to be selective toward norfloxacin. The pharmaceutical drug analysis was done to establish method reliability and a significantly low standard deviation of 2.3% was achieved. The results suggest that the sensor can be applied in the detection of norfloxacin.

Y3+@CdTe quantum dot nanoprobe as a fluorescence signal enhancement sensing platform for the visualization of norfloxacin.

Quinolone antibiotics (norfloxacin) pose a serious threat to animal and human health due to their misuse and difficulty in being broken down in surface water and food. Rapid and effective detection of norfloxacin (NOR) is essential for environmental testing and ecosystems. In this study, yttrium was coordinated with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA)-modified CdTe quantum dots (QDs) to obtain a novel fluorescence sensor Y3+@CdTe QDs for the sensitive detection of NOR. NOR can bind to Y3+ to form a complex (NOR-Y3+). This complex enhances the luminescence of NOR and blue-shifts to 423 nm. The fluorescence intensity of NOR-Y3+ at 423 nm (I423) gradually increased with increasing NOR concentration; meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity of CdTe QDs at 634 nm (I634) gradually decreased due to aggregation induction. The ratio of I423 to I634 was used for the quantitative determination of NOR. The linear range of the constructed fluorescent probes was from 1.0 to 150.0 μM, with a detection limit of 31.8 nM. CdTe QDs act as a red fluorescent background, and with the addition of NOR, the color of the system transitions from red to purple and finally blue. This method was rapid (immediate) and visual, providing a simple analysis of various actual samples (tap water, lake water, honey, milk and human serum) for NOR.

Linker engineering to regulate the fluorescence of hydrazone-linked covalent organic frameworks for the real-time visual detection of norfloxacin and multiple information encryption

The misuse and improper handling of norfloxacin (NOR) can cause serious harm; therefore, the sensitive and visual detection of NOR is of great significance.

Development of a time‐resolved fluorescent immunochromatographic test for simultaneous detection of norfloxacin and sulfamethazine in pork samples through green pretreatment

AbstractA sensitive time‐resolved fluorescent microsphere immunochromatographic strip test (TRFM‐ICST) was established for the simultaneously rapid detection of norfloxacin (NOR) and sulfamethazine (SM2) in pork samples. Time‐resolved fluorescent europium (III) enclosed polystyrene microspheres conjugated with monoclonal antibody were used as probe to fulfill the analysis. Meanwhile, a green pretreatment system without organic solvent was developed for pork samples. Pork samples were processed by extracting buffer [citric acid buffer (0.01 M, pH 4.4) containing 2% (vol/vol) of Tween‐20 and 2% (wt/vol) of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (mass weight = 10,000)] and diluting buffer [phosphate buffered solution (0.01 M, pH 7.2) containing 1% (wt/vol) of Tween‐20 and 1% (wt/vol) of polyethylene glycol (mass weight = 400)]. The working range of TRFM‐ICST for NOR and SM2 in pork samples was 2.74–18.70 and 0.49–3.02 μg kg−1, respectively. Negative pork samples spiked with NOR and SM2 were detected by established TRFM‐ICST and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The linear regression analysis yielded a good correlation between TRFM‐ICST and HPLC (Y = 0.9309X + 0.039, R2 = .9965, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 1.95%). The recovery of NOR and SM2 in pork samples was 94.1–114.4 and 93.0–102.0%, respectively, illustrating the proposed TRFM‐ICST can be applied for screening of high throughput pork samples.

One pot synthesis of Cu–Ni–S@Ni foam for the simultaneous removal and detection of norfloxacin

The residual antibiotics in the environment will pose a threat to the environment and human health. Thus, it is imperative to develop a smart water treatment material to remove and detect antibiotics from aqueous environment simultaneously. In this study, magnetic Cu–Ni–S@Ni foam was synthesized by liquid phase vulcanization method to in-situ load Cu–Ni–S nanostructures on the surface of Ni foam. The novelty of this material is the combination of adsorption-flocculation technology and semi-quantitative detection technology. Batch experiments showed that Cu–Ni–S@Ni foam has a high removal rate of norfloxacin (NOR) (96.92%), wide pH adaptability (pH = 4.0–10.0) and strong ion interference resistance (0.1–100 mmol/L). According to the Langmuir isotherm, the removal capacity can reach 417.4 mg/g at 25 °C, which is much higher than that of other water treatment agents reported in most studies. Characterization analysis indicated that the main removal mechanisms are surface complexation, cation bridging, electrostatic attraction, precipitation and flocculation. Transmission FTIR detection experiments showed that NOR on Cu–Ni–S@Ni foam has easily recognizable FTIR fingerprints; the intensity of characteristic peaks roughly reflects the concentration information of NOR to some extent. This semi-quantitative detection method, requiring simple operation without the fabrication of KBr tablet, has a wide linear range (5–100 mg/L) and a low limit of detection (4.6 mg/L). Therefore, Cu–Ni–S@Ni foam can be used for simultaneous removal and semi-quantitative detection of NOR in wastewater. It has potential application value in wastewater treatment and water quality monitoring.

High transparent Ag NPs/PVC SERS membrane combined with molecular imprinting technology for selective detection of norfloxacin

In this work, a novel SERS sensor was obtained by choosing PVC as the carrier, the pre-prepared Ag NPs were dispersed to PVC casting solution though solvent casting method for fabrication of transparent, flexible and tough SERS substrate (Ag NPs/PVC membrane, APM). Meanwhile, considering the complexity of actual detection environment, the APM surface was covered with imprinted layer by using atom transfer radical polymerization to form the specific recognition sites of target analyte on the membrane surface to achieve the selective detection of norfloxacin. Worth mentioning at this work was the SERS-MIMs sensor (APM-MIMs) we obtained can realize undifferentiated detection either top or bottom sides, which relative standard deviation (RSD) were 12.1% and 5.9% respectively. Sensitive detection of norfloxacin was achieved on the scale of 10−5 to 10−9 M in standard solutions, which SERS intensity at 1595 cm−1 revealed excellent linear relationship with solution concentration, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9986. The APM-MIMs prepared by simple methods could be used as a potential SERS substrate to detect trace substances.