Detection Of Hypoxia Research Articles

Development of integrated monitoring technology for hypothermia and hypoxia in low birth weight infants

Hypothermia and hypoxia are two conditions that often occur in Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants and can lead to serious complications if not promptly detected and addressed. The aim of the research is to develop a prototype of a medical device that integrates the detection of hypothermia and hypoxia in low birth weight infants. The research method uses a Research and Development approach. (R&D). The development process is carried out through several stages, namely needs analysis, design, development, testing, and evaluation. In the needs analysis stage, data is collected based on the results of previous research and through a literature review to determine the expected specifications of the tool. Next, in the design and development stage, the prototype is designed by integrating temperature sensors and an oximeter, as well as an automatic alarm system that provides early warnings when the baby's vital parameters are outside normal limits. In the initial stage, testing is conducted through simulations. The research results show that the prototype is capable of quickly detecting changes in body temperature and oxygen levels, as well as providing an alarm response to any abnormal changes. In further development, functional testing of the device will be conducted on infants. This device is expected to contribute to the improvement of neonatal care quality and the reduction of infant mortality rates due to complications from hypothermia and hypoxia.

Endometriosis development in relation to hypoxia: a murine model study.

Endometriosis, due to its ambiguous symptoms, still remains one of the most difficult female diseases to treat, with an average diagnosis time of 7-9years. The changing level of hypoxia plays an important role in a healthy endometrium during menstruation and an elevated expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) has been demonstrated in ectopic endometria. HIF-1α mediates the induction of proangiogenic factors and the development of angiogenesis is a critical step in the establishment and pathogenesis of endometriosis. Although the inhibition of angiogenesis has been proposed as one of the actionable therapeutic modalities, vascular normalization and re-oxygenation may become a possible new approach for therapeutic intervention. Our goal was to investigate whether a selected murine model of endometriosis would be suitable for future studies on new methods for treating endometriosis. Non-invasive, high-resolution ultrasound-monitored observation was selected as the preclinical approach to obtain imaging of the presence and volume of the endometriotic-like lesions. The EF5 (2-(2-Nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)-N-(2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl)acetamide) compound that selectively binds to reduced proteins in hypoxic cells was used for hypoxia detection. The expression of Pten and other crucial genes linking endometriosis and hypoxia were also assessed. Using EF5, a pentafluorinated derivative of the 2-nitroimidazole that is metabolically reduced by oxygen-inhibitable nitroreductase, we confirmed that hypoxia did develop in the selected model and was detected in uterine and ectopic endometriotic lesions. Moreover, the changes in oxygen tension also influenced the expression level of significant genes related to endometriosis, like Pten, Trp53, Hif1a, Epas1, and Vegfa. Their strong modulation evidenced here is indicative of model reliability. Using high-resolution ultrasound-based imaging, we present a non-invasive method of visualization that enables the detection and observation of lesion evolution throughout the duration of the experiment, which is fundamental for further preclinical studies and treatment evaluation. The selected model and method of visualization appear to be suitable for the study of new treatment strategies based on hypoxia alleviation and blood flow restoration.

Comparing NIRS and Pulse Oximetry for Cerebral Oxygen Saturation During Hypoxia Testing

Objective: This study evaluates the suitability of cerebral oximetry using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) compared to traditional pulse oximetry (SpO2) for measuring cerebral oxygen saturation during hypoxia testing, aiming to enhance safety during flight operations and training. Material and Methods: The study included 106 participants aged 18–60 years at the Aerospace Medicine Training Center in Königsbrück. Cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured using the INVOS™ 5100C cerebral oximeter and Masimo™ MS5 pulse oximeter, respectively. Measurements were taken at baseline, during hypoxia at 25,000 feet, and post recovery. Data analysis included regression analysis, Bland–Altman plots, and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Ethical approval was obtained from the Hannover Medical School. Data from 100 participants were analyzed. Results: Baseline SpO2 was 97.5 ± 1.5%, and baseline rSO2 was 77.25 ± 6.4%. During hypoxia, SpO2 dropped significantly, while rSO2 showed higher values. SpO2 recovered faster than rSO2. Deviations in rSO2 between the right and left sides during hypoxia were minimal. Lin’s CCC indicated moderate to substantial concordance. NIRS measurements were more stable and less prone to disturbances, with 95 disruptions in pulse oximetry, 25 of which were potentially critical. Conclusions: NIRS is a reliable method for detecting cerebral oxygen saturation, offering significant advantages over traditional pulse oximetry in stability and reliability during hypoxia testing. NIRS is less error-prone, supporting its use for continuous monitoring in aviation settings and enhancing flight safety by providing more accurate hypoxia detection.

Functionalized α-Cyanostilbene Derivatives for Detection of Hypoxia or Proteostasis Imbalance in Live Cells.

α-Cyanostilbene represents one of the easily functionalized aggregation-induced emission (AIE) scaffolds. It has been widely adopted for the construction of fluorescent materials for broad applications. Here, we further expanded the utilization of α-cyanostilbene derivatives for the detection of hypoxia or proteostasis imbalance in live cells. Four different amine containing donors were introduced to construct α-cyanostilbene derivatives (R-ASC) with donor-acceptor scaffolds. Equipped with the cysteine (Cys) reactive group, maleimide (MI), R-ASC-MI shows fluorescence turn-on property upon binding with unfolded proteins in vitro and in live cells under proteostatic stress. By virtue of R-ASC-MI, the level of unfolded protein loads in cells can be quantified by flow cytometry, or visualized under microscope. Furthermore, we also characterized the performance of R-ASC-NO2, synthetic precursors of R-ASC-MI, in cellular hypoxia. R-ASC-NO2 revealed upregulated activities of nitroreductase, as well as increased hydrophobicity in live cells, under either chemical (NaN3) induced or atmospheric (1% O2) hypoxia. Together, the advantages of easy modification and high signal-to-noise ratio of new α-cyanostilbene derivatives reported in this work highlight the great potential of α-cyanostilbene in constructing functional biosensors and many other domains.

Reductive stress in mitochondria isolated from the carotid body of type 1 diabetic male Wistar rats.

The carotid body (CB) senses changes in arterial O2 partial pressure (pO2) and glucose levels; therefore, it is key for the detection of hypoxia and hypoglycemia. The CB has been suggested to detect pO2 through an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mitochondria. However, the mechanism protecting the chemoreceptor cells and their mitochondria from ROS and hyperglycemia is poorly understood. Here we measured glutathione levels in CB mitochondria of control and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic male Wistar rats. We found a dramatic reduction in total glutathione from 11.45 ± 1.30 μmol/mg protein in control rats to 1.45 ± 0.31 μmol/mg protein in diabetic rats. However, the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione, a measure of the redox index, was increased in diabetic rats compared to controls. We conclude that the mitochondria of CB chemoreceptor cells in type 1 diabetic male Wistar rats were likely under glutathione-reducing stress.

1975: Validating MR Hypoxia Detection in Prostate Cancer using pimonidazole and GLUT1

1975: Validating MR Hypoxia Detection in Prostate Cancer using pimonidazole and GLUT1

A multimodal dual-branch fusion network for fetal hypoxia detection

Labor is the most severe test of a fetus’s ability to survive hypoxia. Even low-risk full-term fetuses may endure variable degrees of hypoxia as a result of intrapartum uterine contractions. It is imperative for clinicians to expeditiously identify fetal hypoxia and implement timely interventions. However, due to the intricacy and intra-class variability of fetal heart rate (FHR) data, distinguishing normal babies from acidotic fetuses is extremely challenging. This research proposes a novel multimodal dual-branch fusion network to improve the accuracy of fetal hypoxia identification. The dual-branch network is constructed through the signal slicing method. Additionally, we present a novel attention guidance module that leverages spatial attention to capture hypoxia-related information from two branches of signal. Ultimately, the network integrates maternal electronic medical records, FHR features, and FHR signals to achieve multimodal fusion of the input features. Furthermore, label smoothing can yield better calibrated networks, thus improving classification performance even further. On the public dataset, this method obtained a sensitivity of 72.58 %, a specificity of 71.08 %, a quality index of 71.59 %, and an area under the curve of 74.70 %. This method combines maternal-fetal medicine and artificial intelligence, represents a new strategy to recognize fetal acidosis.

A Host–Guest Platform for Highly Efficient, Quantitative, and Rapid Detection of Nitroreductase

Nitroreductase (NTR) is an enzyme expressed at an abnormally high level in solid tumors, which is associated with the hypoxia level in tumors. The establishment of a high-performance and convenient fluorescent platform for the fast monitoring of NTR is of pivotal importance. Herein, a novel host–guest complex was created by encapsulating a fluorescent substrate GP-NTR within a metal–organic capsule Zn-MPB that included a NADH mimic for the detection of hypoxia via responding to nitroreductase (NTR) with fast responsiveness and good fluorescence imaging. Notably, the double-substrate process was streamlined to a single–substrate process by the host–guest supramolecular method in the catalytic process of NTR, which enabled the reaction to be independent of the cofactor NADH supply and shortened the distance between the substrate and the active site of NTR. The increasing fluorescence intensity of Zn-MPB⊃GP-NTR exhibits a linear relationship with NTR concentration and shows a fast response toward NTR in solution in tens of seconds. Zn-MPB⊃GP-NTR also displays high sensitivity to NTR with a low detection limit of 6.4 ng/mL. Cells and in vivo studies have confirmed that Zn-MPB⊃GP-NTR could be successfully applied for the fast imaging of NTR in NTR-overexpressed tumor cells and tumor-bearing animals. The host–guest platform not only provides a new avenue for the design and optimization of a fluorescence detection platform for the rapid and quantitative detection of NTR activity, but also offers an imaging tool for the early diagnosis of hypoxia-related tumors.

Multi‐Model Machine Learning Approach Accurately Predicts Lake Dissolved Oxygen With Multiple Environmental Inputs

AbstractAs a key water quality parameter, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, and particularly changes in bottom water DO is fundamental for understanding the biogeochemical processes in lake ecosystems. Based on two machine learning (ML) models, Gradient Boost Regressor (GBR) and long‐short‐term‐memory (LSTM) network, this study developed three ML model approaches: direct GBR; direct LSTM; and a 2‐step mixed ML model workflow combining both GBR and LSTM. They were used to simulate multi‐year surface and bottom DO concentrations in five lakes. All approaches were trained with readily available environmental data as predictors. Indices of lake thermal structure and mixing provided by a one‐dimensional (1‐D) hydrodynamic model were also included as predictors in the ML models. The advantages of each ML approach were not consistent for all the tested lakes, but the best one of them was defined that can estimate DO concentration with coefficient of determination (R2) up to 0.6–0.7 in each lake. All three approaches have normalized mean absolute error (NMAE) under 0.15. In a polymictic lake, the 2‐step mixed model workflow showed better representation of bottom DO concentrations, with a highest true positive rate (TPR) of hypolimnetic hypoxia detection of over 90%, while the other workflows resulted in, TPRs are around 50%. In most of the tested lakes, the predicted surface DO concentrations and variables indicating stratified conditions (i.e., Wedderburn number and the temperature difference between surface and bottom water) are essential for simulating bottom DO. The ML approaches showed promising results and could be used to support short‐ and long‐term water management plans.

The First Detection of Hypoxia in Vostok Bay (the Sea of Japan)

The First Detection of Hypoxia in Vostok Bay (the Sea of Japan)

Aspergillus fumigatus Hypoxia Adaptation Is Critical for the Establishment of Fungal Keratitis.

The poor visual outcomes associated with fungal keratitis (FK) underscore a need to identify fungal pathways that can serve as novel antifungal targets. In this report, we investigated whether hypoxia develops in the FK cornea and, by extension, if fungal hypoxia adaptation is essential for virulence in this setting. C57BL/6J mice were inoculated with Aspergillus fumigatus and Fusarium solani var. petroliphilum via topical overlay or intrastromal injection. At various time points post-inoculation (p.i.), animals were injected with pimonidazole for the detection of tissue hypoxia through immunofluorescence imaging. The A. fumigatus srbA gene was deleted through Cas9-mediated homologous recombination and its virulence was assessed in the topical infection model using slit-lamp microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Topical inoculation with A. fumigatus resulted in diffuse pimonidazole staining across the epithelial and endothelial layers within 6 hours. Stromal hypoxia was evident by 48 hours p.i., which corresponded to leukocytic infiltration. Intrastromal inoculation with either A. fumigatus or F. solani similarly led to diffuse staining patterns across all corneal cell layers. The A. fumigatus srbA deletion mutant was unable to grow at oxygen levels below 3% in vitro, and corneas inoculated with the mutant failed to develop signs of corneal opacification, inflammation, or fungal burden. These results suggest that fungal antigen rapidly drives the development of corneal hypoxia, thus rendering fungal SrbA or related pathways essential for the establishment of infection. Such pathways may therefore serve as targets for novel antifungal intervention.

Application of the Single Source-Detector Separation Algorithm in Wearable Neuroimaging Devices: A Step toward Miniaturized Biosensor for Hypoxia Detection.

Most currently available wearable devices to noninvasively detect hypoxia use the spatially resolved spectroscopy (SRS) method to calculate cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2). This study applies the single source-detector separation (SSDS) algorithm to calculate StO2. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) data were collected from 26 healthy adult volunteers during a breath-holding task using a wearable NIRS device, which included two source-detector separations (SDSs). These data were used to derive oxyhemoglobin (HbO) change and StO2. In the group analysis, both HbO change and StO2 exhibited significant change during a breath-holding task. Specifically, they initially decreased to minimums at around 10 s and then steadily increased to maximums, which were significantly greater than baseline levels, at 25-30 s (p-HbO < 0.001 and p-StO2 < 0.05). However, at an individual level, the SRS method failed to detect changes in cerebral StO2 in response to a short breath-holding task. Furthermore, the SSDS algorithm is more robust than the SRS method in quantifying change in cerebral StO2 in response to a breath-holding task. In conclusion, these findings have demonstrated the potential use of the SSDS algorithm in developing a miniaturized wearable biosensor to monitor cerebral StO2 and detect cerebral hypoxia.

Fetal Hypoxia Detection Using Machine Learning: A Narrative Review

Fetal hypoxia is a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen supply in a developing fetus in the womb. It can cause potential risks, leading to abnormalities, birth defects, and even mortality. Cardiotocograph (CTG) monitoring is among the techniques that can detect any signs of fetal distress, including hypoxia. Due to the critical importance of interpreting the results of this test, it is essential to accompany these tests with the evolving available technology to classify cases of hypoxia into three cases: normal, suspicious, or pathological. Furthermore, Machine Learning (ML) is a blossoming technique constantly developing and aiding in medical studies, particularly fetal health prediction. Notwithstanding the past endeavors of health providers to detect hypoxia in fetuses, implementing ML and Deep Learning (DL) techniques ensures more timely and precise detection of fetal hypoxia by efficiently and accurately processing complex patterns in large datasets. Correspondingly, this review paper aims to explore the application of artificial intelligence models using cardiotocographic test data. The anticipated outcome of this review is to introduce guidance for future studies to enhance accuracy in detecting cases categorized within the suspicious class, an aspect that has encountered challenges in previous studies that holds significant implications for obstetricians in effectively monitoring fetal health and making informed decisions.

Labor management and neonatal outcomes in cardiotocography categories II and III (Review).

The safe care of both mothers and fetuses during labor is a primary goal of all health professionals. The assessment of fetal oxygenation and well-being is a key aspect of perinatal care provided. Fetal heart rate (FHR) auscultation became part of daily obstetric practice in a number of countries during the 20th century and remains a key method of fetal monitoring, particularly in low-risk pregnancies. Cardiotocography (CTG) is the continuous monitoring and recording of the FHR and uterine myometrial activity, making it possible to assess the fetal condition. It therefore plays a critical role in the detection of fetal hypoxia during labor, a condition directly related to short- and long-term complications in the newborn. Herein, particular reference is made to the management of CTG category II and III standards, as well as to the handling of childbirth. In addition, specific FHR patterns are associated with immediate neonatal outcomes based on updated studies conducted worldwide. Finally, the prognostic significance of CTG and its potential as a prospective avenue for further investigation are also highlighted herein. Given that the misinterpretation of CTG findings is the most common cause of medical-legal responsibility, this knowledge field requires more emphasis and attention. The aim of the present review was to further deepen the knowledge on issues that mainly concern the safety and monitoring of pregnant women and fetuses during childbirth.

Transcriptome analysis suggests the role of expansin genes in the improved germination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds after hydropriming

AbstractSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is widely utilized for seed oil production. Priming seeds prior to sowing is a technique used to enhance the germination rate and uniformity of seedling growth. Priming times of 6 and 18 h were selected to be the optimal and extended durations, respectively. Three biological replicates per treatment were used for next‐generation sequencing via the Illumina platform. In this study, priming conditions decreased the time to 50% radicle emergence, implying earlier and more uniform germination without affecting the final germination percentage. Transcriptome analysis identified 6171 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for 0–6 h, 7241 DEGs for 0–18 h, and 1527 DEGs for 6–18 h. The number of expressed DEGs during the early hours of priming exceeded those identified during the extended priming time, suggesting more metabolic processes were taking place in the earlier priming period. Noteworthy DEGs are related to stress responses, the biosynthesis of metabolites, and the activation of antioxidants and phytohormones. Moreover, these DEGs were significantly enriched in translation, metabolic processes, and biosynthesis for the priming times of 0–6 h and 0–18 h, whereas anaerobic respiration, detection of hypoxia, and lipid transport were differentially expressed between 6 and 18 h. Furthermore, expansin genes, namely, EXPA1, EXPA9, EXPA15, EXLA3, and EXP/Lol pI 3B GAG‐pre‐integrase domain, were significantly expressed. These expansins are cell wall‐loosening proteins that are involved in the processes of physiological development in higher plants, including seed germination. The data obtained in this study contribute toward deciphering the molecular mechanisms associated with seed priming in sunflower seeds.

Pimonidazole-alkyne conjugate for sensitive detection of hypoxia by Cu-catalyzed click reaction

Hypoxia is involved in various diseases, such as cancers. Pimonidazole has often been used as the gold-standard marker to visualize hypoxic regions. Pimonidazole labels hypoxic regions by forming a covalent bond with a neighboring protein under hypoxic conditions in the body, which is detected by immunohistochemistry performed on tissue sections. To date, some pimonidazole-fluorophore conjugates have been reported as fluorescent probes for hypoxia imaging that do not require immunostaining. They are superior to pimonidazole because immunostaining can produce high background signals. However, large fluorophores in the conjugates may alter the original biodistribution and reactivity. Here, we report a new hypoxia marker, Pimo-yne, as a pimonidazole-alkyne conjugate. Pimo-yne has a similar hypoxia detection capability as pimonidazole because the alkyne tag is small and can be detected by Cu-catalyzed click reaction with azide-tagged fluorescent dyes. We successfully visualized hypoxic regions in tumor tissue sections using Pimo-yne with reduced background signals. The detected regions overlapped well with those detected by pimonidazole immunohistochemistry. To further reduce the background, we employed a turn-on azide-tagged fluorescent dye.Graphical abstract

Neuromodulation of Cardiac Ischemic Pain: Role of the Autonomic Nervous System and Vasopressin.

Cardiac pain is an index of cardiac ischemia that helps the detection of cardiac hypoxia and adjustment of activity in the sufferer. Drivers and thresholds of cardiac pain markedly differ in different subjects and can oscillate in the same individual, showing a distinct circadian rhythmicity and clinical picture. In patients with syndrome X or silent ischemia, cardiac pain intensity may cause neurogenic stress that potentiates the cardiac work and intensifies the cardiac hypoxia and discomfort of the patient. The reasons for individual differences in cardiac pain sensation are not fully understood. Thus far, most attention has been focused on inappropriate regulation of the heart by the autonomic nervous system, autacoids, and cardiovascular hormones. Herein, we summarize evidence showing that the autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac pain sensation in cooperation with vasopressin (AVP). AVP is an essential analgesic compound and it exerts its antinociceptive function through actions in the brain (the periaqueductal gray, caudate nucleus, nucleus raphe magnus), spinal cord, and heart and coronary vessels. Vasopressin acts directly by means of V1 and V2 receptors as well as through multiple interactions with the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular hormones, in particular, angiotensin II and endothelin. The pain regulatory effects of the autonomic nervous system and vasopressin are significantly impaired in cardiovascular diseases.

Observational Cross-Sectional Study of ETCO2 and Pulse Oximetry for Early Detection of Hypoxia in MAC Patient (Monitored Anaesthesia Care)

Background and Aim: The study aims to identify whether ETCO2 detects early hypoxia compared to monitoring of SpO2, HR and RR (Standard Monitor) in patients undergoing surgical procedure under MAC. Method: Total 336 patients belonging to Age group of 18-60 years, ASA grade 1 and grade 2, procedure lasting for &lt;4hrs, undergoing sedation under MAC for day care surgery. Measurements of Spo2, HR, RR, ETCO2, NIBP done by applying monitors. Nasal cannula also put for supplemental Oxygen. Result: Overall 92 episodes of disordered ventilation were detected out of which 67 were detected by ETCO2 (44- Hypoventilation and 23- Apnoea) and 25 were detected by Pulse Oximetry (4- Hypoventilation and 21- desaturation. Overall a mean delay of 51.04 seconds was seen in detection by Pulse Oximetry. Conclusion: In the study it was concluded that patients under sedation, underwent frequent episodes of disordered ventilation leading to hypoxia. In such scenarios it was seen that ETCO2 monitoring provided a practical advantage of detecting hypoventilation and apnea earlier than Pulse Oximetry showing desaturation. Keywords: Capnography, ETCO2, pulse oximetry.

Early Blood Gas Analysis in SARS-COV-2 Infected Patients Admitted to SMHS Hospital: A Tertiary Care Hospital in Kashmir

Inroduction: Blood gases are a measurement of how much oxygen and carbon dioxide is in blood. These determine the acidity of blood. The blood gas testing is generally used for detecting and monitoring lung and kidney problems. The blood gas testing measures partial pressure of oxygen (o2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2),oxygen saturation(O2Sat), bicarbonate(HCO3) concentration .&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Here in study Patients aged more than 18 years confirmed Covid 19 positive by reverse transcription, PCR (RT-PCR). Patients suffering from moderate to severe Covid 19 as per WHO diagnostic guidelines and underwent at least one ABG were included in the analysis. The ABG test was done on ABG analyzer in department of Biochemistry, SMHS hospital. All the data which was related to study was gathered and recorded in case record forms using files. As well as reports of patients from medical record section.&#x0D; Results: Alkaline pH was found in 57.33% individuals.36% individuals were having normal pH and the percentage of individuals having acidic pH was 6.66%. Low PaO2 was found in 45.33% individuals. Normal PaO2 levels were found in 21.33% and high PaO2 levels were found in 33.33% individuals .Low PaCO2 (&lt;35 mmHg) were found in 56%, normal (35-45mmHg) levels were found in 37.33% and high levels (&gt;45mmHg) were found in 6.66%. Low HCO3- (&lt;22mmol/L) were found in 16%, normal (22-26mmol/L) in 38.66% individuals and high (&gt;26mmol/L) were found in 45.33% individuals would be expected in the case of respiratory alkalosis.&#x0D; Conclusion: Regular ABG monitoring can aid in the early detection of silent hypoxia, and respiratory injury. With early management start-up, many lives can be spared with early diagnosis.

Detection of Hypoxia in 2D and 3D Cell Culture Systems Using Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Hypoxia Sensors.

In vivo oxygen availability varies widely between cellular microenvironments, depending on the tissue of origin and its cellular niche. It has long been known that too high or too low oxygen concentrations can act as a biological stressor. Thus, the precise control of oxygen availability should be a consideration for cell culture optimization, especially in the field of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. In this chapter, we describe a system for visualizing oxygen limitations at a cellular level using human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAD-MSCs) that were genetically modified to express a fluorescent hypoxia sensor. This sensor can detect the activation of hypoxia-induced factors (HIF) transcription factors that lead to the expression of the oxygen-independent fluorescent protein, UnaG, at low oxygen concentrations. The response of these hypoxia reporter cells can be evaluated in two-dimensional (2D) and 3D cultivation platforms during exposure to hypoxia (1% O2) and normoxia (21% O2) using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. We show that hypoxia reporter MSCs exhibit a hypoxia-induced fluorescence signal in both 2D and 3D cultivation platforms with fast decay kinetics after reoxygenation, rendering it a valuable tool for studying the cellular microenvironment and regenerative potential of hAD-MSCs in an in vivo-like setting.