CRP Detection Research Articles

The effect of layer thickness and immobilization chemistry on the detection of CRP in LSPR assays

The immobilization of a capture molecule represents a crucial step for effective usage of gold nanoparticles in localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based bioanalytics. Depending on the immobilization method used, the resulting capture layer is of varying thickness. Thus, the target binding event takes place at different distances to the gold surface. Using the example of a C-reactive protein immunoassay, different immobilization methods were tested and investigated with regard to their resulting target signal strength. The dependency of the target signal on the distance to the gold surface was investigated utilizing polyelectrolyte bilayers of different thickness. It could be experimentally demonstrated how much the LSPR-shift triggered by a binding event on the gold nanoparticles decreases with increasing distance to the gold surface. Thus, the sensitivity of an LSPR assay is influenced by the choice of immobilization chemistry.

Research Progress of Echocardiography Combined with Blood Related Detection Indexes in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Kawasaki Disease in Children

Aim: To explore the research progress of echocardiography combined with blood-related detection indicators in the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease in children. By collecting relevant literature reports, echocardiography and several blood-related detection indicators such as SAA, IL-6, PCT and CRP were screened out. It has good clinical application value in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease in children, but there is no report on the application of echocardiography combined with blood SAA, IL-6, PCT and CRP detection in the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease in children. The author intends to explore the role of echocardiography combined with blood SAA, IL-6, PCT and CRP detection in the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease in children, hoping to achieve better results.

A polypyrrole-mediated photothermal biosensor with a temperature and pressure dual readout for the detection of protein biomarkers.

Photothermal biosensors with advantages of speed and high sensitivity offer alternative and reliable solutions for real-time clinical diagnosis, food safety testing and environmental monitoring. Although metallic nanoparticles are usually used for photothermal biosensors, their poor photothermal stability and potential toxicity hinder clinical applications. Taking advantage of the low cytotoxicity and remarkable photothermal effect under the low laser power of polypyrrole-based organic nanoparticles, we developed a novel photothermal biosensor with a temperature and pressure dual readout. After the formation of immunoassay sandwich structures, polypyrrole as the photothermal agent is synthesized in situ with pyrrole, HCl and Fe3+ released from magnetic Fe2O3 particles modified with detection antibody. The heterocyclic rings from polypyrrole enable photothermal performance in the NIR region. The resulting increased heat and pressure in a sealed well are measured using a digital thermometer and a portable pressure meter, respectively. Taking C-reactive protein (CRP) as a model target, the proposed strategy allowed sensitive, selective and accurate analysis of biomarkers, and showed performance comparable to that of ELISA. Overall, the dual-mode photothermal biosensor holds great potential for simple and low-cost photothermal sensing of biomarkers for point-of-care testing (POCT).

Assessment of C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and interlukin-6 as diagnostic aid for neonatal infections at a tertiary care center

Introduction and Aim: Neonatal infections are the leading cause of mortality among neonates after prematurity. The importance determining biological markers to be used as a diagnostic test to detect neonatal infections the in early stage of the disease is a challenge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness & sensitivity of various serological markers such as serum Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and chemokine IL-6 for diagnosis of neonatal infections leading to sepsis in new born infants. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among newborns admitted in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and meeting the selection criteria. Samples were collected for blood culture and ELISA was performed for detection of CRP, PCT & IL-6. Results: A total of 300 newborns were included in this study from NICU of which 132 (44%) neonates was found to be blood culture positive. The most frequently isolated organisms were Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.5%), followed by Candida albicans (18.1%). In case of confirmed neonatal sepsis, significant higher levels of CRP, PCT and IL-6 were detected than in cases of probable sepsis. Serum procalcitonin levels exhibit highest sensitivity and specificity as 65.91% and 91.67% respectively. Conclusion: Serum procalcitonin has better diagnostic utility in terms of biological marker for the diagnosis of neonatal infections than C- reactive protein and Interleukin-6.

Gold nanoparticles anchored onto covalent poly deep eutectic solvent functionalized graphene: An electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of C-reactive protein

An electrochemical aptasensor for specific recognition of CRP biomarker was designed and synthesized with a novel porous and planar structure based on poly deep eutectic solvent modified graphene oxide coated by gold nanoparticles. Different steps of the synthesis of sponge-like aptasensor were characterized by SEM, mapping, EDX, FTIR, XRD, HRTEM, and BET. The designed DNA aptamers were prepared on the Au NPs-modified electrode surface through the gold-sulfur affinity. The presence of the high amount of the AuNPs as a signal amplifier on the surface of the composite afforded a label-free electrochemical aptasensor for the selective and sensitive detection of CRP via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). To achieve an efficient sensitivity, optimization of the variables affecting this method was carried out. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed technique provided good linearity in the range of 0.001–50 ng mL−1 as well as a low detection limit of 0.0003 ng mL−1. The sensor moreover was used for the determination of CRP in human serum in which recoveries are between 96.0 and 102.2%, and the relative standard deviations are within 2.09–5.47%. The designed platform provides an efficient pathway for the sensitive detection of various biomolecules in a label-free manner by changing the corresponding particular aptamer recognition strands.

Low-cost, open-source 3D printed antibody dispenser for development and small-scale production of lateral flow assay strips

We present a low cost, 3D printed open-source antibody dispenser that can be easily built and used for the development of lateral flow assay (LFA) strips. The fabrication of LFA strips need dispensing of antibodies or antigens in a linear fashion and commercially available dispensers typically cost from few thousands to few tens of thousands of US dollars. In this paper, an antibody dispenser was built by using 3D printed and commercially available parts, which cost no more than 30 USD. This paper presents a detailed instruction on how to assemble the printer and how to achieve a specific line width for the dispensed antibody. By using syringe needles of different gauges, line width ranging from 0.23 to 1.8 mm can be dispensed, and by varying the speed controller, the dispensing needle’s speed can be varied between 2.8 and 3.8 cm/s. We demonstrate uniform dispensing of anti-C-reactive protein (CRP) antibody and anti-rabbit antibody to draw a test line and a control line, which are used for the detection of CRP. The dispenser can also be equipped with two dispensing needles to allow simultaneous dispensing of multiple reagents, which can be useful for LFA strip development.

Development of a gold-nanorod-based lateral flow immunoassay for a fast and dual-modal detection of C-reactive protein in clinical plasma samples.

Fast and simple detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) is highly significant for the diagnosis and prognosis of inflammatory or infectious diseases. Lateral flow immunoassay has the advantages of rapid detection, simple operation and low cost, but it is usually limited by the quantitative ability and speed of data extraction. Herein, a gold-nanorod-based lateral flow immunoassay was developed to rapidly detect CRP by simultaneously monitoring the colorimetric and temperature signals. In this method, anti-CRP antibody-modified gold nanorods (GNRs) were designed as colorimetric and photothermal conversion probes. A mouse anti-CRP monoclonal antibody and goat anti-mouse IgG were used as test and control lines, respectively. Then, a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip was constructed by a sandwich-type method for detecting CRP by introducing antibody-modified GNRs, and this procedure needed less than 15 min. Finally, the detection signals can be directly observed by eyes and directly read using a thermal imager. The as-synthesized GNR showed high photothermal conversion efficiency (η = 39%) and strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption. For CRP detection, the proposed immunochromatographic strip exhibited good specificity, high sensitivity, good linearity within the range of 50–10 000 ng mL−1 and a low limit of detection (LOD, 1.3 ng mL−1). This method was successfully applied for CRP detection in clinical plasma samples, and it correlated very well with the diagnostic kit of immunoturbidimetry (r = 0.96). The results indicated that the developed GNR-based immunochromatographic strip has immense potential for use as a rapid and cost-effective in vitro diagnostic kit.

Expressions of SAA, CRP, and FERR in different severities of COVID-19.

To explore the expression and significance of SAA, CRP and FERR in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. A total of 225 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were admitted to the North Hospital of First Hospital in Changsha, China, from 9th February 2020 to 7th March 2020 were enrolled. Their general data, laboratory test results and levels of SAA, CRP and FERR were extracted from electronic medical records. Age was an important risk factor for the severity of COVID-19 in the patients. Compared with the non-severe group, the severe group showed statistical significance in the levels of total protein, albumin, ALT and AST in liver function, UA in renal function, myocardial enzyme CK-MB and LDH, and immunoglobulin IgG and IgM. The levels of SAA, CRP, and FERR were significantly increased in patients with severe COVID-19. ROC curve analysis results showed that the AUC, from small to large, was as follows: SAA+CRP+FERR, CRP + FERR, SAA + CRP, SAA + FERR, SAA, FERR, and CRP, which indicated the benefit of the combination of the three indicators. The sensitivity and specificity of the combined detection of the three indicators were higher than those of the detection of any single indicator or two combined indicators. A Spearman correlation analysis of the data showed that the initial CRP/SAA, SAA/FERR, and CRP/FERR were positively correlated. The continuous results of SAA, CRP and FERR throughout the study period showed that the values of the severe group on a given day were higher than those of the non-severe group; the values of the two groups peaked on the 5th or 7th day and then decreased, and the decreasing trend of the severe group was more evident. SAA, CRP and FERR are sensitive serological indicators used to evaluate the severity of COVID-19. The combined detection of serum SAA, FERR, and CRP, which are positively related to COVID-19 infection, offers guiding significance for the occurrence of COVID-19 infection and the severity of the disease. Such detection provides effective detection indicators for the progress and prognosis of COVID-19; these indicators will enable effective intervention measures to be implemented in time and the rates of severe illness and mortality to be reduced.

The role of inflammation in recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background The aetiology of recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy (RODCM) includes inflammatory, genetic, toxic and metabolic causes. Delineating the role of inflammation on the genetic background could improve risk stratification. Purpose We aimed to ascertain the role of inflammation evaluated by serum CRP immunohistochemical and PCR analysis of endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) in conjunction with genetic testing in left ventricular reverse remodelling (LVRR) in 12-month follow-up. Methods 83 RODCM patients enrolled in this prospective observational study underwent 12-month echocardiographic follow up whole-exome sequencing, and EMB. Presence of cardiotropic viruses was determined by PCR analysis of the EMB samples. Inflammation was defined according to TIMIC immunohistochemical criteria as the presence of >7 CD3+ lymphocytes/mm2 and/or >14 infiltrating leukocytes (LCA+ cells/mm2). LVRR was defined as an absolute increase in LV ejection fraction > +10% and a relative decrease of LV end-diastolic diameter >−10% at 12 months. Results LVRR occurred in 28 (34%) of all cases. PCR analysis uncovered cardiotropic viruses in 55 (66%) patients, with highest prevalence of parvovirus B19 (47%). (Figure 1) EMB analysis detected inflammation in 28 (34%) cases and inflammation significantly positively predicted LVRR (P=0.019). Sequencing identified disease-related gene variants (ACMG class 3–5) in 45 (54%) patients. Carriers of non-titin gene variants showed a lowest probability of 12-month LVRR (19%) P=0.041. Combination of genetic findings and inflammation did not improve the prediction of LVRR in 12 months. (Table 1) Conclusion Both myocardial inflammation and disease-causing variants can be identified in a large proportion of RODCM cases. Prognostic value of CRP and virus detection is low. Non-titin disease-related variants carriers of are less likely to reach LVRR. In contrast, myocardial inflammation detected by EMB predicts favourable remodelling in 12 months. Figure 1 Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Diagnostic Value of ROC Curve Evaluating Serum Related Indexes for Bloodstream Infection in Patients with Hematopathy

Sixty hematopathy patients with bloodstream infection from July 2016 to June 2018 were selected and enroued in bloodstream infection group. Sixty-five patients with negative blood culture during the same period were selected and enrolled in non-bloodstream infection group. The ROC curves were drawn and used to eualuate the diagnostic value of above montioned indexes. The levels of PCT, CRP and SAA in the bloodstream infection group were higher than those in the non-bloodstream infection group (P<0.05). ROC curve showed that AUC values of PCT, CRP, SAA and the combined test detection were 0.868, 0.746, 0.678 and 0.900, respectively, there was no significant difference in AUC between combined test and PCT test (P>0.05). AUC of combined test and PCT test were higher than those of CRP and SAA test, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in AUC between CRP and SAA (P>0.05). The optimal PCT detection threshold was 0.49 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity were 75.0% and 83.1%, respectively. The optimal critical value for CRP detection was 15.76 mg/L, the sensitivity and specificity were 60.0% and 80.0% respectively. The optimal SAA detection threshold was 35.66 mg/L, the sensitivity and specificity were 81.7% and 53.8%, respectively. PCT, CRP and SAA detection have good diagnostic value for blood stream infection in patients with hematopathy. The diagnostic value of PCT is better than CRP and SAA, and there is no significant difference in diagnostic value between combined test and PCT test.

Expressions of multiple inflammation markers in the patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia and their clinical values

Objective To explore the Expressions of multiple inflammation markers in the patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) and their clinical values, and to provide theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods A total of 164 patients, diagnosed with COVID-19 and admitted to Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital from January to February 2020, were selected as the research group and divided into three groups (ordinary, severe, and critically severe pneumonia) according to the disease severity. Meandwhile 66 non-infected patients during the same period were selected as negative control group. The expressions of WBC, LYM, CRP, SAA, and PCT were retrospective studied and compared between groups. The diagnostic values of WBC, CRP, SAA and the combination of these three markers in all patients with COVID-19 and in different severity groups were analyzed by ROC curve. Results Compared with control group (WBC count :8.13(6.51,9.42)×109/L, LYM count:2.00(1.28,2.43)×109/L), WBC count [4.94(4.05, 6.67) ×109/L] and LYM count [1.33(0.94, 1.96) ×109/L] of COVID-19 patients were significantly reduced (Z=-7.435, P<0.01; Z=-4.906, P<0.01) . Compared with the control group [CRP: 1.36 (0.57~5.67) mg/ml; SAA:[4.98 (4.80~15.75) mg/mL], CRP [7.93 (2.45~23.98) mg/ml] and SAA [34.13 (4.83~198.40) mg/ml] were increased in research group (Z=-5.72, P<0.01; Z=-4.166, P<0.01) . PCT in the control group and the research group were 0.100 0(0.030 6~0.100 0)ng/ml and 0.044 5(0.031 6~0.077 0)ng/ml, respectively. There was no statistical difference between two groups (Z=-1.451, P=0.147) . The areas under the ROC curve (AUC) of WBC, CRP and SAA in patients with COVID-19 were 0.814, 0.742, 0.673, respectively (P<0.01), while the AUC of the combination of three indexes for COVID-19 diagnosis was 0.882, with 83.33%(55/66) specificity and 84.76% (139/164) sensitivity, P<0.01.The AUCs of WBC, CRP, and SAA for predicting severe and critically severe COVID-19 were 0.799, 0.779, and 0.886 , respectively (P<0.01), and the AUC of the combination of three indexes for the diagnosis of severe and critically severe COVID-19 was 0.924, with 78.67% (118/150) specificity and 14/14 sensitivity (P<0.01). Conclusion Combining detection of WBC, CRP and SAA can improve the specificity and sensitivity of COVID-19 diagnosis, with a high diagnostic value for severe and critically severe COVID-19. Key words: Inflammation; Coronavirus; Pneumonia, viral; Leukocyte count; C-reactive protein; Serum amyloid A protein; Sensitivity and specificity

Synthesis and Structural Optimization of Iridium(III) Solvent Complex for Electrochemiluminescence Labeling of Histidine-Rich Protein and Immunoassay Applications for CRP Detection.

The reaction between an iridium(III) solvent complex and the histidine site of biomolecules as one kind of novel bioconjugation approaches has received much attention during the past few years. To extend this novel bioconjugation approach into electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay and optimize the performances, three iridium(III) solvent complexes with different C∧N bidentate main ligands have been designed and synthesized in this work. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the standard histidine-rich protein is initially employed to evaluate the labeling performances by comparing the ECL intensity of the same amount of BSA labeled by different iridium(III) solvent complexes. Importantly, a magnetic beads-based sandwich immunoassay platform using Ir-dmpq (iridium(III) acetonitrile complex with 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinoline as the main ligand) as a structurally optimized labeling agent has been successfully constructed to detect C-reactive protein (CRP, an important biomarker of systemic inflammation in clinic), and the limit of detection based on this novel labeling agent could reach below 1 ng/mL, which may further pave the way for applications of the iridium(III) solvent complex in histidine-rich protein ECL labeling beyond fluorescence labeling.

Bioactive multiple-bent MWCNTs for sensitive and reliable electrochemical detection of picomolar-level C-reactive proteins.

We present multiple-bent multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that enable the picomolar detection of C-reactive protein (CRP), which is considered to be a promising biomarker for various diseases. The MWCNTs were grown via chemical vapor deposition repeating the asymmetric catalytic CNT growth on atypical carbon nanoparticles that were generated by carbon coating on a silicon substrate. The multiple-bent MWCNTs with the carbon film (CF) possessed abundant hydrophilic functional groups (-COOH and -OH) at their bending sites, resulting in enhanced bioadhesion to collagen and platelets, compared to MWCNTs grown without a CF layer. Interestingly, the bent MWCNTs enhanced the reliability and sensitivity of the electrochemical detection at low CRP concentrations, possibly due to molecular affinity at the bent site. The bioactive bent MWCNTs can play a significant role in ultrasensitive biosensors to improve their detection limit, thereby achieving early detection and monitoring of CRP-related diseases such as cardiovascular events and melanoma.

2D simulation of a microfluidic biosensor for CRP detection into a rotating micro-channel

Previously, pumping systems using centrifugal force has been regarded as an attractive control method for fluid flow interior microchannel. In this work, we propose a novel design of a biosensor for complex reactive protein detection in two-dimensional rotating microchannel using the finite element method. We have first developed the physical modeling of the centrifugal force driven, and detailed velocity profile and expended the pressure distribution. Several crucial factors that influence the equilibrium binding time are discussed, including the bulk analyte concentration and the biosensor length. The obtained analytical results reveal that the binding reaction is largely enhanced with the increase of the angular velocity. Hence, an appropriate choice of the angular velocity may enhance the microfluidic biosensor performance and reduce considerably the time response. This work can open new opportunity for further investigation in microflow injection experimental studies.

Nanocrystalline diamond sensor targeted for selective CRP detection: An ATR-FTIR spectroscopy study

Nanocrystalline diamond sensor targeted for selective CRP detection: An ATR-FTIR spectroscopy study

Improve the consistency of C-reactive protein test results using trueness control material

Objective To explore the CRP harmonization by calibration using commutable trueness verification materials. Methods High and low level of CRP concentrations trueness verification materials(H and L) were prepared by Beijing center for clinical laboratories. Thesetrueness verification materials were diluted to 5 calibration points(5L, 4L+1H, 3L+2H, 1L+4H, 5H) by weighing method, respectively. These 5 points were used to calibrate four different brands of CRP detection system (Diasys, Leadman, Siemens and Roche) instead of the original procedure. Sera from 21 patients and the international standard ERM DA-474/IFCC were used to compare harmonization and trueness after calibration. Each sample above was measured twice. Results After calibration, the median of CV was reduced from 19.33% to 2.92% among 21 patient samples, less than the optimal CV based on biological variability (CV=10.6%). Compared with Desai, the slopes were closer to 1 from 0.90-1.09 to 0.93-0.96 after calibration. Meanwhile, if ERM-DA474/IFCC was used as the trueness verification materials, the absolute bias wasreduced from 3.08-11.07 mg/L to 0.52-2.97 mg/L which was close to theuncertainty of itself (2.5 mg/L). Conclusions Afterthe calibration which contained five linear concentration points of CRP trueness verification materials by weighing method, both harmonization and trueness of CRP were improved. Key words: C-reactive protein; Calibration; Reference standards; Reproducibility of results

Abstract 3869: A nanofiber-based biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of serum CRP in melanoma

Abstract Purpose: Early detection of melanoma is important to improve survival; however, the technology for accurate early diagnosis is still challenging. This study is to develop a novel polymeric biosensor that could provide superior sensitivity in the detection of potential early biomarkers (e.g., CRP) of melanoma. Experimental Procedure: Our strategy is to construct a highly specific molecular recognition core and a highly responsive transducer made of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) nanofibers. Briefly, a polymeric matrix was produced by polymerization of acrylamide (AM), methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA), N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and CRP/CRP-aptamer complex first. Next, taking advantage of the porous structure of this NIPAAm-AM-CRP-aptamer/CRP polymeric matrix, we synthesized a polypyrrole-based conductive nanofiber structure using copper phthalocyanine-3,4',4'',4‴-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CuPT) as a dopant counterion in situ to achieve uniformly dispersed nanofibers within the polymeric network of NIPAAm-AM-CRP-aptamer/CRP. After removing CRP recombinant protein, we were able to obtain a robust CuPT-PPy/NIPAAm-AM polymeric sensor for the detection of CRP with high sensitivity and selectivity. Two-step signal amplification cascades were involved in this CRP-specific polymeric sensor: 1) CRP binding-induced polymeric network shrinkage; 2) shrinkage-triggered conductance change of the polymeric network. Therefore, serum CRP levels could be quantitatively analyzed through monitoring the conductance change caused by polymeric network shrinkage upon aptamer-CRP binding. Results: The limit of detection (LOD) of the polymeric sensor for detection of human recombinant CRP could reach 10^−19 M. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra confirmed the chemical structure of the polymeric network, and the morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results of FT-IR reveal that CuPT-PPy nanofiber was successfully synthesized in situ. The nanostructure of the nanofibers was clearly observed using SEM and AFM, indicating that the diameter of nanofiber is about 20 nm. This CRP-specific biosensor and a commercial CRP ELISA kit were used to perform side-by-side measurement of serum CRP in melanoma patients. Conclusion: Our results indicated that this CRP-specific conductive polymeric senor is highly sensitive and selective in accurately discriminating melanoma patients from healthy controls. Such a flexible conductive polymeric biosensor may hold great promise as a point-of-care device in the diagnostics of melanoma or other cancers. Citation Format: Zuan-Tao Lin, Yaxi Li, Tianfu Wu. A nanofiber-based biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of serum CRP in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3869.

A rapid and convenient assay for quantitative detection of CRP using immunofluorescent nanospheres coupled with lateral flow test strip

A rapid and convenient assay for quantitative detection of CRP using immunofluorescent nanospheres coupled with lateral flow test strip

Application of RNA Aptamers as Recognition Layers for the Electrochemical Analysis of C‐Reactive Protein

AbstractC‐reactive protein (CRP) is one of the crucial biomarkers of inflammation, as well as cardiovascular and cancer diseases. Hence, the development of a sensitive and selective technique for CRP detection is of special importance. One of the possibilities is the application of biosensors containing receptor elements formed of RNA aptamers, as they exhibit high affinity towards C‐reactive protein. Herein, the capability of utilization of thiolated RNA aptamers as sensing layers was verified. The occurrence of aptamer ‐ C‐reactive protein interaction was confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance experiments. The voltammetric measurements performed in the presence of methylene blue redox indicator showed a linear current decrease within 1–100 pmol L−1 range of protein concentration. The interaction between surface‐tethered aptamer and CRP was distinguished with dissociation constant of 25.9 pmol L−1. The developed assay demonstrated a pronounced selectivity to CRP over interfering proteins as well as capability of CRP analysis in serum sample.

Lossy Mode Resonance-based Aptasensor for CRP Detection

In this work, a CRP detection by Aptasensor based on LMR is presented. A thin film of Tin Dioxide (SnO2) has been used as LMR generator, and the CRP Aptamer has blind onto the optical fiber to perform the measures.