Crime Detection Research Articles

INFORMATION AND TECHNICAL AND FORENSIC PROBLEMS OF IMPROVING THE ACTIVITIES OF EXPERT INSTITUTIONS

The priority activity of state law enforcement agencies in combating crime and, in particular, investigating and solving serious crimes is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the actions of each of the participants in this process. An important role in the implementation of such a complex task of the state belongs to forensic institutions and their staff. The article is devoted to information and technical and forensic problems of improving the activities of forensic institutions. The conditions for the improvement and development of forensic activities are determined. It is concluded that the study of the issues of using the modern scientific and technical potential of expert activity creates conditions for its improvement and development. This is largely due to the fact that the use of modern scientific and technological achievements in forensic activities, and with its help in the detection, investigation and prevention of crimes, does not occur automatically, but requires proper study and support. Ways to improve forensic activities are defined: increasing the level of technical and forensic support for the disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes; increasing the level of efficiency of the participation of employees of expert units in the conduct of investigative actions and operational-search activities; improvement of research activities for the development, development and implementation in practice of new technical and forensic tools, forensic methods and techniques; improvement of expert research methods, forensic accounting, analytical and organizational work based on the introduction of modern automated systems and technologies; generalization and dissemination of best practices and analysis of expert practice on the effectiveness of methodologies for the study of physical evidence, the use of methods of technical and forensic support for the disclosure, investigation and prevention of crimes; improving the selection, training and placement of employees of expert units, strengthening service and performance discipline; intensification of interaction between the expert service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine with otherdivisions of the internal affairs bodies, as well as with other law enforcement agencies, including at the interstate level. Key words: expert, expert research, handwriting examination, examination of documents, photo-portrait examination, examination of phonograms.

Integrated Unified Crime Information Management System

Crime detection, investigation and prosecution are usually carried out by the various law enforcement agencies saddled with such responsibilities. In this study, an integrated web based unified system was developed and implemented for the five (5) agencies (Nigerian Police Force, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, Economic Financial Crime Commission, Independent Corrupt Practices Commission, Department of State Services) to enhance domiciliation of crime data into one system for effective information sharing among the five agencies. The methodology adopted for the system design is Object Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology (OOADM) and the tools used are HTML, CSS, JavaScript, MySQL. The result obtained shows that with the integration of the five agencies, accurate records of suspects and victims were timely shared by the various agencies. There is also an effective collaboration among the various agencies in crime detection, investigation and prosecution of suspects.

AI-based Cyber Threats Intrusion Detection With Hyper parameter Optimization

Many technologies have presented security frameworks to society of which IoT-based security is more demanded. Camera and Sensors act as the backbone of the system to get security. We are implementing a crime detection Surveillance system by using an IoT module and PIR Sensor. IoT plays an important role in the automatic process and helps people to work smarter. In this system sensor named PIR is used for motion detection when an unauthorized person enters the protected area. The PIR sensor and camera are combined in such a way that when any action happens in the area, automatically it switches on the camera. The authorized person can view the IoT data which is the action of an unauthorized person inside the protected area. A mail-services is included in this to notify them regarding the stranger's action to the owner. The proposed method provides a smart surveillance security system for Intruder detection.

Современные подходы к выявлению скрываемой информации

the article is devoted to an urgent problem - the identification of hidden information. Many scientific studies of domestic and foreign authors reveal this topic in order to provide practical assistance in the framework of crime detection and personnel selection of candidates for service. However, research in this area is still ongoing, since a universal method has not yet been found that takes into account all kinds of informative sources of information received. The topic of detecting lies in statements during investigative activities, personnel selection of candidates for service remains not fully disclosed and requires further research. The article analyzes the existing modern methods of lie recognition, both instrumental and without the use of special equipment, and compares the reliability of the information received. Based on the study and generalization of existing modern methods, the author comes to the conclusion that combined methods of diagnosing false information are most effective when the equipment is auxiliary, complementing the main method and serves to fix the processes taking place

Application of the transformed-interview method in investigation of sexual crimes in Ukraine

The crime detection of sexual violence needs to be optimized and improved. This study aims to substantiate, elaborate, and apply in practice the method of a transformed interview (based on mathematical modeling) to obtain information about sexual violence. For the first time the transformed-interview method was used while studying the hidden (latent) victims of sexual violence who do not want to report a crime to law enforcement agencies because they do not want the fact of violence against them to be made public. Participated 2570 Ukrainian women of different social status, 16-35 years old. It was found that the increase of intermediaries during the information transmission reduces reliability of the information about crimes against the person’s sexual inviolability. While investigating such types of crimes the needed information can be obtained with a higher degree of reliability not from the victim, but from her closest surroundings. The transformed-interview method proved to be an effective tool to extract the information related to the behavior of both the offender and his victim. This method shows reliability and makes it possible to reduce the latency of most crimes in the situation of the victim’s refusal to testify at the re-trial investigation.

Encouraging rule on exemption from criminal liability for the circulation of falsified medicines: problems of legislative construction

The article is devoted to the analysis of the legislative structure of the encouraging rule, which contains a special type of exemption from criminal liability for the circulation of falsified medicines. It is argued that the effectiveness of the incentive norm is primarily determined by qualitative approaches to formulating the content of the grounds and conditions of exemption from criminal liability. The specificity of this special type of exemption from criminal liability is determined by a set of objective and subjective features of the crime under Article 321-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The public danger of this crime is significant, which is confirmed by its classification by the legislator as serious and especially serious crimes. It is established that the provision in the structure of this article of a legislative compromise in the form of encouragement, first of all, pursues the goal of rapid detection and prevention of crime by encouraging a certain type of positive post-criminal behavior of the guilty.
 The position on recognizing as a condition for exemption from criminal liability the commission of actions that are alternatively provided for in part one of Article 321-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, namely the manufacture, purchase, transportation, shipment, storage for sale of counterfeit medicines. It is noted that in the chain of actions aimed at introducing counterfeit drugs into circulation according to the degree of public danger, these forms of the objective side are equivalent.
 In contrast to the positions previously expressed in the science of criminal law, it is proposed to determine the objective (danger of the most falsified drugs in terms of the composition of substances contained in it) and sub effective criteria (awareness of the person who acts in accordance with Part 1 of Article 321-1, these dangerous signs).
 It is established that the existence of alternative grounds for dismissal creates problems in the application of this rule. The expediency of refusing to indicate the source of purchase of counterfeit medicines is justified, as active assistance in solving the crime includes this circumstance. Emphasis is placed on the inclusion in the legislative structure of the encouraging rule also to add the limits of the implementation of post-criminal behavior - to criminal prosecution. Based on the above, an updated version of the considered encouraging rule is proposed.

Legal foundations of the organization and activities of the Ukrainian SSR police in 1949–1950s

The main aspects of the structure of the police in 1949–1950 and the main directions of its activity have been studied. The changes in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Ukrainian SSR guided by the police in the performance of their law enforcement functions have been highlighted. It has been noted that the structure of local police bodies in the regions of Ukraine in the post-war period was of the same type, but could differ depending on operational conditions in the number of regular units. The most important change in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs during this period was the transfer of the police to the Ministry of State Security in October 1949. The activities of the police were controlled and regulated by decisions and resolutions of the Communist Party of Ukraine. First of all, it concerned the selection of personnel and education of police personnel. The central governing body of the police was the Main Directorate of the Police. The police departments of the Union republics, regions, large cities, district departments and branches, military units of the police were subordinate to it. At the same time, the heads of these police bodies held the positions of deputy people’s commissars of internal affairs of the republics, heads of regional NKVD (People’s Commissary of Internal Affairs) departments, heads of departments and NKVD departments of cities and districts.
 The causes of crime in the specified period have been analyzed. Considerable attention has been paid to the work of the police in combating crime, which was carried out in the following areas: 1) prevention and detection of crimes by structural units of the police (criminal investigation and fight against theft of socialist property and speculation); 2) conducting inquiries and performing a number of investigative functions. Factors that did not allow the police to fully perform their functions in the fight against crime were: 1) insufficient use of scientific and technical means; 2) lack of an extensive agent-informant network; 3) lack of professional personnel; 4) violation of “socialist legality” during inquiry and investigation; 5) involvement of operatives of criminal investigation and employees of anti-theft of socialist property and speculation of the BRSVS (the department for combating embezzlement of socialist property and speculation) to perform functions that are not specific to them. The practical activity of police bodies for the protection of public order was determined by the following directions: 1) administrative activity (patrol in populated areas, compliance with the rules of the passport and permit system, regulation of street traffic); 2) involvement of state institutions, public organizations and citizens in cooperation; 3) creation of voluntary formations - police assistance brigades and public order protection groups.

Organizational and legal principles of the State Bureau of Investigation activity in the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine

The place and role of the State Bureau of Investigation in the modern classification system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine is analyzed. The essence of the definition of “law enforcement agencies” is established, and the peculiarities of their activities are analyzed. It has been noted that modern law enforcement bodies must be considered as state bodies that function in the general system of public authorities and perform, in accordance with current legislation, relevant functions in various fields of internal and external activity of the state, the purpose of which is to observe and implement the rights and freedoms of citizens, legality and law and order with compliance with the rules and procedures regulated by law within the limits of their competence.
 It has been emphasized that in order to determine whether a state body belongs to the category of law enforcement, it must have certain specific characteristics. The following signs are the state and authority nature of the activity; the right to apply measures of state coercion; execution of special powers to implement the law enforcement function of the state on a professional basis; special material, technical and personnel support of activities; statutory nature of activity; enforceable nature of law enforcement agency decisions, and more.
 It has been established that, despite the short period of activity, the State Bureau of Investigations belongs to the law enforcement agencies of Ukraine by all the above-mentioned features. The powers and functions of the State Bureau of Investigation are analyzed. It has been emphasized that the main ones are solving the tasks of prevention, detection, termination, disclosure and investigation of crimes committed by officials who occupy a particularly responsible position; crimes committed by NABU officials, the Deputy Prosecutor General - head of the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office or other prosecutors of the Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office; crimes against the established order of military service.

FEATURES OF INTELLIGENCE-GATHERING COUNTERACTION TO CRIMES RELATED TO GAMBLING BUSINESS

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the fact that the authors comprehensively investigated the issues of intelligence-gathering counteraction to crimes related to gambling business, after the legalisation of gambling in Ukraine in 2020. The study clearly identified and described all the elements of the system of countering these crimes: crime prevention, crime detection, and response to crimes. The purpose of the study is to investigate the features of intelligence-gathering counteraction to crimes related to gambling in order to increase the effectiveness of counteraction to such crimes. To achieve this goal, the study used general scientific and special legal methods: the general dialectical method of scientific cognition of phenomena and their ties; formal and legal (dogmatic or legal and technical); system and structural; comparative law; generalisation. The system of intelligence-gathering counteraction to crimes related to gambling business includes: crime prevention, crime detection, and response to crime. Prevention of gambling-related crimes includes actions and intelligence-gathering measures for general and individual prevention. Detection of crimes related to gambling is carried out by operational units during intelligence-gathering activities to identify and suppress predicate crimes. Response to identified crimes includes documenting criminal activity and transferring materials to the appropriate investigative unit for making a decision on the initiation of criminal proceedings. The authors propose specific mechanisms for intelligence-gathering counteraction to crimes related to gambling

The role of field and cameral tax audits in the detection of tax crimes

The role of field and cameral tax audits in the detection of tax crimes

A comprehensive survey on techniques to handle face identity threats: challenges and opportunities.

The human face is considered the prime entity in recognizing a person’s identity in our society. Henceforth, the importance of face recognition systems is growing higher for many applications. Facial recognition systems are in huge demand, next to fingerprint-based systems. Face-biometric has a highly dominant role in various applications such as border surveillance, forensic investigations, crime detection, access management systems, information security, and many more. Facial recognition systems deliver highly meticulous results in every of these application domains. However, the face identity threats are evenly growing at the same rate and posing severe concerns on the use of face-biometrics. This paper significantly explores all types of face recognition techniques, their accountable challenges, and threats to face-biometric-based identity recognition. This survey paper proposes a novel taxonomy to represent potential face identity threats. These threats are described, considering their impact on the facial recognition system. State-of-the-art approaches available in the literature are discussed here to mitigate the impact of the identified threats. This paper provides a comparative analysis of countermeasure techniques focusing on their performance on different face datasets for each identified threat. This paper also highlights the characteristics of the benchmark face datasets representing unconstrained scenarios. In addition, we also discuss research gaps and future opportunities to tackle the facial identity threats for the information of researchers and readers.

Legal Regulation of the Prosecutor’s Supervision over the Investigation of Crimes Related to Illicit Drug Trafficking in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan

This article examines the features of the implementation of prosecutorial supervision over the investigation of crimes related to drug trafficking in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan. The role of law enforcement agencies in the detection and suppression of crimes related to drug trafficking is reflected. An analysis of the legal acts that guide the state bodies of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan, including the prosecutor’s offices of both states in the fight against drug trafficking, is given. The author also analyzed the reasons for the development of crime and the growth of crimes in this area. It is concluded that this criminal act creates a potential threat to the life and health of a citizen and a person, violates public order, the security of the state, the development of the economic potential of the state, etc. It is also noted that ensuring the rule of law in the investigation of crimes related to illicit drug trafficking in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tajikistan is the main purpose of the prosecutor’s supervision in this direction.

Poiskovaya deyatel'nost' pravo­ ohranitel'nyh organov na zare stanovleniya rossijskoj gosudarstvennosti

The article discusses the process of formation of the institution of detection of crimes and persons committing them at the dawn of the formation of Russian statehood. Consideration of this process through the prism of the socio-historical environment in which the development of Russian society took place made it possible to identify the patterns of its development. The study showed that the process of establishing the institution of search activities has gone through several stages of its development from elementary methods to covert search activities based on the work of professional police officers, enshrined in regulatory legal acts.

자동차 경성 사기 방지방안에 관한 연구

The main culprit of car hard fraud is using social media to recruit people through a legal method of recruiting part-time jobs and engaging them in crimes. Through this, criminals intentionally cause traffic accidents targeting vehicles that violate the law and acquire insurance and settlement money from the victim driver or insurance company. As a result, the purpose of the study is to present measures to prevent insurance leakage and increase insurance premiums for auto insurance subscribers. The method of research is to identify the status and trend of insurance fraud by the Financial Supervisory Service, identify cases of auto-hard fraud based on Internet and domestic and foreign research data, and identify what measures insurers are taking to prevent damage to insurance fraud. As a result of the study, car-hard fraud is causing an accident by intentionally colliding a vehicle that violates traffic laws. Through this, the high proportion of the victim drivers' negligence and the fact that the perpetrator claims to be a negligence accident are exploited by the insurance company. Insurance companies are responding by establishing a system that can detect habitual criminals, but it is less efficient in crime prediction and detection, and it seems that there is a limit for insurance companies to respond to and detect first-time criminals. Therefore, it was derived that it is possible to prevent insurance fraud only by preparing countermeasures through a more scientific and detailed approach. In conclusion, car-hard fraud are becoming increasingly intelligent, and as a result, it is difficult to arrest criminals, so crimes are on a continuous increase. In order to eradicate such crimes, a control tower should be created under the Financial Supervisory Service to predict and arrest insurance fraud crimes. The first offender of a fraudulent crime using a car has a limit that cannot be arrested. Therefore, a detective system should be established to approach from the recruitment stage through social media, participate in crime execution, secure evidence, and request an investigation to an investigative agency. Car fraud criminals target vehicles that violate traffic laws, so if an accident occurs in violation of traffic laws, the driver is obligated to receive compliance education from the Korea Transportation Safety Authority, and The punishment regulations should be revised so that criminals can be reasonably punished.

The Concept and Types of Preliminary Analysis of Material Traces, their Legal and Forensic Aspects

The paper deals with the theoretical problems of understanding preliminary forensic analysis of material traces, their distinguished types, technological essence, goals, objectives, as well as the subjects of these studies. Based on an analysis of modern forensic and legal literature, the author concludes that preliminary forensic analysis is undoubtedly non-procedural in nature and is carried out on the basis of special knowledge, relevant technical and forensic tools and methods, and information support. These are applied both in an inspection of the scene and other investigative actions in non-laboratory (field) conditions, and in laboratory conditions on the basis of a written task of the body of inquiry, empowered to carry out operational-search activities. It is also carried out when checking objects for forensic records in order to obtain guiding information about the relevance of the objects under study, their characteristics used to identify the persons involved in the criminal event, the mechanism of trace formation, crime instruments, other items and substances that are important for the detection and investigation of crimes. The paper emphasizes that at present only an expert (forensic specialist — for objects of traditional forensic research, other specialists — for objects of non-traditional research) can be a subject in the field of technology for the direct conduct of all types of preliminary forensic research. At the same time, the methodological support of these studies has a simplified (lighter) design in comparison with the methods of expert conclusions.

Forensic Psychology: How Can Psychology Help Law Enforcement?

Aim: In this article, I would like to show how psychology, especially its forensic field, can help investigative authorities effectively detect individual crimes. Although most law enforcement psychologists work as primary care professionals, basically conducting psychological aptitude tests of colleagues and creating mental well-being, it is important to see that the science of psychology can be applied to law enforcement in a much more complex way.Methodology: Both domestic and international studies make researches with this topic, although in some criminal psychology and forensic psychology are used to be synonyms. In the present study, I review the literature on the means by which forensic psychology can assist in effective detection.Findings: Although the methodology of profiling specific offenders is not new, the procedure was developed primarily for the detection of serial crimes, but it has a great relevance in the detection of individual crimes. Furthermore, in addition to crimes against life, it can be used well in the analytical assessment of sexual offenses, as well as in the design of interrogation strategies.Value: In the present study, two methodological elements of forensic psychology, profiling and interrogation strategy, are analyzed in the light of sexual offenses.

APPLICATION OF SPECIAL EQUIPMENT AND INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE ANGLE OF EXHIBITION AND SHAPE OF THE BLADE OF A BLADE COLD COLL

Forensic science, as an object of forensics, is a system of technical means, methods and techniques based on a set of scientific and technical provisions used to identify, collect, study evidence, which will contribute to the effectiveness of crime detection and investigation. The purpose of this work is to acquaint a wide range of experts with the achievements of the team of authors and to consider the possibilities of developing and implementing new domestic tools for photofixation and innovative way to determine the angle and shape of the blade, as one of the technical characteristics of bladed melee weapons. research. The successful conduct of forensic research largely depends on the state of development of their theoretical foundations and technical equipment, which is the basis for practical activities. That is why at present the study of current problems of methodology and technical organization of the examination of bladed melee weapons is becoming more important. The experience of application of various technical means and methods of measuring the sharpening angle of the blade is analyzed, the search for analogues is carried out, the shortcomings of the available equipment are established and the value of sharpening angle measurement error is estimated in different ways. A patent search of the database was conducted, which revealed the opportunities and shortcomings of existing technical solutions. It is established that from practical experience there are different forms of sharpening at the intersection of the blade of a cold weapon. The main dimensional characteristics and structure of the blade and its individual elements are analyzed. An innovative method with the use of modern innovative equipment for determining the angle of sharpening and angles of inclination of the blade using modern CAD software products on a personal computer is proposed. Describes the design of equipment for photography when lighting the object of study from below. As an example of application of the offered method of measurement the process of step-by-step actions of the expert at carrying out expert researches of the cold blade weapon and results of definition of an angle of sharpening and angles of inclination of a blade of a sample is resulted.

E2E-VSDL: End-to-end video surveillance-based deep learning model to detect and prevent criminal activities

Crime detection and their prediction is a fundamental process to reduce criminal activities before they actually happen. Moreover, the detection method is vital since can it potentially can save the victim's life, avoid all-time strain, and harm to the public/private property. In addition, it can be useful in predicting the possible terrorist activities. Crime detection using deep learning models is an attention-grabbing research area. Detecting and reducing the criminal activities is imperative to develop a peaceful society. Video surveillance automates the hazardous situations and enables a law enforcement system to take effective steps towards public safety. In this paper, an end-to-end deep learning model is proposed which is based on Bi-directional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) and Convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect and prevent criminal activities. The CNN extracts the spatial features from video frames whereas temporal and local motion features are extracted by the BiGRU from multiple frames CNN extracted features. The focused bag is created to select those video frames which indicate certain actions. Moreover, ranked-based loss is used to effectively detect and classify the suspicious activities. For classification of activities, various machine learning classifiers are used. The proposed deep learning video surveillance technique is able to track human trails and detect criminal events. The CAVIAR dataset is used to examine the proposed technique for video surveillance-based crime detection with a performance accuracy of almost 98.86%. The alerts received from the proposed technique can also be examined, demonstrates that the practiced video surveillance cameras systems can effectively detect unusual and criminal activities. In addition, the proposed technique showed considerable performance accuracy and outscored the related state-of-the-art (SOTA)DL models including CNN-LSTM, CNN, HMM, and DBN and achieved 21.88% absolute improvement in crime detection accuracy.

Internet of things module accelerated dense deep learning for crime detection in surveillance systems

The smart surveillance system is becoming a vital application in each streets or houses. Most of the streets are prone to several misbehavior conducts for instance theft in atm, robbery, fights etc. and hence it is necessary to detect and analyse the crime scenes for finding the suspects. However, most of the surveillance system suffers from poor detection of objects due to poor camera resolution, absence of light and other factors. In order to improve the detection of faces after detecting the objects using ResNet, it is necessary to adapt some advanced devices for image capturing and analyzing. In this paper, Internet of Things (IoT) based ESP32 CAM WiFi Module Bluetooth with OV2640 Camera Module 2MP is used for image acquisition that capture better images from the scenes. The study uses dense convolutional network namely DenseNet to detect the faces present in the crime scenes after the object detection. The deep learning module is trained with selected crime scenes for training the classifier. The simulation is conducted further to validate the model with other variants of deep learning.

Latest technologies in criminal investigation (testing of foreign practices in Ukraine)

The aim of the article was to identify a set of innovative technologies in the field of investigation of crimes that can be tested in Ukraine. The leading research methods were the method of comparison, observation and comparative method. The activities of law enforcement agencies in the field of combating crime and ensuring the introduction of innovative technologies in the investigation of crimes were analyzed in the course of this research. It is substantiated that Ukraine is going through high-quality reform and legislative innovations, taking into account the best world practices. It is concluded that it is necessary to improve new sections of forensic science — digital forensics and develop a Strategy for investigating crimes in the digital age. These actions will promote the integration of the latest advances in science and technology into criminology, the development of certain theoretical positions, and optimize the detection and investigation of crimes. Further research will be based on the gradual introduction of positive European experience in this area.