Detection Of Cancer Cells Research Articles

On the temperature dependent photoluminescence of nanoscale LuPO4:Eu3+ and their application for bioimaging.

This work concerns a synthesis method for efficiently luminescent LuPO4:Eu3+ nanoscale particles (∼100 nm) as well as their temperature (77-500 K) and time dependent photoluminescence. In addition, the incubation of these particles into cells of a human lung adenocarcinomic cell line A549 is briefly presented. This points to the application for bioimaging and detection of cancer cells in the field of medical diagnostics. The emission spectra of Eu3+ doped LuPO4 nanoparticles show four [Xe]4f6 → [Xe]4f6 transition multiplets between 580 and 720 nm, which are typically for Eu3+ comprising luminescent materials, however the most intense one is the 5D0 → 7F4 (696.40 nm, 1.78 eV) transition due to the crystallographic position point symmetry D 2d of Eu3+ in xenotime LuPO4. Such an Eu3+ spectrum is rather useful for diagnostics due to the high penetration depth of 700 nm radiation into tissue.

Design of innovative and low-cost dopamine-biotin conjugate sensor for the efficient detection of protein and cancer cells

The rapid, precise identification and quantification of specific biomarkers, toxins, or pathogens is currently a key strategy for achieving more efficient diagnoses. Herein a dopamine-biotin monomer was synthetized and oxidized in the presence of hexamethylenediamine, to obtain adhesive coatings based on polydopamine-biotin (PDA-BT) on different materials to be used in targeted molecular therapy. Insight into the structure of the PDA-BT coating was obtained by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy acquired, for the first time, directly onto the coating, deposited on alumina spheres. The receptor binding capacity of the PDA-BT coating toward 4-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid/Avidin complex was verified by means of UV–vis spectroscopy. Different deposition cycles of avidin onto the PDA-BT coating by layer-by-layer assembly showed that the film retains its receptor binding capacity for at least eight consecutive cycles. Finally, the feasibility of PDA-BT coating to recognize cell lines with different grade of overexpression of biotin receptors (BR) was investigated by tumor cell capture experiments by using MCF-7 (BR+) and HL-60 (BR−) cell lines. The results show that the developed system can selectively capture MCF-7 cells indicating that it could represent a first approach for the development of future more sophisticated biosensors easily accessible, low cost and recyclable with the dual and rapid detection of both proteins and cells.

Magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots coupled immuno nano fluorescence assay for visual detection of HPV16-induced cervical cancer cells from cytology/biopsy samples

Biopsy-based histopathology and immunohistochemistry for cervical cancer detection are costly, time-consuming, and require expert personnel for data interpretation. We developed a simple magnetic nanoparticle (MNPs) and quantum dots (QD) coupled immuno nano fluorescence assay (MNPQDCINFA) for visual detection of HPV16-induced cervical cancer cells under UV light from cytology/biopsy samples exploiting host cancer cells expressing viral E7 protein as a biomarker. The E7 domain-specific polyclonal antibodies were generated against the 1–44 amino acid N-terminal (anti-domainN antibody) and 48–98 amino acid C-terminal domain (anti-domainC antibody). These antibodies were bioconjugated with nonfluorescent MNPs (60 % efficiency) and fluorescent QDs (66 % efficiency) to generate capturing (MNPs-anti-domainN antibody) and detecting (QDs-anti-domainC antibody) nano-complex, respectively. Assay conditions, such as concentration of capturing (20 μM) and detecting (50 nM) antibody nano-complexes and incubation duration (30 min), were standardized. The analytical sensitivity using pure HPV16 E7 protein was recorded up to 200 ng with very high specificity to differentiate from other HPV strains E7 proteins. The diagnostic performance characteristics with cytology samples showed 100 % sensitivity and specificity compared to immunofluorescence and biopsy-based histopathology analysis. The present invention can be effectively used for a quick, disposable, rapid cervical cancer cell detection system as an alternate test for immunofluorescence and histopathology.

Endoscopic screening for identification of signet ring cell gastric cancer foci in carriers of germline pathogenic variants in CDH1

To determine the preoperative detection of signet ring cancer cells (SRC) on upper endoscopy (EGD) in patients with CDH1 pathogenic variant (PV) undergoing gastrectomy. To evaluate the development of advanced diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) in patients choosing surveillance. Guidelines recommend prophylactic total gastrectomy (pTG) in CDH1 PV carriers with family history of DGC between 18 and 40 years. Annual EGD with biopsies according to established protocols is recommended in carriers with no SRC and no family history of DGC, with consideration of pTG. Retrospective analysis of asymptomatic patients with CDH1 PVs with ≥ 1 surveillance EGD. Outcomes included pre-operative EGD detection of SRC, surgical stage, and progression to advanced DGC in those electing surveillance with EGD. 48 patients with CDH1 PVs who had ≥ 1 EGD were included. 24/ 48 (50%) underwent gastrectomy, including pTG in 7 patients. SRCC were detected on gastrectomy specimen in 21/24 (87.5%). SRCs were identified by EGD in 17/21 patients who had SRCC on gastrectomy specimens (sensitivity 81%, 17/21). All cancers were stage pT1a. The remaining 17 patients (50% with a family history of gastric cancer) continue in annual EGD surveillance with a median follow-up of 34.6 months. No SRCC or advanced DGC have been diagnosed. No CDH1 PV carriers without SRCC on random biopsies followed in an endoscopic program developed advanced DGC over a median follow up of 3 years. In the short term, EGD surveillance might be a safe alternative to immediate pTG in experienced hands in referral centers.

Electrical and fluorescence in situ monitoring of tumor microenvironment-based pH-responsive polymer dot coated surface

A boronate-ester structure forming a pH-responsive polymer dot (Plu-PD) coated biosensor between carbonized-sp2 rich dopamine-alginate [PD(Alg)] and boronic acid-grafted Pluronic (BA-Pluronic) was developed for the electrochemical and fluorescence detection of cancer cells. The reduced fluorescence (FL) resulting from fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mediated by π-π interactions within Plu-PD was successfully reinvigorated through the specific cleavage of the boronate-ester bond, triggered by the acidic conditions prevailing in the cancer microenvironment. The anomalous variations in extracellular pH levels observed in cancer (pH ∼6.8), as opposed to the normal cellular pH range of approximately 7.4, serve as robust indicators for discerning cancer cells from their healthy counterparts. Moreover, the Plu-PD coated surface demonstrated remarkable adaptability in modulating its surface structure, concurrently exhibiting tunable electroconductivity under reduced pH conditions, thereby imparting selective responsiveness to cancer cells. The pH-modulated conductivity change was validated by a reduction in resistance from 211 ± 9.7 kΩ at pH 7.4 to 73.9 ± 9.4 kΩ and 61.5 ± 11.5 kΩ at pH 6.8 and 6.0, respectively. The controllable electrochemical characteristics were corroborated through in vitro treatment of cancer cells (HeLa, B16F10, and SNU-C2A) via LED experiments and wireless output analysis. In contrast, identical treatments yielded a limited response in normal cell line (CHO–K1). Notably, the Plu-PD coated surface can be seamlessly integrated with a wireless system to facilitate real-time monitoring of the sensing performance in the presence of cancer and normal cells, enabling rapid and accurate cancer diagnosis using a smartphone.

Detection of bone cancer based on a four-phase framework generative deep belief neural network in deep learning

The medical image processing plays an important role in analyzing and detecting tumors and detecting cancer cells in their early stages. Microscopic images were used as a deep learning approach to recognize bone features. These images were acquired using microscopy, a time-consuming and labor-intensive process that required repeating. Cancer cells cannot be identified by conventional techniques because of the noise in the images. To address these challenges, this paper introduces the Gated Convolutional Neural Network (GCNN) techniques used to identify multiclass bone cancer, including non-tumor, non-viable, and viable tumors. As a first stage, the most basic part of image Preprocessing is to deposing without interrupting the diagnostics information during the removal of noise. The second stage is edge detection, used for image brightness discontinuity detection based on Scaled Region Edge Detector (SRED). It is used for image segmentation and data extraction within regions based on the Screen Cluster Area Segmentation (SCAS) to segment the Region of Interest (RoI) based on Relative Scalar Color Histogram (RSCH). The fourth step is Feature extraction is to find out the features and match the image feature from the Bone Cancer Detection object based on the maximum threshold weights using GCNN with Maximum Standard External Regions (MSER) used for features extracting applied to improve feature quality analysis and Feature support rate. This results in higher classification accuracy, Precision, recall under F-measure, and lower error rates. This enables a more achieved classification than other existing methods.

Highly sensitive dual-functional all-dielectric biosensor for hemoglobin and cancer detection

This paper is the first demonstration of a dual-functional metasurface (DFM) based on all-dielectric materials for biosensing applications. The proposed biosensor possesses a unique capability to switch between polarization conversion and absorber functionalities owing to the phase changing properties of VO2. Accordingly, the sensor works in two modes: a highly sensitive reflective cross-polarization converter mode (4.38 - 5.08 THz) and an absorber mode (4.36 - 5.96 THz), both of which hold significant promise for the detection of hemoglobin and cancer cells, respectively. When VO2 is in the insulating state, the reflective cross-polarization converter function of this biosensor exhibits exceptional sensitivity of 3.08 THz/RIU for hemoglobin detection. This is the highest sensitivity among the existing THz based biosensors. Likewise, the same biosensor transforms into an absorber when VO2 is in the conducting state, offering an impressive sensitivity of 2.93 THz/RIU for detection of cancerous cells. The all-dielectric based DFM biosensor also provides a high degree of angular stability, providing stable response for incident angles of up to 60° for both its polarization converter and absorber functions.

A Systematic Review of Meta‐Surface Based Antennas for Thz Applications

AbstractThe growing demand for advanced wireless communication, high‐resolution imaging, and innovative medical applications in the Terahertz (THz) frequency range has driven remarkable developments in meta‐surface‐based antennas. This comprehensive review delves into the cutting‐edge advancements, novel designs, and practical applications of meta‐surfaces in the THz spectrum. The review begins by exploring the materials employed in meta‐surfaces and their crucial role in achieving efficient THz operation. It delves into the realm of polarization diversity, revealing innovative approaches to harnessing the potential of meta‐surfaces for polarization control and conversion. A key area of focus is beam‐steering technology, with a thorough investigation into beam‐steering techniques that have significant implications for enhancing wireless communication, high‐resolution imaging, and the internet of things. The paper highlights the potential of these techniques in addressing real‐world challenges and advancing THz technology. Furthermore, this review provides an in‐depth examination of the innovative antenna designs tailored for THz applications, shedding light on their characteristics and benefits. It also explores the exciting possibilities of THz technology within the medical field, including precise bio sensing and cancer cell detection.

Biomarkers in Early Detection, Prognostication and Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Malignancies: A Review

Each year the risk of cancer cases is constantly on the rise. The reoccurrence of this dilemma is due to late diagnosis, and as a result the survival rate is low. This indicates the significance of creating more efficient instruments for timely detection of cancerous cells, assessment, as well as prognosis. Hence, the objective of this paper was to provide a critical review of biomarkers in early detection, prognostication and management of gastrointestinal tract malignancies by harvesting data from online sources and libraries. Data obtained reveals that gastrointestinal tracts (GI) malignancies, encompasses malignancies that may arise from the gastric, hepatic, colonic, esophagus, gallbladder, rectal and stomach tumors are a common kind of cancer and could affect 1.400,000 - 952,000,000 people worldwide. A potential method for improving the diagnosis as well as prognosis of GI malignancy is the use of biomarkers, which are quantifiable indicators of biological processes or state of the ailments. Significant development has been made recently in detecting and validating biomarkers for various clinical procedures. This review discuss the present situation of gastrointestinal cancer biomarker research, with an emphasis on moral issues and other clinical implications that may arise from the incorporation of biomarkers in clinical practices, and also the different category of biomarkers, including genetic, epigenetic, and protein-based markers, are examined, along with their contributions to future outcomes in the management of gastrointestinal malignancies.

Labelling of human breast cancer cells with PEG/biotin encapsulated B-type Y2O3: Eu nanophosphors for fluorescence detection

The development of non-toxic quantum dots (QDs) for fluorescence labelling of cancer cells can bring significant advancements in the disease detection. Such findings can effectively replace the conventional toxic fluorescent probes by virtue of its tunable optical characteristics. Through this work, we present the development of an efficient fluorescent probe based on B-type Y2O3: Eu QDs for labelling MCF 7 cell lines. The QDs surface was encapsulated by poly ethylene glycol (PEG) along with tumour targeting ligand, biotin. The luminescence capability of the QDs were established through photoluminescence experiments. The QDs were tested to be non-toxic through MTT assay. Fluorescence detection experiments on MCF 7 cells using the nanophosphor established the material’s potential to serve as an efficient probe for cancer cell detection.

A near-infrared metastructure to realizing polarization conversion and sensing based on the electromagnetic induced reflection

A multifunctional metastructure (MS) working in the near-infrared band is proposed that achieves linear to circular polarization conversion (LTCPC) and electromagnetically induced reflection (EIR). In addition, due to the use of reflected electric fields to overcome the influences of near-infrared band thermal radiation, MS has a good multifunctional sensing detection. The given MS is composed of a four-layer stacked structure. From the substrate to the top layer (along the +z-direction), it consists of silver, a silicon dioxide layer, and two layers of silicon (Si) resonators. Each layer of the Si resonator has four holes created by rotation. By breaking the symmetry of the upper and lower Si layers of MS, the deviation of the rotation angle of the upper and lower holes is introduced, so the MS achieved a near-infrared EIR with an ultrahigh quality factor (Q-factor). Under electromagnetic wave incidence, at 187.89 THz, the Q-factor of MS's reflection peak reaches 2441.25. Due to the unique shapes of the two resonator layers' holes, the axial ratio (AR) is less than 3 dB between 187.844 THz and 187.871 THz, realizing LTCPC. Utilizing the relationship between the optimal polarization conversion frequency point (the frequency corresponding to the lowest AR) and the environmental refractive index, the MS can be used for detecting cancer cells with a sensing sensitivity (S) of 37.24 THz/RIU (36.06 THz/RIU). By introducing the alcohol into the MS, the refractive index of the alcohol to be measured. MS achieved the detection function of the alcohol solution volume fraction, with an S reaching 33.32 THz/RIU, and a figure of merit as high as 154.202. Finally, the related parameters and polarization angle are discussed. The effects of different parameters on EIR and AR also are analyzed. The innovation of this paper lies in the realization of EIR, and a method to improve the Q-factor of near-infrared EIR by rotating the structure is proposed. The combination of a high Q-factor and polarization conversion overcomes the disadvantage that both are difficult to achieve together, and the EIR is easier to detect than the electromagnetically induced transparency. The design also has potential applications in biomedical sensors and industrial production.

PpIX-enabled fluorescence-based detection and photodynamic priming of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells under fluid shear stress.

Over 75% percent of ovarian cancer patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage disease characterized by unresectable intraperitoneal dissemination and the presence of ascites, or excessive fluid build-up within the abdomen. Conventional treatments include cytoreductive surgery followed by multi-line platinum and taxane chemotherapy regimens. Despite an initial response to treatment, over 75% of patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer will relapse and succumb to platinum-resistant disease. Recent evidence suggests that fluid shear stress (FSS), which results from the movement of fluid such as ascites, induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and confers resistance to carboplatin in ovarian cancer cells. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that FSS-induced platinum resistance correlates with increased cellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), the penultimate downstream product of heme biosynthesis, the production of which can be enhanced using the clinically approved pro-drug aminolevulinic acid (ALA). These data suggest that, with further investigation, PpIX could serve as a fluorescence-based biomarker of FSS-induced platinum resistance. Additionally, this study investigates the efficacy of PpIX-enabled photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the secretion of extracellular vesicles under static and FSS conditions in Caov-3 and NIH:OVCAR-3 cells, two representative cell lines for high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), the most lethal form of the disease. FSS induces resistance to ALA-PpIX-mediated PDT, along with a significant increase in the number of EVs. Finally, the ability of PpIX-mediated photodynamic priming (PDP) to enhance carboplatin efficacy under FSS conditions is quantified. These preliminary findings in monolayer cultures necessitate additional studies to determine the feasibility of PpIX as a fluorescence-based indicator, and mediator of PDP, to target chemoresistance in the context of FSS.

Ultra-sensitive Two-dimensional Photonic Crystal Biosensor for Oral Cancerous Cell Detection

Background & Objectives: Over the past two decades, biophotonic sensors based on two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PhCs) have garnered significant attention in cancer diagnosis. This technology has become a crucial tool in early cancer detection and treatment response monitoring due to its ability to detect minute changes in biomarker concentrations and molecular interactions. The development of these sensors through advanced nano and microfabrication techniques has significantly improved diagnostic accuracy and speed, promising substantial enhancements in therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients. Materials & Methods: A biosensor based on a 2D PhC was designed and simulated for the detection of oral cancer cells in a sample. The biosensor, structured with silicon rods in air using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain tool, utilizes five rods as an analyte for detecting normal and cancerous cells, thereby evaluating the sensor’s performance. Results: The variation in the transmission spectrum was studied to detect the presence of malignant cells in the test sample. The sensor’s structural parameters were carefully adjusted to enhance its sensitivity, a crucial factor in the accurate detection of cancerous cells. Two critical parameters, Q-factor and sensitivity, were derived from the results. The sensor achieved a sensitivity of 1148 nm/RIU with a Q-factor of 193. Conclusion: The designed biosensor demonstrates superior accuracy and sensitivity in identifying both malignant and normal cells in the test sample, making it suitable for real- time deployment in point-of-care applications.

Design and analysis of a multi-modal refractive index plasmonic biosensor based on split ring resonator for detection of the various cancer cells

Design and analysis of a multi-modal refractive index plasmonic biosensor based on split ring resonator for detection of the various cancer cells

Highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence sensing platform based on copper nanoclusters synthesized via a DNA nanoribbon template for the detection of cancer cells

Herein, we presented a simple ultra-sensitive "on-off-on" electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor that uses copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) synthesized via a DNA nanoribbon (DNR) template (DNR-CuNCs) as a sensing platform coupled with target-cycle amplification for the sensitive and rapid detection of cancer cells that overexpress proteins. DNR templated DNR-CuNCs, a well-ordered ECL emitter, was integrated into the nucleic acid framework structure to self-assembly, which enhanced the ECL intensity benefit from reduced band gap and accelerated electron transfer reaction of CuNCs. Additionally, an optimized exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted cycle amplification method was introduced to efficiently convert trace target biomarkers into a substantial output of DNA, significantly improving target conversion efficiency and boosting the ECL signal. Consequently, MUC1 proteins were sensitively detected by the ECL biosensor throughout a broad concentration range, from 1 fg·mL−1 to 1 ng·mL−1, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.061 fg·mL−1, and successfully detected MUC1-overexpressing cancer cells (using MCF-7 cancer cells as a model), accurately identifying MCF-7 cells in the concentration range of 10–100,000 cells·mL−1 with a LOD of 5 cells·mL−1. This research, for the first time, introduced a DNR-CuNCs ECL biosensor for the highly sensitive detection of living cells and their associated surface proteins. The detection of biomarker proteins and specific cells is greatly promising by applying this simple, sensitive, and specific strategy.

A novel bioprinted microtumour model for studying acute-leukemia-cell- contaminated in ovarian tissue

Microtumor models, combining cancer and stromal cells within 3D hydrogels, are vital for testing anticancer therapies. Bioprinting hydrogel scaffolds allows tailored in vitro models. We created a 3D microtumor model using a bioprinter, with varying ratios of ovarian stromal cells and leukemia cells (HL-60). PEGylated fibrinogen and alginate hydrogel were used. Cell dynamics and proliferation were assessed via immunofluorescence staining. Microtumors with different HL-60 ratios (1:1, 1:10, 1:100) were cultured for 5 days. Results showed tumor development modulation by cell ratios and culture time. A significant cell density increase occurred in 1:1 ratio microtumors, indicating rapid cancer cell proliferation. No HL-60 cells were found in 1:100 ratio microtumors by day 5. The 1:10 ratio closely mimicked leukemia invasion in ovarian tissue, showing detectable cancer cells by days 3 and 5 without altering total cell density dynamics significantly. This bioprinted leukemia microtumor model offers better physiological relevance than 2D assays, promising applications in cellular analysis and drug screening.

Highly sensitive ECL detection of miRNA based on self-generated coreactant and target-induced catalyzed hairpin assembly

BackgroundRecently, various techniques have been developed to accurately and sensitively detect tumor biomarkers for the early diagnosis and effective therapy of cancer. The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method holding outstanding features including high sensitivity, ease of operation, and spatiotemporal controllability exhibited great potential for DNA/RNA detection, immunoassay, cancer cell detection, and environmental analysis. However, a glaring problem of ECL approaches is that the layer-by-layer modification on the electrode leads to poor stability and sensitivity of the sensors. Therefore, new simple and efficient methods for electrode modification which can effectively improve the ECL signal have attracted more and more research interests. ResultsBased on the dual amplification strategy of target-induced CHA and nanocomposite probes leading to self-generated co-reactant (H2O2), we proposed a highly sensitive miRNA-ECL detection system. The introduction of the target miRNA-21 triggers the CHA cycle amplification of DNA1 and biotin-modified DNA2, releasing the target miRNA-21 sequence for the target cycle reaction. After the reaction, the newly introduced DNA2 was combined with Au NPs modified with SA and Glucose oxidase (GOD). In the presence of oxygen, glucose was decomposed by GOD to produce H2O2, and then H2O2 was immediately catalyzed by the Hemin/G-quadruplex at the double-stranded end of the CHA product to produce a large amount of O2−•. As a co-reactant of luminol, the ECL signal was significantly enhanced, thereby achieving highly sensitive detection of miRNA-21 content and obtaining a low detection limit of 0.65 fM. The high specificity of the ECL biosensor was also proved by base mismatch. SignificanceCompared with other current detection methods, this sensor can achieve quantitative analysis of other target analytes by flexibly changing the probe DNA sequence, and provide a new feasible solution for the detection of tumor-associated markers. Benefiting from the improved sensitivity and selectivity, the proposed biosensing platform is expected to provide a new strategy for biomarkers analysis and outstanding prospect for further clinical application.

CD24 flags anastasis in melanoma cells.

Anastasis is a phenomenon observed in cancer cells, where cells that have initiated apoptosis are able to recover and survive. This molecular event is increasingly recognized as a potential contributor to cancer metastasis, facilitating the survival and migration of tumor cells. Nevertheless, the identification of a specific surface marker for detecting cancer cells in anastasis remained elusive. Here we report our observation that the cell surface expression of CD24 is preferentially enriched in a non-adherent FSClowSSChigh melanoma subpopulation, which is generally considered a non-viable population in cultivated melanoma cell lines. More than 90% of non-adherent FSClowSSChighCD24+ve metastatic melanoma cells exhibited bonafide features of apoptosis on the cell surface and in the nucleus, marking apoptotic or seemingly apoptotic subpopulations of the in vitro cultivated metastatic melanoma cell lines. Unexpectedly, however, the CD24+ve subpopulation, despite being apoptotic, showed evidence of metabolic activity and exhibited proliferative capacities, including anchorage-independent growth, when inoculated in soft agarose growth medium. These findings indicate that apoptotic FSClowSSChighCD24+ve melanoma subpopulations are capable of reversing the progression of apoptosis. We report CD24 as the first novel cell surface marker for anastasis in melanoma cells.

General Post-Regulation Strategy of AIEgens' Photophysical Properties for Intravital Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging.

Fluorogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIEgens) are promising agents for two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging. However, AIEgens' photophysical properties are fixed and unoptimizable once synthesized. Therefore, it is urgent and meaningful to explore an efficient post-regulation strategy to optimize AIEgens' photophysical properties. Herein, a general and efficient post-regulation strategy is reported. By simply tuning the ratio of inert AIEgens within binary nanoparticles (BNPs), the fluorescence quantum yield and two-photon absorption cross-section of functional AIEgens are enhanced by 8.7 and 5.4 times respectively, which are not achievable by conventional strategies, and the notorious phototoxicity is almost eliminated. The experimental results, theoretical simulation, and mechanism analysis demonstrated its feasibility and generality. The BNPs enabled deep cerebrovascular network imaging with ≈1.10mm depth and metastatic cancer cell detection with single-cell resolution. Furthermore, the TPF imaging quality is improved by the self-supervised denoising algorithm. The proposed binary molecular post-regulation strategy opened a new avenue to efficiently boost the AIEgens' photophysical properties and consequently TPF imaging quality.

Uveal Melanoma: Comprehensive Review of Its Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives.

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. Recent advances highlight the role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEV) and circulating hybrid cells (CHC) in UM tumorigenesis. Bridged with liquid biopsies, a novel technology that has shown incredible performance in detecting cancer cells or products derived from tumors in bodily fluids, it can significantly impact disease management and outcome. The aim of this comprehensive literature review is to provide a summary of current knowledge and ongoing advances in posterior UM pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. The first section of the manuscript discusses the complex and intricate role of TEVs and CHCs. The second part of this review delves into the epidemiology, etiology and risk factors, clinical presentation, and prognosis of UM. Third, current diagnostic methods, ensued by novel diagnostic tools for the early detection of UM, such as liquid biopsies and artificial intelligence-based technologies, are of paramount importance in this review. The fundamental principles, limits, and challenges associated with these diagnostic tools, as well as their potential as a tracker for disease progression, are discussed. Finally, a summary of current treatment modalities is provided, followed by an overview of ongoing preclinical and clinical research studies to provide further insights on potential biomolecular pathway alterations and therapeutic targets for the management of UM. This review is thus an important resource for all healthcare professionals, clinicians, and researchers working in the field of ocular oncology.