Detection Of Atrazine Research Articles

Electrochemical biosensor based on Au5Ir@graphene quantum dot nanocomposite and DNA walker for detection of atrazine in environmental water with extremely high sensitivity and selectivity

Existing electrochemical sensors are inadequate for detecting pesticides at extremely low level. This study presents an electrochemical biosensor based on gold-iridium alloy (Au5Ir) and DNA walker for detection of atrazine. Au5Ir@RFBP-GQD nanocomposite was synthesized via the reduction of chloroauric acid and iridium trichloride using arginine and folic acid-functionalized boron and phosphorus-doped graphene quantum dot (RFBP-GQD). The synergy between Au and Ir, along with the formation of Schottky heterojunction, enhances the catalytic activity. The Au5Ir was covalently conjugated with hairpin DNA and thionine forming a redox probe that was used to construct the electrochemical biosensor for atrazine detection, coupled with a DNA walker mechanism. Atrazine triggers the DNA walker, leading to the introduction of multiple redox probes onto the gold electrode surface. The oxidation and reduction of thionine molecules within these redox probes elicit highly sensitive electrochemical response. The integration of Au5Ir@RFBP-GQD catalysis with the DNA walker results in significant signal amplification. The biosensor exhibits superior sensitivity and selectivity compared to other atrazine sensors, with a linear detection range from 1×10−18 to 1×10−12 M and a low detection limit of 3.4×10−19 M (S/N=3). The proposed analytical method was successfully used for detection of atrazine in environmental water.

Microextraction by packed sorbent: Introducing a novel hybrid silica-based chitosan-graphene oxide biosorbent for the evaluation of pesticides and antibiotics in food matrices

This study introduces a novel silica-graphene oxide@chitosan (SiGO@CS) material as a packed biosorbent for microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of pesticides (atrazine and thiamethoxam) and antibiotics (ceftiofur and sulfonamide) in food samples. The graphene-based aerogel was modified with varying percentages of silica-graphene oxide/chitosan (w/w) and characterized to confirm successful chitosan incorporation. Optimization of the MEPS protocol, using 24–1 and 23 experimental designs, identified draw/eject and washing cycles as the most influential parameters for extraction efficiency. The SiGO@CS biosorbent with 80 % CS/SiGO (w/w) exhibited superior extraction efficiency compared to other ratios and commercial sorbents. The method demonstrated excellent linearity for all analytes (R² > 0.9900), with low limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.020 to 0.045 µg l-1 and 0.045 to 1.0 µg l-1 for pesticides, respectively, and 5 to 15 µg l-1 and 15 to 20 µg l-1 for antibiotics, respectively. Trueness values were within 82 % to 109 %. The method's green credentials were confirmed using AGREEprep and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) approach, highlighting sorbent reusability (over 15 times) and rapid analytical throughput (5 min per sample) with low use of pre-treated sample extract volume (500 µL). The application to local corn, tomato, and milk samples confirmed the detection and quantification of thiamethoxam and atrazine at concentrations above the recommended ingestion per day for one sample of tomato and corn out of the three samples analyzed. Furthermore, using the novel SiGO@CS biosorbent in the MEPS protocol offers a green, high-performance analytical alternative to traditional sorbent phases, with the potential for evaluating trace levels of pesticides and antibiotics in food matrices.

Diatomite with gold nanoparticles for atrazine adsorption

Atrazine is a commonly used herbicide worldwide, and it has significant environmental concerns due to its toxic ecological effects. This work uses diatomite decorated with gold nanoparticles to evaluate its capacity for atrazine adsorption. The structural characterization was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), Fluorescence microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our findings reveal that diatomite decorated with gold nanoparticles with an average particle size of 10 nm enhances the Raman signal and fluorescence intensity for atrazine detection. Experimental conditions, such as atrazine concentration, pH, contact time, and diatomite mass, have been optimized to quantify the maximum removal conditions using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, reaching a maximum adsorption of 2.5 mg/g in 4 h. FTIR and XPS evidence the interaction of the amine groups of the atrazine with the diatomite-decorated surface. The impact of this work relies on environmental remediation using naturally available diatomite decorated with gold nanoparticles and understanding the binding interactions for the removal of atrazine.

Low-tech innovation: biomimetic solid-contact potentiometric sensor for nanomolar-level atrazine detection.

Despite the fact that there are already a number of solid-contact-based ion-selective electrodes designed for atrazine detection, our ground-breaking contribution lies in introducing the first-ever atrazine potentioselectrode, enabling the ultra-sensitive detection of atrazine at nanomolar levels. Solid-contact ion-selective electrodes can offer advantages, such as improved stability, reproducibility, sensitivity, and selectivity compared to their liquid-contact counterparts. Here, a biomimetic potentiometric sensor for Atrazine was developed using economic, light weight, and flexible carbon cloth as solid-contact material. Our methodology entails the synthesis of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) through straightforward precipitation polymerization, showcasing a streamlined and efficient method for creating highly specific molecular recognition elements. The validation of template removal is confirmed via meticulous analysis employing EDX and FTIR techniques, ensuring the efficacy of our methodology. The resulting sensing membrane are casted by dispersing the MIP in 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether plasticizer and embedding it within a PVC matrix containing sodium tetraphenyl borate as a lipophilic additive. The developed sensor responds to atrazine in the pH range of 2.8-3.3 over a wide concentration range of 1 × 10-8M to 1 × 10-5M & 1 × 10-5M to 1 × 10-1M with respective slopes of 29.2 mv & 58.7mV and a limit of detection of 1 × 10-9M. An impressive feature of this sensor lies in its swift response time, registering a rapid reaction within a mere 10s. Emphasize the sensor's commendable attributes of reproducibility, selectivity, and sensitivity underscoring its successful application in field monitoring.

Use of tyrosinase nanobiosensor for detection of atrazine and simazine and its application in real water samples

ABSTRACT This study presents the development and characterization of cantilever nanobiosensors functionalized with the tyrosinase enzyme (0.05–0.001%) for the detection of atrazine and simazine in water. The optimization of tyrosinase activity through precise immobilization and sensitive layer adjustments was evaluated. Topographical analysis revealed the successful immobilization of the tyrosinase enzyme using the self-assembled monolayer technique, enhancing sensor sensitivity. Upon comparing the enzyme concentrations, it was found that the 0.006% exhibited remarkable results, including a limit of detection (LOD = 0.0080 ppb) and a limit of quantification (LOQ = 0.0267 ppb), along with enhanced storage stability for 15 days for atrazine detection. For simazine, the nanobiosensor exhibited high sensitivity (8.1532 nm/ppb) and LOD (0.0117 ppb). They demonstrated excellent reversibility (99%) over six cycles and selectivity against interfering pesticides commonly found in agricultural environments, indicating their suitability for complex sample matrices. Real water samples met regulatory standards for atrazine levels, further validating the efficacy of the nanobiosensors in detecting pesticide contamination. The enzymatic nanobiosensor achieved recoveries ranging from 97 to 101%, indicating high reproducibility. These findings demonstrate the potential of the developed nanobiosensors for sensitive and reliable pesticide detection in environmental monitoring, with implications for future applications.

Nanobiosensors based on tyrosinase with alkanethiols for detection commercial formulation of atrazine in artesian water samples applied in agriculture crop

This study aims to develop cantilever nanobiosensors functionalized with commercial tyrosinase enzymes and alkanethiols for the detection of a commercial formulation of atrazine in artesian water samples used in agricultural crops. Functionalization was carried out using the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) technique with different alkanethiols, namely, 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (16-MHDA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA), in conjunction with commercial tyrosinase enzymes. Surface characterization techniques confirm the successful deposition of the sensing layer. The nanobiosensors exhibited the capability to detect various concentrations of atrazine in water, achieving high sensitivity with detection and quantification limits in the µg/L range, while maintaining 100 % reversibility. The enzyme retained 87 % and 80 % of its activity when immobilized on 16-MHDA and 11-MUA linkages, respectively. The response of cantilever nanobiosensors was stable after 13 min, with deflection values showing a direct proportional relationship with atrazine concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 100 µg/L. Both cantilever nanobiosensors demonstrated promising responses, with 11-MUA differing statistically (P<0.05) from 16-MHDA. The rapid detection of commercial atrazine was successfully conducted in real water samples collected directly during its application in crop fields. Consequently, the developed devices hold significant potential for practical use in the detection of atrazine in water, contributing to assessments of environmental quality.

Enzyme-based sensor for the real-time detection of atrazine: Evidence from electrochemical and docking studies

This study focused on strategically employing the carboxylesterase enzyme Ha006a, derived from the pesticide-resistant microorganism Helicoverpa armigera, to detect atrazine. A comprehensive analysis through biochemical, biophysical and bioinformatics approaches was conducted to determine the interaction between the Ha006a protein and the herbicide atrazine. These experimental findings elucidated the potential of leveraging the inherent pesticide sequestration mechanism of the Ha006a enzyme for sensor fabrication. Numerous optimizations were undertaken to ensure the precision, reproducibility and convenient storage of the resulting electrochemical sensor, Ha006a/MCPE. This biosensor exhibited exceptional performance in detecting atrazine, demonstrating outstanding selectivity with a lower limit of detection of 5.4 µM. The developed biosensor has emerged as a reliable and cost-effective green tool for the detection of atrazine from diverse environmental samples. The Ha006a-based biosensor fabrication has expanded the possibilities for the efficient integration of insect enzymes as analytical tools, paving the way for the design of cost-effective biosensors capable of detecting and quantifying pesticides.

A surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRA) multivariate approach for atrazine detection

A green, fast and effective multivariate method for the determination of atrazine (ATZ) was developed using conventional infrared equipment furnished with an attenuated total reflectance module (ATR-IR), providing limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) in the ranges from 1.9 to 4.6 µg/mL and from 5.6 to 14 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) approach was investigated to improve the sensitivity of the measurements and detect ATZ at low concentrations, addressing the compatibility with reference methods. To this end, a substrate formed by silver selenide quantum dots stabilized with mercaptopropionic acid (Ag2Se/MPA), synthesized in aqueous medium by an one-pot synthesis, was used. The spectral data were investigated by univariate and multivariate calibrations, allowing to calculate the enhancement factor (EF) and the multivariate enhancement factor (MEF), respectively. The SEIRA strategy proved to be able to enhance the atrazine signal up to 86-fold, allowing the detection of ATZ at concentrations as low as 0.001 µg/mL.

Triple modal aptasensor arrays driven by CHA-mediated DNAzyme for signal-amplified atrazine pesticide accumulation monitoring in agricultural crops

Developing sensors with high selectivity and sensitivity is of great significance for pesticide analysis in environmental assessment. Herein, a versatile three-way sensor array was designed for the detection of the pesticide atrazine, based on the integration of catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) amplification and three-mode signal transducers. With atrazine, CHA was triggered to generate abundant G-quadruplex. The produced G-quadruplex hybrid could assemble with thioflavin T (TFT) or hemin to mimic enzyme and induce the fluorescence enhancement by TFT, or the colorimetric increase by the oxidized chromogenic substrate and the naked-eye color change by inhibiting the L-cysteine-mediated aggregation of gold nanoparticles. A distinctive three-mode array was successfully constructed with convenience, on-site accessibility and high sensitivity for enzyme-free practical analysis of atrazine. It is also effective and reliable for analyzing real samples including paddy water, paddy soil and polished rice. The detection limits for atrazine were as low as 7.4 pg/mL by colorimetric observation and 0.25 pg/mL by fluorescent detection. Furthermore, the array was exploited to monitor the residue, distribution and bioaccumulation of atrazine in maize and rice for food security and environmental assessment. Hence, this work presented a versatile example for sensitive and on-site all-in-one pesticide analysis arrays with multiple signal report modes.

A novel sustainable immunoassay for sensitive detection of atrazine based on the anti-idiotypic nanobody and recombinant full-length antibody

Immunoassays have been widely used to determine small-molecule compounds in food and the environment, meeting the challenge of obtaining false positive or negative results because of the variance in the batches of antibodies and antigens. To resolve this problem, atrazine (ATR) was used as a target, and anti-idiotypic nanobodies for ATR (AI-Nbs) and a recombinant full-length antibody against ATR (ATR-rAb) were prepared for the development of a sustainable enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AI-Nb-7, AI-Nb-58, and AI-Nb-66 were selected from an immune phage display library. ATR-rAb was produced in mammalian HEK293 (F) cells. Among the four detection methods explored, the assay using AI-Nb-66 as a coating antigen and ATR-rAb as a detection reagent yielded a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.66 ng mL−1 for ATR and a linear range of 0.35 − 8.73 ng mL−1. The cross-reactivity of the assay to ametryn was 64.24 %, whereas that to terbutylazine was 38.20 %. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis illustrated that these cross-reactive triazine compounds can bind to ATR-rAb to varying degrees at high concentrations; however, the binding/dissociation kinetic curves and the response values at the same concentration are different, which results in differences in cross-reactivity. Homology modeling and molecular docking revealed that the triazine ring is vital in recognizing triazine compounds. The proposed immunoassay exhibited acceptable recoveries of 84.40 − 105.36 % for detecting fruit, vegetables, and black tea. In conclusion, this study highlights a new strategy for developing sustainable immunoassays for detecting trace pesticide contaminants.

Synergistic effect between p-n heterojunction and oxygen vacancies of Co3O4-C/Fe-MOF for highly sensitive detection of trace atrazine

Atrazine is a type of herbicide widely used in agricultural production, and trace atrazine would cause human hormone disorders and even lead to cancer and cancer-related diseases. There are still significant challenges in the highly sensitive detection of trace atrazine. Herein, a Co3O4-C/Fe-MOF with p-n heterojunction and oxygen vacancies was theoretically predicted, and it had potential interactions with atrazine. Leaf-shaped Co3O4-C/Fe-MOF with p-n heterojunction and oxygen vacancies was in-suit constructed on the surface of foam nickel by self-assembly strategy. The electrochemical detection results showed that the Co3O4-C/Fe-MOF electrochemical sensor achieved ultra-low detection concentration (0.06 pM) and ultra-high detection sensitivity (60.32 μA/pMcm2) within an ultra-wide concentration range (1 pM-5 mM). The Co3O4-C/Fe-MOF electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for the detection of atrazine in real samples. In addition, theoretical calculations and experimental analysis systematically reveal the detection mechanism. The rich oxygen vacancies enhanced the adsorption of atrazine, and the p-n heterojunctions promoted electronic transitions to the material surface and react quickly with atrazine. The synergistic effect between p-n heterojunctions and oxygen vacancies promoted the electrochemical reaction kinetics of atrazine. This study provides a new strategy for designing active composite materials to achieve highly sensitive detection of harmful small molecules.

Synthesis and application of poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as molecularly imprinted polymer in electrochemical sensor for atrazine detection

Synthesis and application of poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as molecularly imprinted polymer in electrochemical sensor for atrazine detection

A Portable Polymer‐based Sensor Platform for the Detection of Atrazine

AbstractDespite being banned by the European Union (EU), Atrazine, a synthetic herbicide, was found in Europe's coastal waters. Given the widespread ban on atrazine in many countries, it is imperative to perform screenings to detect its presence in food and water samples, as it poses significant risks to both human health and aquatic ecosystems. This study presents the development of an innovative, simple, and cost‐effective electrochemical sensing platform that comprises a portable system equipped with a poly‐8‐Amino‐1‐naphthol‐3,6‐disulfonic acid (8‐ANDSA) customized carbon paste electrode (CPE). The poly‐8 ANDSA/CPE was acquired using the process of electrochemical polymerization, utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) over the potential domain of −0.8 V to 1.8 V for 25 sweep cycles. The poly‐8‐ANDSA/CPE exhibited a linear relationship between the square wave voltammetric (SWV) peak current amplitude and ATZ concentration within 0.1–100 μM. The limit of detection for ATZ was determined to be 30 nM. Spiked recovery results of 97.71 % to 102.73 % with RSD (%) values less than 5 % validated the method‘s applicability for atrazine detection from water samples. The favorable outcomes indicated that the portable system performs exceptionally well and validates the practicality of ATZ detection, facilitating on‐site detection in actual water samples.

Swellable microneedle-coupled light-addressable photoelectrochemical sensor for in-situ tracking of multiple pesticides pollution in vivo

In vivo monitoring of multiple pesticide contamination is of great significance for evaluating the health risks of different pesticides, agricultural production safety, and ecological and environmental assessment. Here, we report a hydrogel microneedle array coupled light-addressable photoelectrochemical sensor for tracking multiple pesticide uptake and elimination in living animals and plants, holding three prominent merits: i) enables in-situ detection of in vivo pesticides, avoiding cumbersome and complex sample transportation and handling processes; ii) allows repeated in vivo sampling of the same organism, improving tracking test controllability and accuracy; iii) avoids lethal sampling, providing a better understanding of the pesticides fate in living organisms. The coupled sensor is mechanically robust for withstanding more than 0.35 N per needle and highly swellable (800 %) for timely extraction of sufficient in vivo solution for analysis. For proof-of-concept, it achieves in-situ detection of atrazine, acetamiprid, and carbendazim efficiently and quantitatively in artificial agarose skin models, mouse skin interstitial fluids, and plant leaves with little inflammatory reaction. This simple, highly integrated, minimally invasive, and high-throughput in vivo monitoring method is ideal for future field environmental monitoring and plant and animal disease diagnosis.

Dual Chromatic Laser-Printed Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (μPAD) for the Detection of Atrazine in Water

Dual Chromatic Laser-Printed Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device (μPAD) for the Detection of Atrazine in Water

Ultrasensitive assay of atrazine in food and water samples

AbstractAtrazine is the pesticide that is found in surface water sources more frequently than any other pesticide. Therefore, the paper describes ultrasensitive detection of atrazine from fruit and water samples, using on‐site screening platforms incorporating stochastic microsensors based on graphite powder modified with 4‐tert‐butylcalix [4] arene and with calix [4] arene‐25,26,27,28‐tetrol. Limits of determination of 0.1 fmol L−1 were recorded while the sensors could have been used on wide concentration ranges, between 0.1 fmol L−1 and 0.1 mmol L−1. Recoveries higher than 95.00 % were recorded when used for the assay of atrazine in water, fruits and vegetables.

RecJf exonuclease-catalyzed signal amplified aptasensor for sensitive detection of atrazine using Ni6MnO8@C/Au nanorods and COF@MOF nanohybrids

Atrazine (ATZ) represents an endocrine-disrupting pesticide posing significant threats to both the environment and human well-being. In this study, a novel turn-on electrochemical aptasensor was successfully developed for highly sensitive ATZ detection. It relied on Ni6MnO8@C/Au nanorods (Ni6MnO8@C/AuNR) and covalent-metal organic framework nanohybrids (MCA@Ce-MOF) with RecJf-catalyzed target recycling amplification. Notably, this marks the first instance of utilizing this strategy for ATZ detection. The substrate material, ultrathin Ni6MnO8@C/AuNR nanosheets, enhanced the specific surface area, conductivity, and biocompatibility, thereby facilitating biomolecule attachment and improving sensitivity. The scaffolds, hierarchically porous MCA@Ce-MOF, not only elevated the loading efficiency and surface concentration of signal molecules, but also strengthened the binding firmness of biomolecules. RecJf-catalyzed target recycling was triggered in the presence of ATZ, further magnifying electrochemical signals. Leveraging these unique attributes, the developed aptasensor exhibited exceptional ATZ detection performance with a low detection limit of 4.9 fg·mL−1, a wide linear range of 4 × 10−5–4 ng·mL−1, and a satisfactory recovery of 93.3–99.6% in corn samples. With its diverse signal amplification capabilities, this aptasensor holds promise for detecting various analytes in environmental monitoring applications.

Immobilization-Free Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor for Atrazine Based on Bifunctional Graphene Signal Amplification and a Controllable Sulfhydryl-Assembled BiOBr/Ag NP Microinterface.

Immobilization-free sensors (IFSs), with no requirement of fixing the recognition element to the electrode surface, have received increasing attention due to their unique advantages of reusable electrodes, not being limited by the load of the recognition element, and not being easily changed to the structure of the probe. In the present work, an effective visible light-driven immobilization-free photoelectric aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of atrazine (ATZ) was proposed based on a reusable BiOBr/Ag NP substrate electrode with ultrafast charge transfer. Controllable thiols were used as conditioning agents for the photoelectric signal. The ingeniously designed bifunctional graphene can act as not only a molecular "bridge" for the ATZ aptamer through a strong π-π stacking effect, obtaining a graphene-aptamer complex, serving as a homogeneous recognition element, but also a switch for signal modulation for quantitative detection of target substances. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of the above-mentioned factors, the proposed sensor is capable of ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of ATZ in real water samples with a low detection limit of 1.2 pM and a wide linear range from 5.0 pM to 10.0 nM. Furthermore, it shows high stability, good selectivity, and strong anti-interference ability. Thus, this work has provided a fresh perspective for designing advanced immobilization-free photoelectric sensors and convenient detection of environmental pollutants.

Dual-Photoelectrode Fuel Cell Based Self-Powered Sensor for a Picomole Level Pollutant: Using an In Situ Molecularly Imprinted p-Type Organic Photocathode.

Developing a dual-photoelectrode fuel cell based self-powered sensor (DPFC-SPS) with an ideal signal output capability and high sensitivity performance for the detection of environmental pollutant atrazine (ATZ) has an important value. In this work, the in situ molecularly imprinting functionalized p-type organic semiconductor polyterthiophene (MI-pTTh) is used as a photocathode to construct a DPFC-SPS toward the typical environmental pollutant ATZ for the first time. Due to its excellent photoactivity, higher stability, and superior oxygen reduction reaction activity, pTTh serves as the photocathode material for constructing a self-powered sensing platform with a stable signal output and high photoelectric activity. Based on the sensitive light-triggered large self-bias of the DPFC-SPS, the open circuit potential (EOCV) of the device reaches 1.21 V and the maximum power density (Pmax) reaches 121.5 μW·cm-2, which is much higher than most reported PFC-SPSs. Simultaneously, in situ molecularly imprinted (MI) functionization of pTTh can further endow it with specific recognition ability, helping the constructed SPS achieve high sensitivity, selectivity, and effective recognition of the important environmental pollutants ATZ in complex systems. It exhibits a broad linear relationship from 0.002 to 100 nM and a low detection limit (estimated by S/N > 3) of 0.21 pM toward ATZ. The mechanism of the binding kinetics of the MI-pTTh with the target ATZ is further studied via in situ infrared spectroscopy. This work provides theoretical guidance for sensing strategies using dual-photoelectrode devices and offers a rational device design for cost-effective electricity generation from renewable resources.

Glucose oxidase-like Co-MOF nanozyme-catalyzed self-powered sensor for sensitive detection of trace atrazine in complex environments

The self-powered sensor (SPS) is a sensor method that does not require the external power source and has the potential for portable detection of environmental contaminants. In this work, for the first time, a biomolecule-free SPS for detection of ultra-trace triazine endocrine disruptor atrazine (ATZ) with high sensitivity and selectivity is constructed using a glucose oxidase (GOD)-like cobalt metal-organic framework (Co-MOF) nanozyme-modified high-performance anode and a molecularly imprinted cathode. By modulating the size and morphology of the prepared materials, Co-MOF nanozyme with superior GOD-like property (Michaelis constant Km = 15.8 mM) has been obtained and modified at the anode to catalyze glucose oxidation with high efficiency and provide energy continuously and stably for the SPS. The separation mode of anodic energy supply-cathodic recognition ensures the recognition effect without affecting the catalytic characteristic of Co-MOF and the output signal of the SPS. The designed SPS has a wide linear range of 1 pM–100 nM and a detection limit as low as 0.65 pM, as well as superior selectivity and good stability. The present work provides a promising approach for the design of self-powered sensors which can be extended to detection of a wider range of environmental pollutants.