Detection Of Adenovirus Research Articles

Approach to hematopoietic cell transplant candidates with respiratory viral detection.

The management of respiratory viruses prior to hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) can be controversial and requires special consideration of host factors, transplant parameters, and the specific respiratory virus (RV). In the setting of adenovirus (ADV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza, parainfluenza virus (PIV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detection prior to hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), clinical practice guidelines recommend transplant delay when possible; however, there is much more ambiguity when other respiratory viruses, such as seasonal coronaviruses (CoVs), human rhinovirus (HRV), and SARS-CoV-2, are detected. Our aims for this review include detailing clinical practical guidelines and reviewing current literature on pre-transplant respiratory viral infections (RVIs), including antiviral therapies and prevention strategies, when available. We will center our discussion on three representative clinical scenarios, with the goal of providing practical guidance to clinicians.

Molecular detection of Human Adenovirus and Human Bocavirus in wastewater and drain water in the western Nile Delta of Egypt

Abstract HAdV and HBoV are frequently found in different water sources throughout the year. Due to their health impact on humans, continuous monitoring of these viruses is considered an important tool to evaluate their circulation within society. This study investigates the prevalence of HAdV and HBoV in different environmental samples collected from the western Nile Delta of Egypt. In total, 264 samples were collected from treated and untreated sewage (48), sewage sludge (24), drainage water (96), and drainage sediment (96) from December 2019 to November 2021. Molecular detection was performed to detect both viruses in the collected samples. The results indicated that HAdV was more prevalent than HBoV in all types of sewage samples, with the highest detection rate in untreated sewage. Both viruses were relatively lower in sludge sewage samples, while in drainage water and sediment samples were detected with similar frequencies, although the detection rates were generally lower than those observed in sewage samples. Moreover, no significant seasonal distribution of both viruses was observed throughout the year. The results of this study emphasize the importance of monitoring the presence of these viruses in environmental samples with proper treatment and disposal of sewage to ensure public health and safety.

Detection of Adenovirus in Fresh Fruit, Vegetables, Wastewater and Manure from Irrigated Farms in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Detection of Adenovirus in Fresh Fruit, Vegetables, Wastewater and Manure from Irrigated Farms in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Epidemiology and molecular detection of human adenovirus and non-polio enterovirus in fecal samples of children with acute gastroenteritis: A five-year surveillance in northern Brazil.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a common pediatric infection that remains a significant cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low-income regions. Thus, the objective of this study was to detect human adenovirus (HAdV) and non-polio enterovirus (NPEV) in fecal samples from the Gastroenteritis Surveillance Network, and to identify circulating strains by nucleotide sequencing. A total of 801 fecal samples were tested using qPCR/RT-qPCR, and 657 (82.0%) were inoculated into HEp-2C and RD cell lines. The HAdV and NPEV positivity rates obtained using qPCR/RT-qPCR were 31.7% (254/801) and 10.5% (84/801), respectively, with 5.4% (43/801) co-detection. Cytopathic effect was observed in 9.6% (63/657) of patients, 2.7% (18/657) associated with HAdV, and 6.2% (41/657) associated with NPEV after testing by ICC-PCR. A comparison of the two methodologies demonstrated an agreement of 93.5% for EVNP and 64.4% for HAdV. These two viruses were detected throughout the study period, with HAdV positivity rates ranging from 41% in Amapá to 18% in Pará. The NEPV varied from 18% in Pará/Rondônia to 3% in Acre. The most affected age group was over 60 months for both HAdV and NPEV. Samples previously positive for rotavirus and norovirus, which did not show a major difference in the presence or absence of diarrhea, fever, and vomiting, were excluded from the clinical analyses of these two viruses. These viruses circulated over five years, with a few months of absence, mainly during the months corresponding to the waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil. Five HAdV species were identified (A, B, C, D, and F), with a greater predominance of HAdV-F41 (56.5%) followed by HAdV-C (15.2%). Three NPEV species (A, B, and C) were detected, with serotypes E14 (19.3%) and CVA-24 (16.1%) being the most prevalent. The present study revealed a high diversity of NPEV and HAdV types circulating in children with AGE symptoms in the northern region of Brazil.

A multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification assay combined with CRISPR/Cas12a for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus and respiratory adenovirus.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and respiratory adenovirus (ADV) are two common pathogens that cause acute respiratory tract infections in children. We aimed to develop a rapid method for detecting both pathogens simultaneously. The recombinase polymerase isothermal amplification (RPA) method was combined with the CRISPR/Cas detection system. The assay's specificity and sensitivity were explored by designing RPA primers and CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) through multi-sequence comparisons, optimizing the reaction conditions, and using a fluorescent reading device. The consistency of the test results of 160 clinical pharyngeal swab samples was studied using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) results as a comparative control. RSV and ADV could be detected at levels as low as 104 copies/mL and 103 copies/mL, respectively, within 50 minutes with no cross-reactivity with other similar pathogens. For the clinical samples, compared with the qPCR method, the sensitivities for RSV and ADV were 98.1% and 91.4%, respectively, and the detection specificities were both 100%. The Kappa values were greater than 0.95, suggesting a high degree of consistency. This method for detecting RSV and ADV is rapid, sensitive, and specific. It can accurately detect mixed infections in a timely manner, making it suitable for use in areas with scarce healthcare resources.

Detection of Human Adenovirus from Clinical Samples of Conjunctivitis by Real-time PCR: A Cross-sectional Descriptive Study

Introduction: Human Adenoviruses (HAdV) have been implicated in a variety of infections, including conjunctivitis, respiratory tract infections, genitourinary infections and gastroenteritis. Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is a severe ocular surface infection strongly associated with HAdV, known to occur in widespread outbreaks. HAdV species B, D and E are associated with ocular manifestations ranging from simple follicular conjunctivitis (types 3, 4, 7) and pharyngoconjunctival fever (types 3, 7, 14) to the more severe EKC (types 8, 19, 37, 53, 54, 56 and 64). Viral cell cultures of conjunctival specimens help confirm adenovirus infection through the characteristic Cytopathic Effect (CPE) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the best standard method to diagnose viral conjunctivitis due to its sensitivity, accuracy and rapidity. Aim: To diagnose HAdV in clinically suspected cases of viral conjunctivitis using real-time PCR. To isolate HAdV in viral cell culture and confirm it by observing its characteristic CPE and performing adenoviral real-time PCR. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from July 2023 to September 2023 at the state-level Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL) at Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. A total of 45 conjunctival swab samples from patients with suspected viral conjunctivitis, who attended the Ophthalmology Outpatient Department (OPD) or were admitted to the wards, were included in the study. Conjunctival swab samples collected in Viral Transport Medium (VTM) were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for five minutes at 4°C. Real-time PCR was performed and samples positive for HAdV by real-time PCR were taken up for viral cell culture. Confirmatory PCR was conducted for samples showing CPEs in the cell line. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of patients in the present study were in the age group of 18-45 years, comprising 25 (56%) of the total patients. Out of 45 conjunctival samples tested, 8 samples were positive in adenovirus real-time PCR. All eight PCR-positive samples showed a CPE in viral cell culture on the A549 cell line. The study found PCR positivity in 8 samples (17.7%), while adenoviral recovery from cell culture was observed in 6 samples (13.3%). Conclusion: Real-time PCR has become the standard diagnostic procedure for detecting adenovirus conjunctivitis. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is key to interrupting the contagious spread of adenoviral conjunctivitis, along with timely treatment.

Adenovirus infections in paediatrics: Understanding the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Adenovirus infections in paediatrics present a significant health burden, causing various respiratory, gastrointestinal and ocular illnesses. Diagnosing adenovirus infections in pediatric patients can be challenging due to overlapping symptoms with other viral and bacterial infections. Molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction, are highly sensitive and specific for adenovirus detection. Enhanced surveillance, accurate diagnosis, supportive management and preventive measures are crucial for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with adenovirus infections in pediatric populations. Further research is needed to advance our understanding of adenovirus pathogenesis, develop effective antiviral therapies and improve vaccine strategies.

A Report on a Nationwide Surveillance System for Pediatric Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Korea.

Several cases of pediatric acute hepatitis of unknown etiology related to adenoviral infections have been reported in Europe since January 2022. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence, severity, possible etiology, and prognosis of the disease with those in the past in Korea. The surveillance group collected data between May and November 2022 using a surveillance system. Acute hepatitis of unknown etiology was defined in patients aged < 16 years with a serum transaminase level > 500 IU/L, not due to hepatitis A-E or other underlying causes. For comparison, data from 18 university hospitals were retrospectively collected as a control group between January 2021 and April 2022. We enrolled 270 patients (mean age, 5 years). The most common symptom was fever. However, the incidence was similar between 2021 and 2022. Liver function test results, number of patients with acute liver failure (ALF), liver transplantation (LT), death, and adenovirus detection rates did not differ between the two groups. None of the adenovirus-positive patients in either group experienced ALF, LT, or death. In the surveillance group, adenovirus-associated virus-2 was detected in four patients, one of whom underwent LT. Patients with an unknown etiology showed significantly higher bilirubin levels, a lower platelet count, and a higher LT rate than patients with a possible etiology. The incidence of pediatric acute hepatitis of unknown etiology and adenovirus detection rate have not increased in Korea.

Changes in clinical, demographic, and outcome patterns of children hospitalized with non-SARS-CoV-2 viral low respiratory tract infections before and during the COVID pandemic in Rome, Italy.

We performed this study aiming to evaluate changes in epidemiology, clinical presentation and outcomes of children hospitalized for viral lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). We performed a retrospective study of children younger than 18 years of age hospitalized for LRTIs with a positive respiratory viral testing from 2018 to 2022. We compared need of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), invasive ventilation, and other respiratory support, viral etiologies, clinical presentations, imaging, and laboratory results in the precovid (2018-2019) and covid (2020-2022) period. A total of 523 were included in the analysis. In the pandemic period, the detection of influenza was 95% less likely to occur (odds ratio [OR]: 0.05; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.02-0.12; p < .001), likewise the detection of adenovirus was 77% less likely to occur (OR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.10-0.51; p < .001). In the pandemic period, the number of codetections increased from 15.52% in 2018 to 57.25% in 2022, resulting in a significantly increasing trend (p < .001). The odds of transfer to PICU was more than five times greater during the pandemic period (OR: 5.31; 95% CI: 1.78-15.86; p = .003). We found that the pattern of LRTI in children during COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed in terms of etiologies and increased severity.

Paediatric acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology: a national investigation and adenoviraemia case-control study in the UK.

An increase in acute severe hepatitis of unknown aetiology in previously healthy children in the UK in March, 2022, triggered global case-finding. We aimed to describe UK epidemiological investigations of cases and their possible causes. We actively surveilled unexplained paediatric acute hepatitis (transaminase >500 international units per litre) in children younger than 16 years presenting since Jan 1, 2022, through notifications from paediatricians, microbiologists, and paediatric liver units; we collected demographic, clinical, and exposure information. Then, we did a case-control study to investigate the association between adenoviraemia and other viruses and case-status using multivariable Firth penalised logistic regression. Cases aged 1-10 years and tested for adenovirus were included and compared with controls (ie, children admitted to hospital with an acute non-hepatitis illness who had residual blood samples collected between Jan 1 and May 28, 2022, and without known laboratory-confirmed diagnosis or previous adenovirus testing). Controls were frequency-matched on sex, age band, sample months, and nation or supra-region with randomised selection. We explored temporal associations between frequency of circulating viruses identified through routine laboratory pathogen surveillance and occurrence of cases by linear regression. SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity of cases was examined against residual serum from age-matched clinical comparison groups. Between Jan 1 and July 4, 2022, 274 cases were identified (median age 3 years [IQR 2-5]). 131 (48%) participants were male, 142 (52%) were female, and one (<1%) participant had sex data unknown. Jaundice (195 [83%] of 235) and gastrointestinal symptoms (202 [91%] of 222) were common. 15 (5%) children required liver transplantation and none died. Adenovirus was detected in 172 (68%) of 252 participants tested, regardless of sample type; 137 (63%) of 218 samples were positive for adenovirus in the blood. For cases that were successfully genotyped, 58 (81%) of 72 had Ad41F, and 57 were identified as positive via blood samples (six of these were among participants who had undergone a transplant). In the case-control analysis, adenoviraemia was associated with hepatitis case-status (adjusted OR 37·4 [95% CI 15·5-90·3]). Increases in the detection of adenovirus from faecal samples, but not other infectious agents, in routine laboratory pathogen surveillance correlated with hepatitis cases 4 weeks later, which independently suggested an association (β 0·06 [95% CI 0·02-0·11]). No association was identified for SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity. We observed an association between adenovirus 41F viraemia and paediatric acute hepatitis. These results can inform diagnostic testing recommendations, clinical management, and exploratory in vitro or clinical studies of paediatric acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology. The role of potential co-factors, including other viruses and host susceptibility, requires further investigation. None.

Characterization of Human Adenoviruses of Medical Importance: Isolation of Infectious Virus from Clinical Specimens and Molecular Typing.

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) constitute a group of ubiquitous viruses that currently comprises 51 well-defined serotypes and more than 113 genotypes classified into seven species, HAdV-A through HAdV-G. The members of these species differ considerably in their genomic characteristics and also in their tropism and pathogenicity. Virus isolation in cell culture remains critical for the preservation and comprehensive characterization of viruses of biomedical interest but has been almost completely abandoned by diagnostic laboratories. Currently, the most frequently used approach for the detection of HAdV in clinical specimens is real-time qPCR targeting a region of the hexon gene, conserved among all genotypes described to the present. In the absence of typing, the detection of an HAdV in association with disease provides limited information. Molecular typing is therefore highly desirable and required in the epidemiological investigation of HAdV-associated disease. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Virus isolation from plasma and whole blood Alternate Protocol 1: Virus isolation from stool Alternate Protocol 2: Virus isolation from respiratory specimens and urine Alternate Protocol 3: Virus isolation from tissue specimens Support Protocol: Inoculation of shell vials Basic Protocol 2: Extraction of highly pure viral genomic DNA from infected cells Basic Protocol 3: Molecular detection of human adenovirus by real-time PCR Basic Protocol 4: Molecular typing for basic identification of species and hexon type Basic Protocol 5: Typing human adenoviruses by next-generation whole-genome sequencing and analysis.

Study of Cosavirus, Salivirus, and Bufavirus viruses in children with acute gastroenteritis

BackgroundAcute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children represents a health problem. Besides common enteric viruses such as rotavirus and adenovirus, new viruses such as cosavirus, salivirus, and bufavirus may be associated with AGE. The objective of the study was to detect cosavirus, salivirus, and bufavirus viruses in children below 5 years with acute gastroenteritis by the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) besides detection of rotavirus and adenovirus by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).MethodThe study included 150 children ≤ 5 years with community-acquired diarrhea. Stool samples from children were subjected for the detection of rotavirus and adenovirus antigens by ELISA and for detection of buvavirus, salivirus, and cosavirus by real-time PCR.ResultsThe commonest virus detected in the stool samples of children with AGE was rotavirus 31.3% followed by adenovirus 24%. Among the new viruses studied, salivirus was detected in six samples (4.0%), buvavirus was detected in four samples (2.7%), and cosavirus was detected in two samples (1.3%). The mixed rotavirus detection with studied viruses was 23.4% for adenovirus, 4.3% for calicivirus, and 2.1% for bocavirus, and none of the detected cosavirus was associated with rotavirus. In the studied children, at least one of the new viruses was detected in ten children (6.7%). Buvavirus, salivirus, and cosavirus were detected as a single virus (0.7%) in the children with acute gastroenteritis and buvavirus was detected with cosavirus without other viruses in one sample (0.7%).ConclusionThe study reports the occurrence of buvavirus, cosavirus, and salivirus in the pediatric patients with community-acquired acute gastroenteritis. There was a high prevalence of rotavirus and adenovirus antigens in those patients with low positivity for buvavirus, cosavirus, and salivirus viruses. There is a need for a large cohort study to study the prevalence of buvavirus, cosavirus, and salivirus in pediatrics with acute gastroenteritis and to validate their association with the disease.

A-299 Clinical Performance Validation of 7 qPCR Kits for the Specific Diagnosis of 5 Enteric Viruses in Clinical Stool Samples

Abstract Background Among the most prevalent enteric viruses associated with gastroenteritis are norovirus (NoV), rotavirus (RV), astrovirus (AstV), sapovirus (SaV) and adenovirus (AdV). The diagnosis of infections associated with gastroenteritis viruses is mainly based on the detection of the genome of these viruses by molecular methods, mainly qPCR and RTqPCR reactions. The aim of this study was to validate the diagnostic performance of 7 qPCR diagnostic kits of the “VIASURE Real Time PCR Detection Kits” series with respect to commercial reference kits used for the diagnosis of these pathogens. Methods A total of 318 clinical stool samples were used, including: 213 stool samples from children from sporadic cases of gastroenteritis collected between 2016–2018; 94 samples from outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by NoV between 2017–2019; and 11 samples from healthy children with asymptomatic enteric virus infections collected between 2017–2018. Seven VIASURE kits were used for the specific detection of enteric viruses. At the same time, samples were also tested with the following commercial kits used as reference methods: RIDA®GENE Viral Stool Panel II (rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41 and astrovirus) and RIDA®GENE Sapovirus, RIDA®GENE Norovirus I &amp; II. In the case of AdV, the positivity of the samples was confirmed using the qPCR protocol published by Heim et al. (2003). Results The results obtained are summarized in Table 1. Conclusion The results obtained show a high sensitivity and specificity of the VIASURE kits for the detection of rotavirus, adenovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus and norovirus GI and GII (in the latter case using both the monoplex and multiplex product). In addition, it should be noted that all these kits share the same thermal protocol, thus allowing their joint use for the simultaneous diagnosis of these 5 enteric viruses.

Circulation of adenovirus and other viruses in urban drainage channels: an environmental surveillance in Belém, Amazon region, Brazil.

Urban channels in amazon cities are very polluted, with garbage and sewage disposal in these aquatic environments, favoring the high dissemination of waterborne viruses such as human adenovirus (HAdV). The aim of this study was to perform the detection and molecular characterization of adenovirus in urban channels and in a wastewater treatment plant located in a metropolitan city in the Amazon. Additionally, metagenomic analyses were performed to assess viral diversity. Samples were concentrated by organic flocculation, analyzed by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) and sequenced (Sanger e next generation sequencing). Cell culture was performed to verify the viability of HAdV particles. A total of 104 samples were collected, being the HAdV positivity of 76% (79/104). Among the positive samples, 29.1% (23/79) were characterized as HAdV-F40 (87%, 20/23), HAdV-F41 (8.7%, 2/23), and HAdV-B (4.3%, 1/23). Average precipitation rates ranged from 163 to 614 mm, while the pH ranged from 6.9 to 7.6. Eight positive samples were inoculated into A549 cells and in 4 of these, was observed changes in the structure of the cell monolayer, alteration in the structure of the cell monolayer was observed, but without amplification when analyzed by PCR. The metagenomic data demonstrated the presence of 14 viral families, being the most abundant: Myoviridae (41% of available reads), Siphoviridae (24.5%), Podoviridae (14.1%), and Autographiviridae (6.9%) with more than 85% of the total number of identified reads. This study reinforcing that continuous surveillance may contribute to monitoring viral diversity in aquatic environments and provide early warning of potential outbreaks.

Human Adenovirus Detection and Genetic Characterization in Irrigation Water from the Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia

Adenoviruses are considered one of the most persistent enteric pathogens that can penetrate entire aquifer matrices. An ongoing monitoring of irrigation water is essential to mitigate potential public health risks. We investigated the prevalence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) in the groundwater discharge basins of Aluraiji (AW-DB) and Diriyah (DW-DB) and in the irrigation water of Al Harriq (H-IW) and Al Hayer (AH-IW) from January to December 2021. The meteorological impact (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) on HAdV prevalence and molecular diversity was investigated by targeting a selected region of the Hexon gene. The samples were concentrated using the polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG) method. HAdVs were detected using PCR and sequenced by Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The highest HAdV prevalence was recorded in H-IW, AH-IW, and DW-DB (100%). HAdV sequences were found to be closely related to species F (type 41) with a predominance of the 00-2B64 sequence (86.4%). Phylogenetic analysis depicted a close relationship of this study’s isolate 00-2B64 to a Brazilian and Saudi isolate, whereas 08-2B64 was found to be related to a sequence from an AnNazim landfill (LF1; d = 0.00) from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A high HAdV prevalence was recorded at a temperature range of 19–28 °C, wind speed was recorded at a range of (16–20 km/h), and relative humidity was recorded at a range of (15–25%). Meteorological variations exhibited no significant effect on the prevalence of HAdVs. The findings provided data on HAdV prevalence and predominant species in the irrigation water of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and presented information regarding the environmental effects of HAdV persistence. In public health contexts, this will help in the planning of disease control strategies.

Genetic diversity of adenovirus in neotropical bats from Brazil.

Bats can harbor a diversity of viruses, such as adenovirus. Ten different species of bat adenoviruses (BtAdV A to J) have been previousdescribedworlwide. In Brazil, BtAdV was described in three species of phyllostomid species: Artibeus lituratus, Desmodus rotundus, and Sturnira lilium. There are around 180 bat species in Brazil, with 67% inhabiting the Atlantic Forest, with few information about the circulation of BtAdV in this biome. We aimed to describe the molecular detection and the phylogenetic characterization and suggest a classification of BtAdVs circulating in bats from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We collected 382 oral and rectal swabs from 208 bats between 2014-2015 and 2020-2021 fromSão Paulo, Pernambuco, and Santa Catarina Brazilian states. The adenovirus detection was done by a nested PCR targeting the DNA polymerase gene, and all positive samples were sequenced by the Sanger method. The phylogenetic analyses were based on the amino acid sequences using the MEGA 7 and BEAST software. We obtained 16 positive animals (detection rate 7.7%) belonging to seven bat species: Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Sturnira lilium, Molossus molossus, and the first record of Phyllostomus discolor, Eptesicus diminutus, and Myotis riparius. The phylogenetic analysis based on partial amino acid sequences showed that all obtained AdV sequences belong to the Mastadenovirus genus. We observed a high genetic diversity of BtAdV and identified eleven potential BtAdV species circulating in Brazil (BtAdV K to U). Our results contribute to the epidemiological surveillance of adenovirus, increasing the knowledge about the viral diversity and the distribution of AdV in bats from the Atlantic Forest.

The Seasonality of Respiratory Viruses in a Hong Kong Hospital, 2014-2023.

We reviewed the multiplex PCR results of 20,127 respiratory specimens tested in a hospital setting from January 2014 to April 2023. The seasonal oscillation patterns of 17 respiratory viruses were studied. Compared with 2014-2019, a prominent drop in PCR positivity (from 64.46-69.21% to 17.29-29.89%, p < 0.001) and virus diversity was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, with predominance of rhinovirus/enterovirus, sporadic spikes of parainfluenza viruses 3 and 4, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2, and rare detection of influenza viruses, metapneumovirus, adenovirus and coronaviruses. The suppressed viruses appeared to regain activity from the fourth quarter of 2022 when pandemic interventions had been gradually relaxed in Hong Kong. With the co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal respiratory viruses, surveillance of their activity and an in-depth understanding of the clinical outcomes will provide valuable insights for improved public health measures and reducing disease burden.

High rate of adenovirus detection in gastrointestinal biopsies of symptomatic stem cell transplant recipients.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a major human adenovirus (HAdV) replication site in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), yet the prevalence and correlates of HAdV GI infection in this setting have remained poorly recognized, especially among adult HSCT recipients. We retrospectively studied the prevalence and risk factors of HAdV GI-tissue infection in HSCT recipients (73 adults and 15 children) with GI symptoms who underwent GI-tissue biopsy between January-2012 and December-2017. The presence of HAdV in the GI tissues was determined by real-time PCR. HAdV GI-tissue infection was detected in 21 (23.9%) patients, with similar infection rates identified in adults and children. GI-tissue detection was more common at late (>100 days) compared to early times post-transplantation (50%vs. 12.9%, p<.001). The presence of bloody diarrhea, Arab ethnicity (p=.014) and concurrent cytomegalovirus GI-tissue detection (p=.025) were significantly correlated with HAdV GI-tissue infection, while chronic graft versus host disease was of borderline association (p=.055). Our findings reveal a high rate and new clinical-demographic correlates of HAdV GI-tissue infection in adult and pediatric HSCT recipients with GI symptoms. The findings highlight the need for future prospective studies to assess the relatedness of HAdV infection to the GI symptoms, and the prevalence, impact, and treatment of HAdV GI infection in HSCT recipients.

Detection of human adenoviruses in influenza-negative patients with respiratory tract infections in Nanning, China

BackgroundHuman adenoviruses (HAdV) have been known to cause a range of diseases, including respiratory tract infections (RTIs). However, there is limited information available regarding the genotype diversity and epidemiology of HAdV associated with RTIs in Nanning.MethodsBetween June 2019 and December 2021, throat swab, nasal swab, or nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained from individuals hospitalized with respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Statistical software was used to analyze the epidemiological data. The highly conserved 132-bp gene region of the HAdV hexon was targeted for the detection of HAdV using a qPCR assay. An 875-bp hexon gene fragment was subjected to phylogenetic analysis.ResultsSignificant variations were observed in the age and gender distribution of HAdV-positive patients (P = 0.004 and P = 0.025, respectively). The age distribution of HAdV-positive patients showed that 67.89% of those who tested positive were the age group of 0–6 years. Furthermore, the prevalence of HAdV detection was highest during spring and autumn, with a peak in February. Additionally, genotyping of the 36 HAdV-positive samples with 875-bp fragments identified the presence of circulating HAdV species B, C, and E in Nanning between 2019 and 2021.ConclusionsThis study identified an association between HAdV prevalence and age as well as season. Among hospitalized patients with RTIs in Nanning, HAdV-B, HAdV-C, and HAdV-E were found to be co-circulating. The most commonly detected genotypes were HAdV-C1, HAdV-C6, and HAdV-E4.

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Animal Adenovirus and Astrovirus from Western Maharashtra, India.

Astroviruses (AstV) and adenoviruses (AdV) are associated with diarrhoea in young animals. However, the epidemiology and genetic diversity of AstVs and AdVs in animals is not well studied. Hence, the present study was conducted to detect and characterize AstVs and AdVs in calves, piglets and puppies from Western Maharashtra, India. Out of the processed porcine (48), canine (80), and bovine (65) faecal samples, the porcine AstV (PAstV), bovine AstV (BAstV), canine AstV (CAstV), and porcine AdV (PAdV) were detected in 12.5%, 7.69%, 3.75% and 4.1% of samples, respectively. In the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region-based phylogenetic analysis, the detected BAstV strains grouped with MAstV-28, MAstV-33, and MAstV-35, CAstV strains belonged to MAstV-5; PAstV strains belonged to MAstV-24, MAstV-26, and MAstV-31. However, in hexon gene-based phylogeny, both the detected PAdV were of genotype 3, exhibiting 91.9-92.5% nucleotide identity with Ivoirian and Chinese strains. The study reports first-time BAstVs from calves and PAdV-3 from piglets in India. The study revealed diversity in the circulation of AstVs in tested animals and AdVs in pigs, and suggested that they alone might be associated with other diarrhoea or in combination with other enteric pathogens, thus highlighting the necessity of extensive epidemiological investigations to develop diagnostic tools and control measures.