Detailed Engineering Research Articles

Inferring TLB Configuration with Performance Tools

Modern computing systems are primarily designed for maximum performance, which inadvertently introduces vulnerabilities at the micro-architecture level. While cache side-channel analysis has received significant attention, other Central Processing Units (CPUs) components like the Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) can also be exploited to leak sensitive information. This paper focuses on the TLB, a micro-architecture component that is vulnerable to side-channel attacks. Despite the coarse granularity at the page level, advancements in tools and techniques have made TLB information leakage feasible. The primary goal of this study is not to demonstrate the potential for information leakage from the TLB but to establish a comprehensive framework to reverse engineer the TLB configuration, a critical aspect of side-channel analysis attacks that have previously succeeded in extracting sensitive data. The methodology involves detailed reverse engineering efforts on Intel CPUs, complemented by analytical tools to support TLB reverse engineering. This study successfully reverse-engineered the TLB configurations for Intel CPUs and introduced visual tools for further analysis. These results can be used to explore TLB vulnerabilities in greater depth. However, when attempting to apply the same methodology to the IBM Power9, it became clear that the methodology was not transferable, as mapping functions and performance counters vary across different vendors.

Rock Slope Stability Assessment for Selected Sites at Imam Mohammed Road \ Sulaimaniyah Governorate \ Northern Iraq

A detailed engineering geological study was performed for rock slope stability for several selected sites at Imam Mohammed Road that connects Sulaimaniyah city and Darbandikhan town, the study included four sites in which a comprehensive survey was made for the rock slopes, the rocks forming them, and discontinuities affecting in them. The assessment of rock slope stability of the sites was executed through the stereographic projection, to determine the status of the slopes and discontinuities, field measurements revealed many occurred and probable failure types represented by the rock fall and sliding. The rock slopes were also classified based on three factors; divergence angle (parallel, oblique lateral, and orthogonal), Laterality (right and left emergent), and concordance (concordant and discordant). The rocks forming the slopes are described geometrically based on their color, grain size, texture, discontinuities, weathering, rock strength, lithology, and permeability. On the other hand, the risk of each site was also assessed depending on the Landslide Possibility Index (LPI), which showed that the first site lies within the (moderate hazard) category whereas the others lie within the (High hazard) category. Finally, some treatment strategies were proposed in order to stabilize the slopes and decrease the danger of their collapse on the road.

Innovative geological–geotechnical zoning framework for urban planning: Wuhan’s experience

Traditional methods for understanding geological conditions, such as borehole drilling and on-site tests, are often costly and impractical for extensive urban areas like Wuhan’s Main Urban Area. This study introduces an innovative geological–geotechnical zoning framework that utilizes limited data to overcome these challenges, essential for urban planning, underground space development, and construction design. We began by dividing the study area into four primary geological units based on geomorphological characteristics, using a novel method validated at four metro stations. Our approach incorporated data from 1544 geological boreholes to compile a comprehensive database, from which six typical stratigraphic profiles for each unit were identified. These profiles facilitated the estimation of potential layers and their corresponding geotechnical parameters, and the identification of subsurface hazards. The study resulted in a detailed engineering geological zoning divided into nine secondary units. Our analysis not only demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed criteria for geomorphological units in achieving more accurate and quantifiable outcomes but also shows the framework’s suitability for regions with complex sedimentary conditions. The resultant engineering geological zoning enhances understanding of geological risks, providing a foundation for safer and more sustainable urban development.

Development and workflow of a separation process for optimum design: A case of phenylenediamine

AbstractAn industrial project based upon the multi‐scale objective‐oriented process development (MOPD) method for developing an optimum process for separating phenylenediamine (PDA) isomers was executed. This article reports the first four (4) steps of that project. In the first step, the solution for this separation problem was conceptualized. It is a distillation‐crystallization‐hybrid process. The second step is to validate the concept experimentally from the thermodynamic point of view followed by kinetic considerations. It was found that a 2‐stage crystallization is required to purify the main product isomers to the desirable specification that is higher than 99.5 mol%. A heat and material balance model was then constructed for analyzing and optimizing various design variables, also used to understand the operability of the process. Finally, with proper HAZOP analysis and detailed engineering, the pilot unit was designed. Throughout the project, all exercises and efforts are well focused with clear objectives, hence there are minimum detours on the execution; furthermore, the clear objectives enhanced the communications among various disciplines tremendously. It is a valuable asset for senior management in the allocation of resources and budgets.

Spectrally Pure, High Operational Dynamic Range, Deep Red Micro-LEDs.

III-nitride-based micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) are currently under rapid development for next-generation high-resolution and high-brightness displays and augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) technologies. However, it remains elusive to achieve red-emitting III-nitride micro-LEDs with a microscale size, high efficiency, and high spectral stability, posing significant impediments to the development of full-color micro-LEDs. In this work, through detailed strain engineering and control of charge carrier transport, we achieved pure red emission (≥620 nm) micro-LEDs over 2 orders of magnitude of injection current variation. We show both theoretically and experimentally that the combination of a short-period InGaN/GaN superlattice and a thick n-type GaN interlayer can not only relieve the quantum-confined Stark effect in the active region but also suppress parasitic emission from the superlattice. The optimized deep red micro-LEDs with a device lateral dimension of ∼1 μm feature a maximal external quantum efficiency of over 3% emitting at ∼660 nm.

Structure Analysis of Hybrid Marine Renewable Energy Platform

Abstract The Pilot Project Energy Laut Hybrid for coastal communities utilises a hybrid-based tripod pontoon structure. Hydrodynamic analysis was conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations and Detail Engineering Design (DED) testing at the Hydrodynamics Laboratory of Indonesia (LHI). This research aims to conduct a structural analysis of the tripod pontoon frame, including redesigning and comparing the strength between the existing and modified designs. An analysis using the software SACS V15.1 was employed to obtain unity check values and stress distribution. The analysis revealed that the unity check values for the existing model, with airy wave01, airy wave02, stokes wave01, and stokes wave02, were 0.508, 0.498, 0.509, and 0.5, respectively. In contrast, the unity check values for the modified model, with airy wave01, airy wave02, stokes wave01 and stokes wave02, were 0.827, 0.81, 0.827, and 0.813, respectively, indicating a 63% increase in unity check for the modified model. The largest shear stress was observed on member A5-1-A5-2 in both models, which still complies with the API RP 2A-WSD standard. Additionally, the modified model was 21% lighter than the existing model, with Z shear stress increasing by 63% for both airy and stokes wave types.

Avoiding Flood by Improving Cross-Sectional Capacity through River Normalization

Bekasi is one of the regions in Indonesia that often suffer from flooding. To overcome flooding problems in the Bekasi area, the Ciliwung Cisadane River Basin Center has begun a normalization project along the Bekasi River. This research aimed to evaluate the Bekasi River's cross-sectional capacity both before and after normalization. The analysis focused on the section where the Cileungsi and Cikeas rivers converge to the Bekasi weir. In this research, secondary data were employed, such as national digital elevation model data, detailed engineering designs of Bekasi River flood control activities, and rainfall data from the Cibinong Station that covers the period from 2006 to 2020. The result from planned flood discharge with the Nakayasu synthetic unit hydrograph method for a return period of 25 years on the Bekasi River was obtained at 665.81 m3/s. The results of hydraulic analysis before normalization with the HEC-RAS application show that flooding occurred at 102 out of 116 stations, with capacities of river cross-sections ranging from 453.49 m³/s to 665.71 m³/s at these overflow stations. Following the river normalization process, the cross-sectional capacity at all Bekasi River stations can accommodate flood discharge without any instances of overflow.Keywords: Flood, HEC-RAS, Nakayasu, Normalization, Rainfall.

Optimalisasi Desain Struktur Gedung Interdisciplinary Engineering (IDE) – Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia dengan Memanfaatkan BIM (Building Information Modelling)

Project design is a step in the construction process that determines the technical requirements to be applied when the project is constructed. BIM (Building Information Modeling) is a form of technological innovation used in project design. BIM (Building Information Modeling) has become the main factor for increasing efficiency and accuracy; using BIM, everything related to design, construction, scheduling, and costs can be integrated into one digital platform that all stakeholders can access. In this paper, the structural planning optimization of the Interdisciplinary Engineering (IDE) Building - Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, will be carried out. This building planning refers to (SNI-2847-2019) concerning Structural Concrete Requirements for Buildings and (SNI-1726-2019) concerning Procedures for Planning for Earthquake Resistance of Structures. Outputs are generated through superstructure and substructure plans, the design of foundation structures, columns, beams, and plates, 2D Detail Engineering Design (DED), 3D modeling, and construction management plans in the form of Budget Plans and scheduling.

Design Micro-Hydro Power Plant Water Resources System for Small Medium Enterprise Rice Mill in Nagari Kamang Hilia Agam

Processing rice products into rice requires further processing, where the grain harvested from farmers is processed into rice. The Nagari Binaan Community Service team from Padang State University will later develop this process. Farmer groups say that the availability of continuous and cheap electricity is their obstacle in producing good and cheap rice products. Counseling and assistance in making civil buildings capture turbulence water micro-hydro power plants is a solution to partner problems offered by the community service team of the Nagari program assisted by Padang State University. The output of the Nagari Fostered Program will be used to build a 5000-watt capacity power plant, supporting the need for free and environmentally friendly electricity. This aligns with the government's renewable energy program for 2030, which aims to produce 25% of the national electricity from renewable sources. This program is planned for 3 (three) stages, where the first year is mapping and detailed engineering design in the form of reports and design drawings. The second year is in the form of civil construction, and the third year's target is the installation of electrical machines and panels for commissioning. There will be training for partners, such as farmers in Kanagarian Kamang Hilia, Agam.

Development of a Novel Transonic Fan Casing Making Use of Rapid Prototyping and Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) presents significant cost savings and lead time reductions because of features inherent to the manufacturing process. The technology lends itself to rapid prototyping due to the streamlined workflow of quickly implementing design changes. Compared to traditional machining, AM techniques are simpler in execution for design engineers because they do not require detailed engineering drawings and they typically make use of the nominal geometry in computer models. A novel transonic fan casing assembly has been developed that makes use of AM inserts surrounding the rotor to provide an opportunity to cost-effectively change the corresponding flowpath. The rapid prototyping design philosophy developed from this work will allow for numerous experimental studies into the effects that different design parameters of casing geometries have on fan aerodynamic performance. A fan stage representative of a small turbofan engine was successfully tested with smooth-walled, additively manufactured inserts as a baseline case for future configurations. Before installing the 3D printed casing assembly, computational thermal stress analysis was performed to reduce the risk in implementation due to the demanding environment associated with the rotor. AM components and materials typically have nonlinear mechanical properties, adding to the complexity of the structural analysis. As part of the research, steady aerodynamic performance was measured over the entire relevant operating range of the fan.

Engineering geological and geotechnical evaluation of Sathya Sai Prasanthi Nilayam railway tunnel, Andhra Pradesh, India

Detailed engineering geological investigations were carried out for a railway tunnel which was constructed more than two decades ago. 3D engineering geological mapping was carried out using Brunton Compass and Total Station Surveying instruments in 1:100 scale. Coarse-grained pink and grey granite, hornblende-biotite gneiss and dolerite dyke of Archaean age and Lower Proterozoic age were mapped. Rock mass was intersected by sub-horizontal, inclined, and vertical joint sets, which were continuous and persistent, smooth, and planar with thick filling of decomposed and crushed sheared material or with thin coating of clay material. Based on the Q-system, rock mass was classified into different classes. On the basis of large-scale engineering geological mapping and Norwegian Method of Tunnelling, a support system was recommended which includes rock bolt, fibre reinforced shotcrete, grouting and reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete and the same is implemented by the agency. As per the best knowledge of the authors, reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete are first time used for transportation tunnels in India and it will be more effective if it will be compared with ISMB or Lattice Girder.

CARING: Cannula for Alleviation of Retinal Injury Caused by Needle Fluidic Gashing.

Infusion-related iatrogenic retinal breaks (IRBs) are a significant complication in vitrectomies, particularly when smaller-gauge cannulas are used during fluid infusion. Using two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA), we analyzed forces exerted on the retina from different cannulas: traditional 25-gauge, 20-gauge, 23-gauge, and 27-gauge, then investigated four alternative new cannula designs: (A) oblique orifices, (B) external obstruction, (C) side ports, and (D) perpendicular orifices. The analysis revealed that the standard 25-gauge cannula had a force of 0.546 milli-Newtons (mN). Optimized cannulas demonstrated decreased forces: 0.072 mN (A), 0.266 mN (B), 0.417 mN (C), and 0.117 mN (D). While all the designs decrease fluid jet force, each has unique challenges: Design A may complicate manufacturing, B requires unique attachment techniques, C could misdirect fluid toward the lens and peripheral retina, and D requires a sealed trocar/cannula design to prevent unwanted fluid ejection. These four innovative cannula designs, identified with detailed engineering simulations, provide promising strategies to reduce the risk of IRBs during vitrectomy, bridging the gap between engineering insights and clinical application.

Explainable artificial intelligence prediction of defect characterization in composite materials

Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are integral across diverse applications for void detection within composites. Infrared (IR) thermography (IRT) is a prevalent NDE technique that utilizes reverse heat transfer principles to infer defect characteristics by analyzing temperature distribution. Although the forward heat transfer problem is well-posed, its inverse counterpart lacks uniqueness, posing non-unique solutions. The present study performs simulations using finite element analysis (FEA) in defective (a penny-shaped defect) composites through which the heat transfer flux is modeled. A total of 2100 simulations with various defect positions and sizes (depth, size, and thickness) are executed, and the corresponding surface temperature vs. time and vs. distance diagrams are extracted. The FEA outputs provide ample input data for developing an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) model to estimate the defect characteristics. A detailed feature engineering task is performed to select the representative information from the diagrams. Explainable decision tree-based machine learning (ML) models with transparent decision paths based on derived features are developed to predict the defect depth, size, and thickness. The ML models’ results suggest superb accuracy (R2 = 0.92 to 0.99) across all three defect characteristics. The provided workflow sets a benchmark applicable to a range of fields, including health monitoring.

Machine learning application: A kind of prostate disease early warning model

Prostate Diseases pose significant health risks, and the author has developed an integrated machine learning model using a medical indicator dataset of prostate patients. The article introduces seven different machine learning algorithms for classification tasks. The approach involved detailed exploratory data analysis, descriptive statistics, feature engineering, and data visualization. Additionally, data preprocessing was performed by addressing missing values and eliminating non-numeric characters. During the model training process, cross-validation techniques are employed to determine the optimal model parameters, ensuring the accuracy of the training. Furthermore, the training performance of the seven models is assessed through histograms and ROC curves. Based on their performance, three models are selected for ensemble modeling, aiming to further enhance training accuracy and improve precision. Conclusively, the findings indicate that the likelihood of prostate diseases correlates significantly with the medical indicator generated through feature engineering, specifically PSA (free)/PSA (Total), aligning with clinical guidelines for diagnosing prostate diseases. Furthermore, individual baseline data indicators such as body weight have a crucial impact on the likelihood of prostate disease, with obesity serving as a significant risk factor. Among the individual models, the k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) model achieved the highest accuracy, while the ensemble model further improved accuracy. In summary, the work effectively alerts individuals to the potential occurrence of prostate cancer and hyperplasia by evaluating medical indicators. Ultimately, this initiative aims to raise awareness of maintaining good health and reducing the risk of prostate diseases.

ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO HYDRO POWER PLANT (PLTMH) IN ABENAHO DISTRICT, YALIMO REGENCY

This study examines the feasibility of the location for the construction of a micro hydro power plant (PLTMH) in Landikma Village, Abenaho District, in relation to the district government's plans. The specific objectives of this study are to determine the potential location of a PLTMH based on the applicable technical principles, as well as to compile a feasibility study for the construction of a PLTMH to support lighting/electricity services. The survey method was applied to identify the description of the existing conditions, with reference to the criteria for PLTMH development. Data analysis was carried out using quantitative and qualitative methods. Based on the research results, the PLTMH construction site in Landikma Village, Abenaho District, Yalimo Regency meets the eligibility to build a 177kW micro-hydro power plant. The river discharge at the location of the development plan is 0.950 m3/s, so the result of calculating the potential electric power generated by the PLTMH is 326.2 kW. This electrical energy is capable of meeting the lighting needs of 521 houses, assuming that each house gets 450 watts of electric power. Strategic environmental studies need to be carried out to ensure that this development does not have the potential to cause negative impacts on the environment. The PLTMH development process must also be accompanied by a comprehensive Detail Engineering Design (DED). In addition, local communities must also be involved in the process of reviewing the development, evaluation and supervision to ensure the sustainability of development and the sustainability of natural resources around the PLTMH construction site. Keywords: Potential Study, power plant, micro hydro, turbine, river.

Universal artificial intelligence workflow for factory energy saving: Ten case studies

Numerous studies have affirmed that artificial intelligence (AI) can effectively enable energy savings in factories. However, there is currently a lack of explicit research that identifies the energy-saving effects of AI methods as compared to the conventional practices employed in factories, which involve the replacement of equipment with high energy efficiency (non-AI method), with respect to variance in the effectiveness. Thus, this ignited the motivation for this study, wherein the research team developed a “Universal AI workflow for energy saving” which adopted a standard workflow of “learning, Modeling, and Prediction.” Additionally, a three-year research project was launched to conduct empirical tests in ten factories, comparing the efficacy differences between AI and Non-AI methods. In 2021, research team established the energy consumption baselines for each factory through data collection; the entirety of 2022 was dedicated to AI integrations; and energy-saving benefits were evaluated in 2023. During the research period, each factory also implemented other non-AI energy-saving methods which were juxtaposed with AI approaches for comparison. Our study results showed that average AI-enabled energy savings across the ten factories amounted to 106,124 kWh/yr, while average energy savings from non-AI methods amounted to 1,231,625 kWh/yr. Despite the inferior energy-saving results, the AI methods had an average return on investment (ROI) of 0.46 years while non-AI methods had an average ROI of 6.22 years, indicating that AI methods could recover the investment costs through energy savings in less than one year. It is also worth noting that the ten factories produced a diverse range of products encompassing wafers, steel, and foods, but the AI methods used for energy saving employed the same workflow. By contrast, the non-AI methods necessitated distinct workflows and detailed engineering adjustments. It can be inferred from these empirical findings that AI techniques for achieving energy-saving control in factories can be integrated using standardized processes. In summary, AI methods can facilitate standardized workflows in factories and offer substantial energy-saving benefits that can typically cover investments within a year. AI represents a highly viable energy conservation option for factories seeking to maintain uniformity in product processes and realize efficient ROIs.

Estimation of the mean effective pressure of a spark ignition internal combustion engine using a neural network, considering the wall-wetting dynamics

The management and development of internal combustion engines stand as critical pursuits within the automotive and related industries. Utilizing cylinder pressure as feedback, engine controllers rely on intricate systems to regulate performance. However, due to the inherent complexity and nonlinearity of engines, direct measurement of cylinder pressure through pressure sensors is costly and computationally demanding. Consequently, the need for accurate and detailed engine models becomes paramount. Neural networks offer a promising avenue for simulating internal combustion engines, combining speed and precision. By treating the engine as an enigmatic entity, neural networks can construct detailed models. This study aims to employ two types of neural networks—multilayer perceptron and radial basis functions—to train and build a model of an internal combustion engine. These networks will simulate and estimate the engine's mean suitable pressure, allowing for a comparison of their effectiveness. Prior to implementing the neural network architecture, an engine model was constructed in MATLAB to gather necessary training data. This preliminary step ensured a robust foundation for subsequent network design and implementation. In summary, this research focuses on leveraging neural networks to model internal combustion engines, utilizing both multilayer perceptron and radial basis functions to simulate engine behavior and estimate mean suitable pressure.

Detail Engineering Design (DED) pada Struktur New Siloam Hospital Surabaya

The construction of health facilities is part of national development. Therefore, many health facility development projects, such as hospitals, continue to be carried out in various regions. One of them is the construction of the New Siloam Hospital in Surabaya. This article aims to understand the concept of detail engineering design on the building structure of New Siloam Hospital. Field surveys and data collection are the methods used to obtain information related to hospital construction projects. There are several differences between field data and work drawing data that has been created. Some of these differences include details on the reinforcement and casting volume. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out further evaluation of field data with work drawing data so that the project can proceed according to initial planning.

Utilizing Metal Oxide Thin Films for Device Engineering of Solution-Processed Organic Multi-Junction Solar Cells

Electron and hole transporting layers play a major role in high-performance and stable organic-based optoelectronic devices. This paper demonstrates detailed device engineering of multi-junction organic photovoltaics built on two different metal oxide-based electron and hole transport (buffer) layers prepared by thermal or solution-processed methods. The main focus is on the device processing parameters as well as practical details of preparation of buffer layers to give the research community a clear, step-by-step recipe to successfully replicate and build series and parallel connected multi-junction solution-based organic solar cells for their needs. Here, the recipes and deposition conditions of two metal oxide buffer layers are presented in detail, based on basic commercially available materials and tools, to achieve well-engineered tandem (multi-junction) solution-processed organic solar cells. The buffer layers have appropriate energy levels for electrical selectivity of anode and cathode electrodes, and they are highly stable and chemically compatible with processing of solution-based polymer solar cells. To demonstrate the engineering steps of multi-junction devices, the PCE10:PC70BM blend is used as the active layer for all subcells. Then, to improve the power conversion efficiency of the single-junction photovoltaic device, PCE10:PC70BM blend is used in combination with DPPx:PC70BM with different absorption spectra for bottom and top subcell active layers. An optimized series tandem device with 10.6% power conversion efficiency is demonstrated. Generally, the device structures reported here can also be used for other types of optoelectronic devices, such as light emitting diodes and photodetectors.

Perencanaan Ulang Rumah Susun Tenaga Pendidik Universitas Gadjah Mada dengan Konsep Building Information Modeling (BIM) 5D

The innovative development in construction technology has introduced a system called Building Information Modeling (BIM), which can facilitate processes from pre-construction to post-construction. Therefore, this research focuses on the redesign of the University of Gadjah Mada's Faculty Housing Tower using the integrated BIM concept, based on structural analysis with ETABS and modeling with Tekla Structures. The redesign is carried out according to SNI 2847-2019 for concrete building structures, SNI 1727-2020 for loading requirements, and SNI 1726-2019 for seismic resilience standards. This redesign produces a structural analysis to assess the structural feasibility of the building. The 3D design modeling is performed using Tekla software, which can generate 2D designs for Detail Engineering Design, as well as provide the necessary volume of work for cost estimation (RAB calculation). Additionally, the software allows for scheduling and work simulation. The redesign of the University of Gadjah Mada's Faculty Housing Tower results in a budget plan of IDR 24,274,962,257.00, calculated using Quantity Take Off from the Tekla Structures software. The scheduling and work implementation simulation for the structural components are also done using Tekla Structures software. The duration of this redesign project is estimated to be 4 months and 2 weeks, starting from the preparation phase to the completion of the roof structure