Detailed Energy Audit Research Articles

Energy audit based identification of energy efficiency improvement opportunities for existing houses

Energy efficiency in the building has two dimensions; efficient use of energy resources and energy conservation. Energy-efficient houses play a critical role in energy conservation and achieving sustainable built environment goals. The energy efficiency of a house depends on its building envelope (design, orientation, and energy properties of construction material) and operational characteristics appliance efficiency, energy consumption patterns). Rather than merely ensuring new houses are energy-efficient, it is vital to energy retrofit existing houses. Energy audits can assist in evaluating the energy efficiency of existing houses and identify improvement measures. The main objectives of this study were to identify efficiency improvement opportunities through an energy audit of houses and apartments in Karachi. A detailed energy audit checklist was prepared using literature, standards, expert review, and code requirements. Data was collected through physical and owner-assisted virtual audits of 58 houses in six districts of Karachi. Architectural plans, information about doors, windows, air ducts, thermal images, historical data, and material properties were collected. Audit tools included; an anemometer and thermal imagining camera during physical audits. Android applications were used during owner-assisted audits. Data were analyzed for developing descriptive graphs, U and R-values, Pareto charts, and district-wise mapping of energy properties of the material. As a result, energy improvement opportunities were proposed. These are focused on building envelope aspects, including; window orientation, minimizing air infiltration, and using heatresistant paint. Improvement measures were confirmed through thermal imaging of selected buildings.

Energy Consumption Behavior Analysis in the UAE Educational Buildings for Sustainable Economy: A Case Study of Ras Al Khaimah Schools

Energy-saving in educational building has a significant contribution and a vital role in the economic and social development of nations. In this paper, the energy consumption of some educational buildings in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are collected and analyzed. Four schools within the region of Ras Al Khaimah were selected to study their buildings’ energy consumption behavior. Key energy, economic and environmental parameters were calculated and investigated such as the total annual energy consumption, energy consumption per person, energy consumption per area, energy consumption by category (AC, lighting, other devices, etc.), energy cost, and the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A detailed energy audit was applied to one of the selected schools in order to identify the major areas of energy usage within the school, and to suggest the appropriate measures for potential energy and cost savings. Results revealed that total annual energy consumption of the investigated schools is very high with a range of 3700 - 3900 MWh. Significantly, in these hot climatic regions, AC systems alone accounts for over 80% of the overall annual energy consumption, standing out as the predominant energy consumers particularly during the summer months. The annual energy consumption per unit area was also excessive with values ranging from 200 to 500 kWh per m2. Total annual cost of energy was relatively substantial for all schools with values in the order of 1.2 - 1.5 million AED ($330,000 - $400,000). The negative effects of the CO2 emissions were estimated to be around 500 - 600 ton of CO2/year per a single school.

Energy Measurement and Potential Energy Conservation Measures in Five Healthcare Buildings in Malaysia

Concern is growing around the world as a result of the global economy's overall rise in carbon emissions and energy consumption. The healthcare facility is among the buildings in the world with the highest energy use. Thus, it is necessary to create energy-saving plans that evaluate the energy performance of buildings and put energy-saving measures into practice. Enhancing building energy efficiency is most commonly achieved through a comprehensive energy audit. The Building Energy Index is the current method used to analyses all forms of building energy performance. The operating hours of a healthcare facility are longer than those of a commercial building. The issue emerges when there is no clear criterion for establishing whether or not a healthcare facility is energy efficient, and the present norm may misread healthcare energy consumption. To determine the actual onsite energy use at the healthcare building, a full energy audit is performed. Five places are selected based on the sort of healthcare services offered. According to the on-site complete energy audit, cooling equipment consumes the most energy. The study's findings may be divided into two categories: Healthcare Building Energy Index from detailed energy audit results and derived directly from power bills for the years 2018 and 2019. In terms of Healthcare Building Energy Index, there is a contrast between utilizing detailed energy audit data and using utility bills directly. Nonetheless, a comparison of Healthcare Building Energy Index with existing Malaysian requirements reveals a significant discrepancy. Based on the audit and analysis results, several savings opportunities may be presented.

ENERGY AUDIT OF LIGHTING SYSTEM, AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM AND MEDICAL EQUIPMENT IN YARSI PONTIANAK GENERAL HOSPITAL

The energy audit at Yarsi Pontianak General Hospital aims to achieve efficient use of electrical energy without affecting the function and usefulness of a system. The audit method used is a detailed energy audit conducted on lighting systems, air conditioning, and medical equipment. The results of the research on Energy Saving Opportunities (PHE) obtained include PHE No Cost by reducing the ignition time and number of lights in the lighting system, reducing the ignition time and number of air conditioners in the air system, reducing the ignition time of medical equipment, at PHE Low Cost by installing infrared sensors and light sensors, changing the type of refrigerant to musicool refrigerant type, and at PHE High Cost by changing the type of lamp to LED, changing the AC unit to an energy-saving inverter air conditioner, and changing the type of medical equipment with low power consumption. The initial IKE value before doing PHE was 204.56 kWh/m2/year at a cost of Rp.553,541,364, after PHE No Cost the IKE value became 151.94 kWh/m2/year, after PHE Low Cost became 168.48 kWh/m2/year, and after PHE High Cost became 174.92 kWh/ /year. The savings obtained at PHE No Cost amounted to Rp.142,387,308, at PHE Low Cost amounted to Rp.97,636,797, and at PHE High Cost amounted to Rp.80,190,648.

Energy saving potential analysis of a short cycling industrial air compressor in a marine equipment manufacturing plant in Türkiye

Compressed air systems are recognised as significant energy users and are characterised by their notably inefficient energy consumption. This ensures their significance and potential for decarbonisation through cleaner and more responsible energy consumption in manufacturing facilities, such as marine equipment manufacturing plants in the shipbuilding industry, in order to address the various economic and regulatory challenges related to energy use and climate change. In the relevant literature, there are numerous studies on various energy-saving measures for compressed air systems; however, none concentrates on the problem of short-cycling phenomena and associated energy-saving potential. In this study, using a novel and systematic energy audit methodology, a detailed energy audit of a rotary-type screw air compressor was conducted at a marine equipment manufacturing plant in Türkiye. The systematic energy audit methodology was based on the measurement of power consumption and the evaluation of various operation parameters to assess the existing performance of the compressor, including compressed air demand, compressed air production, cycle speed, air tank volume, specific capacity, and duty cycle. The audit results revealed that the air compressor was short cycling, resulting in excessive energy consumption. Comprehensive technical and economic assessments were conducted to determine the root cause of the compressor's short cycling and to identify energy-saving potentials. It was determined that the compressor was oversized relative to the plant's compressed air demand patterns, while the air tank was inadequately sized, causing the compressor to engage in short cycling. To replace the existing short-cycling compressor, a scenario analysis revealed that the deployment of an optimised system consisting of a fixed-speed baseload compressor and a variable-speed trim compressor can reduce the plant's energy consumption for the compressed air system by a significant 73%. This results in annual energy savings of 74,160 kWh, annual cost savings of €9.373,8, and an annual reduction of approximately 49,9 tonnes of carbon emissions. This application requires an initial investment of €24.280 and is anticipated to redeem itself in 2,2 years. Moreover, it is anticipated to generate a net present value of €147.602 over its 20-year lifespan.

Empowering Owner-Operators of Small and Medium Commercial Buildings to Identify Energy Retrofit Opportunities

Small and medium commercial buildings account for nearly half of the energy consumed by commercial buildings in the United States. While energy retrofits can significantly reduce building energy consumption, buildings’ owners often lack the capital and experience to perform detailed energy audits and retrofit assessments. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a low-investment, bottom-up and simplified methodology for identifying energy retrofit opportunities that benefit the owners of small and medium sized office buildings In particular, the paper addresses small and medium commercial buildings on a university campus as a proof-of-concept for other owner-operators that have small and medium commercial facilities in their portfolio. The methodology consists of an eight-step framework using publicly-available and simplified tools. While energy audits and retrofit opportunity assessments are not new, a low-cost methodology for owner-operators of small and medium commercial buildings to analyze energy consumption and identify retrofit opportunities represents a contribution to knowledge. A medium office building on a university campus in Arizona served as a case study to validate the methodology. The case study showed a maximum potential energy reduction of an estimated 50%, but the figure varies based on the types of retrofit (deep versus light), energy conservation measures selected and implemented, invested resources, and interactive effects between measures. This methodology is extensible to other owner-operators that have building utility data and would like to perform retrofit opportunity assessments themselves.

Analisis Audit Energi di Hotel Kota Malang Menggunakan Web-Based Monitoring System

Energy audits are evaluation activities carried out to determine the condition of the energy used in a system. Audits are carried out to provide the efficiency of an electrical system. The first energy audit conducted was the initial energy audit. By using the specifications of the installed electrical system and using monitoring data. Followed by a detailed energy audit, to determine the condition of a more specific electrical system. The data used is measurement/monitoring data, and data calculations are then compared with the provision of the electricity standard. In calculating the intensity of energy consumption in the initial energy audit process, the IKE Fave Hotel results were still by the standards with an IKE value of 213.59 kWh/m2. Meanwhile, based on the results of a detailed energy audit, it was found that the lighting system and cooling system were not up to standard because the lux results for several rooms showed results that were less than the lux standard. Thus, it is necessary to provide recommendations for improvements to the lighting and cooling system. Providing lighting recommendations can use dialux as a calculation comparison. In the lighting system, it is necessary to replace some of the lamp specifications installed because they are far from standard values. This also needs to be done on the cooling system, by replacing the installed air conditioner according to existing calculations. This replacement was carried out to save energy for the continuity of the hospitality industry process at Fave Hotel Malang.

Energy performance assessment of a post-retrofit office building using measurement and verification protocol: A case study from KSA

Buildings account for over one third of the global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. While new buildings are being sought to be more efficient, retrofitting of existing building is also critical to improve the energy and environmental sustainability of the building sector. Measurement and Verification (M&V) based energy retrofitting studies are becoming important in presenting the case for energy retrofit solutions. This work presents an energy performance assessment of a retrofitted office building using the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) option B to conduct the M&V. The building, an office block with a built-up area of 7,500 m2, is in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The work carries out a detailed energy audit of the building to investigate the energy saving opportunities. Of the identified options, five energy efficiency measures (EEMs) are implemented. The energy performance of the building is also helped by the installation of a rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) system. The results indicate that retrofit measures helped reduce the Energy Use Index (EUI) from 458.9 kWh/m2/year to 361.4 kWh/m2/year. The economic analysis finds the compound payback period for the investments to be six years.

Energy Audit of Flouresen Lights at School Building C III Floor Politeknik Negeri Semarang

<p dir="ltr"><span>Energy audit is very necessary to calculate the level of energy consumption of a building or buildings. The research includes the amount of energy consumption based on the initial energy audit and detailed energy audit as well as saving opportunities based on conditions in the field. Based on the initial energy audit, the value of the Energy Consumption Intensity (IKE) is 0.699 kWH/m2month, while in the detailed audit the IKE value is 0.935 kWH/m2month. Based on the results of a detailed energy audit, the lighting measurement of 325 lux still meets the requirements for a classroom with a standard between 250 lux to 500 lux.</span></p><div><span><br /></span></div><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script>

Detailed Energy Audit of Thermal Power Plant

Abstract: This paper presents a model based on physical and structural industrial load control. Lighting is an important service for all industries. Depending on the type of industry, industrial lighting consumes 2 to 10% of total energy. Innovation and continuous improvements in the lighting industry have opened up considerable opportunities for energy efficiency in the area. Lighting is a space that, during the design process, provides a wide range of energy efficiency by combining new & advance ener gy-saving bulbs, lamps and gears, as well as high performance techniques. It only provides an indication of some of the options a power auditor may consider when conducting an industry analysis. Energy conservation and exploration of new energy options is an acceptable solution to meet the growing demand of industry in the future. The implementation of energy research can improve equipment efficiency and thus reduce energy losses. Keywords: Energy Audit, Energy efficiency, Power, Consumption, Industry

Energy Efficiency Initiatives for A Hospital Building in Malaysia

In the past decades, research about energy consumption reduction has become a trend due to concern of energy wastage that leads to the negative impact on the environment. Commercial sector produces higher energy consumption compared to other sectors in Malaysia and hospital building is one of the highest energy consumptions in the commercial sector. Continuous operation time and complexity of engineering system are some of the reasons for high energy consumptions in hospital buildings that leads to high energy costs. This study examines the electricity load apportioning for a hospital building in Selangor, Malaysia through a detailed energy audit. From the energy audit, several Energy Efficiency Initiatives (EEI) were identified in reducing the energy usage in hospital: room temperature control, efficient lighting system, efficient unit for Air-Conditioning Split Unit (ACSU) and Variable Speed Drive (VSD) installation. The EEIs is expected to produce a total electricity saving of 1,250,692 kWh/year, equivalent to a cost saving of RM 421, 706/year and total emission reduction of 869 tonnes CO2 per year.

Validation and calibration of dynamic energy models: energy audit of a public building

Detailed buildings energy audits require dynamic simulation models based on hourly input data. This paper presents the calibration and validation of an office building energy model for the heating and cooling services. Simulation are carried out by DesignBuilder software. Measured hourly heating and cooling energy supplied by the generation system are used for the calibration of the model. Employee behaviour with reference to occupancy profiles and indoor temperature settings is also considered. A good agreement between measured and simulated data is obtained for both heating and cooling seasons.

Energy Evaluation and Processing Cost Reduction in Agudu Maize Processing Industry

This study evaluated energy consumption by Agudu Farms Limited (AFL) that processes maize and cassava into flour for human consumption. The objectives of study included to determine energy contribution to processing cost, to minimize the processing cost and to propose a new selling price per unit of sale of the product. The study materials included; a multi-meter, stopwatch, electrical appliances’ nameplates and bills, fuel purchased receipts, and production records. Data was collected through detailed energy audits and measurements of present electricity consumption. This data was converted into energy intensities, rates and costs, and analyzed. The monthly energy intensity plotted on bar charts using Microsoft excel and the results showed that diesel had the highest consumption variation of 3500 kWh/t, electricity 200kWh/t and labor 110 kWh/t. The percentage of energy contribution to processing cost was 33%. In monetary terms, the processing cost per hour of operation showed average value of ₦830. Whereas, the minimum production cost per hour using Tora software showed ₦767. The new product price per ten-kilogram (10kg) unit of sale of maize flour, using break-even analysis, showed ₦2864. The study observed that diesel contributed more to production cost than electricity and labor and therefore, recommended the setting up of an energy monitoring team to monitor procurement and control utilization of diesel to reduce production cost.

Feasibility analysis of rooftop solar photovoltaic for non-academic building in an educational institution in Malaysia

An educational institution is one of the sectors that consume a high amount of energy. An identify the energy consumption gives information to forecast the energy saving. The research aims to utilize rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) at non-academic buildings in Malaysia’s educational institution. A detailed energy audit has been conducted at Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah (PSAS) involving three non-academic buildings to identify the buildings’ energy usage. The three different building involved is the Islamic Centre (Mosque), Sports Centre, and Multipurpose Hall. The energy audit analysis is divided into four end-load groups comprising lighting, fans, air conditioning, and other equipment to identify each type of load’s energy consumption. Which equipment consumes the highest amount of energy in non-academic buildings in PSAS is determine. The results show that the highest energy consumption at the Islamic Centre and Multipurpose Hall is an air conditioner for a while Sports Centre is lighting equipment. Annual power generation and energy bill savings are calculated based on rooftop solar PV installation for self-consumption. From the feasibility analysis, the forecast of energy-saving for at-least 5% per year has been estimated. It significantly reduces the amount of carbon emission release to the environment.

Energy Performance of School Buildings by Construction Periods in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper is part of broader research aimed at determining the relationship between energy performance and energy costs as a part of the operational and life cycle costs in school buildings in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), as exceptionally important social and public buildings. The research was conducted by statistical analysis of data collected from documents of detailed energy audits (DEA) for 185 school buildings in FBiH in relation to construction periods. The paper analyzes the characteristics of buildings such as construction period, building envelope characteristics, climatic conditions, efficiency of installed space heating system, number of users and heating mode. The aim of this research was to determine the energy performance for the existing state and to compare them with the allowable values in accordance with the applicable legal regulations. There is a performance gap between predicted (calculated) and measured (actual) delivered energy for space heating. This research shows poor energy performance and provides a basis for developing strategies and plans to improve energy efficiency. The results of the energy performance of school buildings in the FBiH are the first step towards the development of a model for predicting energy costs.

REDUCTION OF ENERGY USE IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITY

Energy saving potentials related to steam generation and its usage in the medium size bakery are analyzed and presented. Input data needed for the investigation are gathered through detailed energy audit. Four energy savings measures are analysed in detail: 1) change of heat generator for space heating and domestic hot water preparation from steam boiler to condensing boiler, 2) reduction of heat losses from steam and condensate distribution lines, 3) heat utilization of return condensate and 4) replacement of the old, low efficiency steam boiler with high-efficient one. Implementation of these measures will result in substantial reduction of energy costs, ranging from 2.900 to 26.200 € annually. Interaction of all measures is analysed through energy efficiency improvement scenario, whose implementation will ensure significant energy cost savings, estimated at 40.793 € annually, with simple payback period shorter than 4 years. Implementation of presented measures will improve facility’s energy efficiency, represented through reduction of annual energy performance indicators by 6,14 %. Presented analysis revealed that steam generation and its usage in the industrial facilities offer a substantial potential for reduction of energy use and energy related cost.

Energy audit of a small commercial hospital building in Ranchi: A case study

Energy audit focuses on equipment energy consumption such as lighting, air-conditioning system, elevators, and other devices operating on electricity. Data of the energy consumption recorded are used to identify and rectify by presenting detailed energy audit. Temperature, humidity, and CO2 emission of the building should be measured to conduct the investigation on detail energy analysis. Building utilizes major energy usage accounting to more than 30% overall energy usage. The commissioning and audit process results in the low-energy consumption and low equipment’s cost resulting in higher investment returns. This paper presents a detailed energy audit through a case study on small commercial hospital building located in Ranchi. The pre audit phase suggests that ceiling fans and fluorescent tube lights consume more than 50% of the total energy in the hospital. The energy auditing of the building resulting in annual energy savings of 7697.32 KW i.e. 35 % annual energy saving if recommended suggestions are followed. The recommendation of low-energy consuming equipment’s have payback period less than 6 years leading to higher return rate.

Renovation of a social house into a NZEB: Use of renewable energy sources and economic implications

Abstract The EU Member States are being involved to develop long-term strategies and to promote investments aimed at improving the energy efficiency of the building stock, at increasing the use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and at growing the number of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEBs). The aim of this article is to investigate energy and economic implications related to the exploitation of RES in the transformation of an Italian social housing building-type into a NZEB. The research is based on a detailed energy audit procedure that includes cost-optimal assessment and compliance check with the legal requirements. A parametric analysis was performed to find out the technical building system configurations that verify the minimum share of RES established by the Italian regulations, and at the same time to assess global cost and payback period. The intersection between legal compliancy and cost-effectiveness narrows the field of applicable RES technologies that are limited to electric heat pump for heating and cooling coupled with PV system, and low size solar collectors coupled with low temperature generator for domestic hot water. Improvements in the energy policy are necessary to guarantee the best trade-off between RES exploitation, energy efficiency and costs, as to preserve market equilibrium.

AUDIT ENERGI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EFISIENSI KONSUMSI ENERGI PADA JAKARTA DI GEDUNG

Energy Audit to Improve Energy Consumption Efficiency in Building D Bank Indonesia, Electrical energy is one of the most important necessities of life for humans. Various human activities require electrical energy. Likewise, the activity in the D building which is one of the buildings in the Office Environment Bank Indonesia (KOPERBI) requires electrical energy is very large. Electrical energy is supplied from PLN 9,500 kVA connected power and back-up generator 5 x 1,500 kVA, equivalent to 7,500 kVA. Distribusui use electrical energy as follows: 8.56% lighting load, air conditioner (AC) 67.72% and 23.72% other building equipment. IKE standard used in Indonesia is the result of research conducted by ASEAN USAID in 1987 that a new report issued in 1992, which for the office's value is 240 kWh / m2 per year. IKE Building D BI is as follows IKE Initial Energy Audit is 250.03 kWh / m2.tahun, IKE Detailed Energy Audit is 239.81 kWh / m2.tahun, IKE Phase 1 After Implementation PHE is 224.02 kWh / m2 .tahun, IKE Phase 2 After Implementation PHE is 219.06 kWh / m2.tahun. Electrical energy consumption in Building the jakarta.

A real industrial building: Modeling, calibration and Pareto optimization of energy retrofit

An existing industrial building ubicated in South Italy is investigated by applying a tailored approach to optimize energy retrofit. The baseline provides high energy consumption, which needs to be tackled to promote the transition towards more sustainable buildings. Accordingly, after a detailed energy audit, the building is modeled and simulated under EnergyPlus environment using DesignBuilder® to characterize geometry and HVAC (heating, ventilating and air conditioning) systems. The model is calibrated against metered data as concerns the trends of indoor temperatures. Different retrofit measures are investigated, i.e., replacement of windows, implementation of solar screens, use of heat recovery, optimization of HVAC operation and installation of photovoltaics of different sizes. Thus, a large domain of solutions is explored by conducting an exhaustive research through the coupling between EnergyPlus and MATLAB®. The research provides the Pareto optimization of building retrofit minimizing primary energy consumption and global cost for two different scenarios as regards the access to public incentives. The utopia point criterion is used to pick a solution from the Pareto front. Such solution can yield energy and global cost savings up to 81% and 45%, respectively, ensuring the same comfort level compared to the baseline. The primary energy consumption of the whole facility can be reduced up to 40.1 kWhp/m2a. The outcomes can give precious guidelines to refurbish industrial and office buildings in Mediterranean areas with a view to energy-efficiency and cost-effectiveness.