Detailed Architecture Design Research Articles

Automated image-based fire detection and alarm system using edge computing and cloud-based platform

To tackle the increasing wildfire challenges, this paper presents an automated image-based fire detection and alarm system utilizing edge computing and a cloud-based platform, specifically designed for urban building fire detection. The system captures both RGB and infrared images from thermal cameras and employs existing computer vision techniques to detect fire characteristics such as flames and smoke. By integrating edge computing, the system minimizes latency to enhance the accuracy of fire detection and alarm activation. The cloud platform supports extensive data storage, analysis, and remote monitoring, which can ensure data accessibility and scalable data management. The proposed system descriptions include a detailed system architecture design, data collection, and the selection and application of detection algorithms that leverage both RGB and thermal image data for fire detection. Using the campus building and surrounding risk-prone areas as a testbed, the proposed system demonstrated desired fire detection capabilities and a robust solution to quickly identify and respond to fire incidents within the urban area. The proposed system functionalities can be scaled and adapted to other fire risk-prone areas.

Planning, Designing and Estimation of G+2 Residential Building using Autocad and STAAD PRO

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive methodology for the planning, design, and estimation of a G+2 residential building utilizing AutoCAD for architectural drafting and STAAD.Pro for structural analysis and design. The process involves several key stages including site analysis, conceptual design, detailed architectural planning, structural analysis and design, and cost estimation. The initial phase involves site analysis to understand site constraints, orientation, and surroundings, followed by conceptual design to establish the building layout and spatial arrangement. AutoCAD is employed for creating detailed architectural plans, including floor plans, elevations, and sections, ensuring compliance with local building codes and regulations. Subsequently, structural analysis and design are performed using STAAD.Pro, incorporating factors such as loads, material properties, and structural elements. The software facilitates the analysis of various structural systems and helps optimize the design for efficiency and safety. Finally, the estimation phase involves quantifying materials and labor costs based on the finalized architectural and structural designs. This includes itemized lists of materials such as concrete, steel, bricks, and finishing materials, as well as labor costs for construction activities. The proposed methodology integrates AutoCAD and STAAD.Pro to streamline the planning, design, and estimation process for G+2 residential buildings, offering efficiency, accuracy, and adherence to regulatory requirements. The approach presented in this paper serves as a valuable guide for architects, engineers, and construction professionals involved in similar projects

Blockchain and NFT-based traceability and certification for UAV parts in manufacturing

In recent years, the widespread adoption of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has increased significantly, sparking the need for reliable mechanisms to verify the authenticity, origin, and history of their constituent components. However, the lack of secure and trusted evidence for traceability, attestation, and certification of these components poses alarming challenges in ensuring transparency, data integrity, and authenticity. In this paper, we propose a blockchain and Non-Fungible Token (NFT)-based solution that manages, certifies, and traces the origin, history, and ownership of UAVs and their manufacturing components. The solution ensures decentralization, transparency, audibility, and trustworthiness. We utilize composable NFTs, which capture and store UAV data in a hierarchical way, wherein parent NFTs represent the assembled UAV data, and child NFTs represent individual UAV parts. This approach enables system-wide traceability and facilitates smooth ownership exchanges. We further incorporate Digital Twin (DT) details into the NFT metadata to enhance the representation accuracy of the actual physical asset. In this paper, we present a detailed system architectural design of our solution, along with implementation, testing, and validation of relevant algorithms and smart contracts (SCs). We conduct cost evaluation and security analysis, and we also compare our solution with existing popular solutions in the literature review. The developed smart contracts code has been made publicly available on GitHub.

Methods for Selecting Design Alternatives through Integrated Analysis of Energy Performance of Buildings and the Physiological Responses of Occupants

We propose a technique that allows designers to develop energy-efficient buildings focused on occupants from the early design stage. The technique integrates the physiological responses of occupants and the energy performance of buildings. Among the architectural design elements, we considered the aspect ratio, ceiling height, and window-to-wall ratio as design variables and created 30 design alternatives for a single-occupancy room in a postpartum care center. These design alternatives were recreated in virtual reality, allowing 33 female participants to immerse themselves in the designed rooms. During the experiment, we collected electroencephalography (EEG) data from the participants. Furthermore, we used DesignBuilder to simulate 30 design alternatives and calculated the primary energy consumption per unit area for each alternative. By integrating the EEG data and energy performance analysis, we identified the design alternative among the 30 options that positively influenced the physiological responses of occupants while also being energy efficient. The selected alternative was designed with an aspect ratio of 1:1.6, a ceiling height of 2.3 m, and a window-to-wall ratio of 60%. This research represents a creative exploration that demonstrates how studies combining human physiological responses and architecture can evolve through integration with other subjects. Our findings provide a robust framework to explore the relationship between physiological responses and energy optimization for detailed architectural design elements.

Architectural Heritage Preservation for Rural Revitalization: Typical Case of Traditional Village Retrofitting in China

With the massive urbanization and industrialization in China, the paradox between fast modernization and cultural preservation arouses challenges on new insight into green construction and sustainable development strategies throughout the nation. Particularly, how to strike a balanced cultural–modern rural revitalization has become a research priority, especially for cultural and historical villages in relatively under developed western regions. In this paper, taking Gaotunzi Village, a traditional ethnic village in western high-altitude plateau as an illustrative example, the typical green design manner and optimization strategy are proposed for cultural and architectural heritage preservation. The detailed architecture and structure design is conducted for both old temple retrofitting and new museum construction, with consideration for retaining traditional building colors, styles, and materials. Moreover, land use planning is demonstrated for local public space and services upgrading. The overall design strategy has been taken into practice for the local renovation construction program. The preliminary results indicate that this green retrofitting idea and approach are quite locally feasible for sustainable rural revitalization with local heritage conservation, including traditional wooden buildings, Buddhism belief, Tibetan icons, and ethnic symbolic culture preservation and promotion. This work can provide a typical design reference and application prototype for rural construction and modernization with local heritage preservation considerations, especially for those traditional villages in developing countries.

A simulation study on the auditory effects of early reflections from work desks in home studio acoustics

Akustikte, müziğin yaratıldığı, kayıt, mix ve mastering uygulamalarının gerçekleştirildiği odalar, kritik dinleme odaları altında sınıflandırılır. Profesyonel stüdyolarda bu alanlar ciddi mimari ve akustik tasarım süreçleri sonucunda oluşmaktadır ve hoparlörlerden çıkan direkt sesin dinleyiciye minimum değişim ile ulaşması temeldir. Günümüzde ev stüdyoları da önemli kritik dinleme alanları sayılmaktadır. Ancak ev stüdyoları, akustik kriterlerin sağlanmasında, tutarsızlıkların, zorlukların hatta imkansızlıkların görüldüğü kritik dinleme odalarıdır. Ev stüdyoları gibi küçük hacimli kritik dinleme odalarında erken yansımalar önemli duyum sorunları yaratırlar. Hoparlörlerden odaya yayılan direkt sesteki “duruluk” hoparlörlerin yan yüzeylerinden, tavan ve zeminden, çalışma masalarından ve masa üzerine yerleştirilen objelerden yansıyan erken yansımalar ile bozulmakta ve odadaki frekans tepkisinde istenmeyen etkiler oluşmaktadır. Bu makalede ev stüdyolarında erken yansımalarla ilişkili olan akustik bozulmalar ele alınarak, odalarda yer alan çalışma masalarından kaynaklı duyusal etkiler simülasyon yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçüm ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda çalışma masalarından kaynaklanan erken yansımaların alt ve orta frekansların işitsel algısında belirgin olumsuz etkileri olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Equations of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Mixtures for Helium-4, Neon, and Argon

Based on the conceptual design reports for the Future Circular Collider cryogenic system, the need for more accurate thermodynamic property models of cryogenic mixtures of noble gases was identified. Both academic institutes and industries have identified the lack of a reliable equation of state for mixtures used at very low temperatures. Detailed cryogenic architecture modeling and design cannot be carried out without accurate fluid properties. Therefore, the helium–neon equation was the first goal of this work, and it was further extended to other fluids beneficial for scientific and industrial applications beyond the particle physics needs. The properties of the noble gas mixtures of helium–neon, neon–argon, and helium–argon are accurately modeled with the equations of state explicit in the Helmholtz energy.

Peak Detection Based on FPGA Using Quasi-Newton Optimization Method for Femtosecond Laser Ranging

Dual femtosecond laser ranging (DFLR) is an enabling absolute distance measurement technique which is advantageous of high measurement precision, fast update rate, and large unambiguous range. Peak detection, which requires repeated online solution of nonlinear curve fitting, is a key module of the DFLR system and its performance affects the accuracy and real-time of the ranging system. In addition, for long baseline measurements based on satellite-borne platforms, the DFLR system has requirements in high integration, low cost, and small size. This paper presents a peak detection implementation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that employs a Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method to handle nonlinear curve fitting. FPGA is used to explore the possibilities of parallel architecture for the acceleration of peak detection, and realize the miniaturization of the system. The detailed architecture design of the peak detection module using BFGS method (PD-BFGS) and two hardware structures are proposed. Then, the PD-BFGS module is applied to a DFLR system and evaluated with experiments on the absolute distance measurement. The experimental results indicate that the PD-BFGS based on FPGA effectively reduces the peak detection error by 42.81%, compared with the peak detection module using Caruana's method. For the DFLR system, the ranging error is reduced by 63.63% and the real-time updating of the ranging results is guaranteed.

Wearable 3.0: From Smart Clothing to Wearable Affective Robot

With the rapid development of science and technology and the accelerating pace of life, people's mental health problems have become increasingly prominent. Besides, traditional wearable technologies and affective computing technologies (i.e., Wearable 2.0 based on smart clothing) have been unable to meet the requirements brought by computation-intensive affective analysis and latency-sensitive affective interaction. Therefore, in this article, Wearable 3.0, which integrates brain wearable devices, intelligent affective interaction robots, and intelligent tactile devices, is proposed. Wearable 3.0 can provide users with more personalized mental health monitoring services by collecting EEG data, speech emotion data, and tactile behavioral perception data. Also, the advantages of Wearable 3.0 and performance comparison with Wearable 2.0 are given in this article. Two typical application cases of Wearable 3.0, namely, wearable affective robot and CreativeBioMan, are introduced. Moreover, the detailed architecture design and realization of Wearable 3.0 are also given, which show that our proposed user mental healthcare system based on Wearable 3.0 has deeper cognitive intelligence and provides more flexible affective interaction.

Design and analysis of distributed load management: Mobile agent based probabilistic model and fuzzy integrated model

In large-scale distributed systems, performing load monitoring and load balancing is a challenging task in terms of load management. In order to enhance the overall system performance, we have developed and implemented two different models for large-scale distributed load management. The mobile agent-based system is based on a probabilistic normed estimation model. This model uses mobile agents for collecting the instantaneous status of currently available node resources autonomously. The mobile agent is goal oriented and consumes less network and system resources, which is ideal for load monitoring for large-scale distributed systems. Moreover, we have proposed an integrated load balancing and monitoring model for distributed computing systems employing type-1 fuzzy logic. Furthermore, we have proposed a smooth and composite fuzzy membership function in order to model fine-grained load information in a system. In this paper, a detailed software architectural design for mobile agent based load monitoring system as well as the fuzzy-based load balancing approach are presented. The experimental evaluation is presented to compare the behavior and performance of the mobile agent-based probabilistic model and fuzzy integrated model under different load conditions. A detail comparative analysis is presented for the mobile agent-based probabilistic model and fuzzy integrated model to show the performance and efficiency of each model. In this paper, we have computed cross-correlation to find the relation between our proposed models (FIM and MABMS).

Optical modeling of two-stage concentrator photovoltaic system using parabolic trough

Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) technology is one of the best available technologies to use sunlight efficiently. Nonimaging optical elements have been used for the development of CPV systems for delivering uniform flux distribution, which gives a high optical efficiency. This research presents optical modeling of a CPV system, which consists of a primary parabolic trough and a secondary nonimaging reflector. The proposed concentrating system is capable of providing high concentration. In the literature, parabolic trough-based CPV systems included multijunction solar cells in a linear array, which provided low concentration about 50 × on the solar cells. The proposed design sets the solar cell at the center of the trough in a square shape, which achieves a geometrical concentration of 285, acceptance angle of ±1.1 deg, and optical efficiency of 72%. The detailed architecture design and optical ray-tracing simulation are presented to show the innovative idea for harnessing solar energy using the parabolic trough concentrator.

Probabilistic normed load monitoring in large scale distributed systems using mobile agents

Due to rapid advancements and developments in computing platforms, there is a tremendous growth in heterogeneous distributed systems involving mobile devices. In distributed systems, achieving better performance and efficient utilization of shared resources are dependent on appropriate load monitoring mechanisms. In large-scale distributed systems, performing load monitoring is a challenging task and, it effects in increasing response time degrading system performance. In this paper, we have developed and implemented mobile agent-based load monitoring system intended to large-scale distributed systems. Mobile agent based design is an attractive approach for load monitoring in large-scale distributed systems, because mobile agents are autonomous, goal-driven, reactive to environmental changes and, lightweight piece of program. In this paper, a detailed software architectural design for mobile agent based load monitoring system is presented. The design is based on a probabilistic normed estimation model and corresponding monitoring algorithms. The experimental evaluations and scalability analysis presented in this paper illustrate the behavior of agents and performance of the system under different load conditions. Moreover, a detailed qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of various mobile agent models are presented.

Discussion on the Design of Cultural Commercial Complex—Taking a design of a cultural and commercial complex next to a university in Yichang as an example

As the social economy develops faster and faster, the functions of commercial complex buildings become more and more diverse. It is not only a place to shop, but also a place to gather a place of popularity. Therefore, in addition to providing a shopping place, it also has the function of providing a gathering place for leisure and entertainment, and can become a landmark building of a city. Therefore, we hope that through the analysis of the design features of this work, a complete and detailed architectural design idea for the design of such commercial complexes can be proposed.

AN EFFICIENT APPROACH TO IMPLEMENT FEDERATED CLOUDS

Cloud computing is one of the trending technologies that provide boundless virtualized resources to the internet users as an important services through the internet, while providing the privacy and security. By using these cloud services, internet users get many parallel computing resources at low cost. It predicted that till 2016, revenues from the online business management spent $4 billion for data storage. Cloud is an open source platform structure, so it is having more chances to malicious attacks. Privacy, confidentiality, and security of stored data are primary security challenges in cloud computing. In cloud computing, ‘virtualization’ is one of the techniques dividing memory into different blocks. In most of the existing systems there is only single authority in the system to provide the encrypted keys. To fill the few security issues, this paper proposed a novel authenticated trust security model for secure virtualization system to encrypt the files. The proposed security model achieves the following functions: 1) allotting the VSM(VM Security Monitor) model for each virtual machine; 2) providing secret keys to encrypt and decrypt information by symmetric encryption.The contribution is a proposed architecture that provides a workable security that a cloud service provider can offer to its consumers. Detailed analysis and architecture design presented to elaborate security model.

AN AUTHENTICATED, SECURE VIRTUALIZATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is one of the trending technologies that provide boundless virtualized resources to the internet users as an important services through the internet while providing the privacy and security. Using these cloud services, internet users get many parallel computing resources at low cost. It predicted that till 2016, revenues from the online business management spent $4 billion for data storage. Cloud is an open-source platform structure, so it is having more chances to malicious attacks. Privacy, confidentiality, and security of stored data are primary security challenges in cloud computing. In cloud computing, “virtualization” is one of the techniques dividing memory into different blocks. In most of the existing systems, there is only single authority in the system to provide the encrypted keys. To fill the few security issues, this paper proposed a novel authenticated trust security model for secure virtualization system to encrypt the files. The proposed security model achieves the following functions: (1) allotting the VM security monitor model for each virtual machine and (2) providing secret keys to encrypt and decrypt information by symmetric encryption.The contribution is a proposed architecture that provides a workable security that a cloud service provider can offer to its consumers. Detailed analysis and architecture design presented to elaborate security model.

Status of the new WEST plasma control system

The WEST (W – for Tungsten – Environment in Steady state Tokamak) project is aiming at minimizing technology and operational risks of a full tungsten actively cooled divertor on ITER. It was started in 2013 and consists in transforming the Tore Supra tokamak into an X point divertor device, while taking advantage of its long discharge capability. To operate the next coming operations of WEST, new controllers are required. These developments are an opportunity to develop a new Plasma Control System (PCS) architecture featuring build-in real time handling of both plasma and plants events, thus addressing key ITER needs.The Tore Supra PCS will be refurbished including a new Pulse Schedule Editor (PSE). The main idea is to use a time segmented approach to describe the pulse schedule with a full integration of event handling both on PCS and PSE.Further to detailed requirement specifications and architecture design, two software tools were selected to define and execute a whole plasma discharge defined as a set of time segments. The PCS real-time framework (RTF) is based on an upgraded version of the AUG framework, called DCS (Discharge Control System). The PSE is the Xedit application used on WEGA and under further development for W7-X facility.This paper reports on the status of the new WEST PCS developments. The on-going developments to adapt DCS to the Tore Supra Control infrastructure networks (new real-time network, chronology system and pulse supervision) will be reported. The required preparations for the use of Xedit will be presented, mainly the appropriate formal description of the WEST control system and the implementation of the mapping between the Xedit experiment configuration and DCS configuration files.

Architecture model and resource graph building algorithm for detailed FPGA architecture design

This paper addresses the issue of designing the detailed architectures of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), which has a great impact on the overall performances of an FPGA in practice. Firstly, a novel FPGA architecture description model is proposed based on an easy-to-use file format known as YAML. This format permits the description of any detailed architecture of hard blocks and channels. Then a general algorithm of building FPGA resource graph is presented. The proposed model is scalable and capable of dealing with detailed architecture design and can be used in FPGA architecture evaluation system which is developed to enable detailed architecture design. Experimental results show that a maximum of 16.36% reduction in total wirelength and a maximum of 9.34% reduction in router effort can be obtained by making very little changes to detailed architectures, which verifies the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed model.

Study on the Multi-Layer Structure Design of the Power Marketing Demand Side Monitoring Center System

Main station system of demand monitoring center, as the important part of the Marketing Technology Support System, is the technical support system to achieve customer site information collection, load monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the electricity market, and plays a fundamental and fore running role. This article, tries to make a detailed architecture design of power marketing demand-side monitoring center system from the physical layer, software layer, data layer, technology layer, and application layer respectively, and provides a good reference for the electricity companies and a number of related companies to build demand-side monitoring platform.

A simulation environment for ITER PCS development

A simulation environment known as the Plasma Control System Simulation Platform (PCSSP), specifically designed to support development of the ITER Plasma Control System (PCS), is currently under construction by an international team encompassing a cross-section of expertise in simulation and exception handling for plasma control. The proposed design addresses the challenging requirements of supporting the PCS design. This paper provides an overview of the PCSSP project and a discussion of some of the major features of its design. Plasma control for the ITER tokamak will be significantly more challenging than for existing fusion devices. An order of magnitude greater performance (e.g. [1,2]) is needed for some types of control, which together with limited actuator authority, implies that optimized individual controllers and nonlinear saturation logic are required. At the same time, consequences of control failure are significantly more severe, which implies a conflicting requirement for robust control. It also implies a requirement for comprehensive and robust exception handling. Coordinated control of multiple competing objectives with significant interactions, together with many shared uses of actuators to control multiple variables, implies that highly integrated control logic and shared actuator management will be required. It remains a challenge for the integrated technologies to simultaneously address these multiple and often competing requirements to be demonstrated on existing fusion devices and adapted for ITER in time to support its operational schedule. We describe ways in which the PCSSP will help address these challenges to support design of both the ITER PCS itself and the algorithms that will be implemented therein, and at the same time greatly reduce the cost of that development. We summarize the current status of the PCSSP design task, including system requirements and preliminary design documents already delivered as well as features of the ongoing detailed architectural design. The methods being incorporated in the detailed design are based on prior experience with control simulation environments in fusion and on standard practices prevalent in development of control-intensive industrial product designs.

A model study on affordable steel residential housing in China

The main research purpose of this paper is to acquire a series of designed concept of “affordable housing” in key geographical areas of East China through the development of innovative, economical, flexible, reproducible and affordable residential houses using intensive steel solutions. Toward this goal, both the residential housing conditions and the development of steel residential building in China are widely investigated. Affordable housing in China is then, based on the investigation, defined as green humanized multi-storey housing comprised of medium-small type dwellings whose construction cost is not much higher than that of traditional reinforced concrete buildings and the maintenance cost is low. Taking this definition as a guiding ideology, detailed architectural and structural design of a steel affordable housing model in terms of a collective housing form with repeatable living units has been carried out. Comparisons of project cost and energy consumption between the designed steel residential housing and the corresponding reinforced concrete building show that the former is not more expensive and consumes less energy than the latter.