Detailed Analytical Procedure Research Articles

Compact high directivity branch‐line hybrid using distributed realization of lumped elements

AbstractThis letter presents a compact high directivity branch‐line hybrid. The proposed hybrid is designed using a symmetrical ‐shaped structure, which incorporates a symmetrical ‐equivalent circuit. The ‐structure comprises one series low‐impedance line and two shunt high‐impedance stubs. The low‐impedance line is realized using a ‐equivalent circuit consisting of two spiral inductors and one patch capacitor. A detailed analytical design procedure is developed. A prototype hybrid is fabricated on FR‐4 substrate and the measured ‐parameters are in close agreement with the simulated results. The proposed hybrid has a compact size with 54% area reduction compared to a conventional branch‐line hybrid. In addition, the hybrid achieves 43 dB directivity at its center frequency of 0.9 GHz.

Optimized Methods for Analytical and Functional Comparison of Biosimilar mAb Drugs: A Case Study for Avastin, Mvasi, and Zirabev

Bevacizumab is a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody used to reduce angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer, by binding to VEGF-A. Many pharmaceutical companies have developed biosimilars of Bevacizumab in the last decade. The official reports provided by the FDA and EMA summarize the analytical performance of biosimilars as compared to the originators without giving detailed analytical procedures. In the current study, several key methods were optimized and reported for analytical and functional comparison of bevacizumab originators (Avastin, Altuzan) and approved commercial biosimilars (Zirabev and Mvasi). This case study presents a comparative analysis of a set of biosimilars under optimized analytical conditions for the first time in the literature. The chemical structure of all products was analyzed at intact protein and peptide levels by high-resolution mass spectrometry; the major glycoforms and posttranslational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, N-terminal PyroGlu addition, and C-terminal Lys clipping, were compared. The SPR technique was used to reveal antigen and some receptor binding kinetics of all products, and the ELISA technique was used for C1q binding affinity analysis. Finally, the inhibition performance of the samples was evaluated by an MTS-based proliferation assay in vitro. Major glycoforms were similar, with minor differences among the samples. Posttranslational modifications, except C-terminal Lys, were determined similarly, while unclipped Lys percentage was higher in Zirabev. The binding kinetics for VEGF, FcRn, FcγRIa, and C1q were similar or in the value range of originators. The anti-proliferative effect of Zirabev was slightly higher than the originators and Mvasi. The analysis of biosimilars under the same conditions could provide a new aspect to the literature in terms of the applied analytical techniques. Further studies in this field would be helpful to better understand the inter-comparability of the biosimilars.

The Harmonically Coupled Admittance Matrix of the Single-Phase Diode Rectifier

The convergence of the iterative harmonic analysis (IHA) of networks with nonlinear loads can be improved if the Gauss algorithm is replaced by the modular decoupled Newton solution (M-DNS). The core of the M-DNS is the harmonically coupled admittance matrix (HCAM) of each nonlinear load. HCAM of high-power converters has received special attention. However, the HCAM of single-phase uncontrolled rectifiers (SPUR) with capacitive smoothing has only been developed under certain simplifications for the SPUR. A reference model for the SPUR is extensively accepted and a detailed analytical procedure (DAP) is the fastest way to obtain the steady state of the SPUR. The main object of this paper is to present a HCAM for the reference model of SPUR with capacitive smoothing. This HCAM is directly derived from a DAP for the converter. Convergence properties of the IHA with this HCAM are studied.

Improvement of Methodology for the Analysis of Construction Indicators

The development of market relations in the construction complex of Russia requires the solution of problematic issues not only of a regional nature, but also of a federal level. This is due to the improvement of the methodology for the analysis of economic indicators in construction. Based on the study of modern theoretical and conceptual approaches and methodological developments in construction practice for the analysis of production, business and financial activities of construction corporations, an author’s concept of a prognostic analysis of the development of the region’s building complex with detailed indicators and analytical procedures for their step-by-step solution is proposed. The achievement of the research goal has led to the use of methods of induction, deduction, and general scientific knowledge. The article also uses correlation and regression analysis, analysis of variance and coefficient analysis as the basis of the author’s, system-process approach within the framework of the research problem under consideration. The real advantage of modern information and communication technologies used in the forecast analysis, which provides an opportunity for a more objective formalized assessment of the modern development directions of the construction complex of a separate region and Russia as a whole, has been proved.

The Paleogene ophiolite conundrum of the Iran–Iraq border region

New and compiled geochemical, isotopic and geochronological data allow us to propose a new explanation for Paleogene oceanic magmatic rocks along the Iran–Iraq border. These rocks are represented by a thick pile (>1000 m) of pillow lavas and pelagic sediments and underlying plutonic rocks. These are sometimes argued to represent a Paleogene ophiolite but there are no associated mantle rocks. Integrated zircon U–Pb ages, bulk rock major and trace element and radiogenic isotope data indicate that these rocks are more likely related to forearc rifting due to extreme extension during Late Paleogene time which also triggered high-flux magmatism in the Urumieh–Dokhtar Magmatic Belt and exhumation of core complexes in Iran. These observations are most consistent with formation of the Paleogene oceanic igneous rocks in a >220 km long forearc rift zone. Supplementary material: Detailed analytical procedure and tables S1 to S6 are available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4972994

Direct and simultaneous observation of transcription and chromosome architecture in single cells with Hi-M

Simultaneous observation of 3D chromatin organization and transcription at the single-cell level and with high spatial resolution may hold the key to unveiling the mechanisms regulating embryonic development, cell differentiation and even disease. We recently developed Hi-M, a technology that enables the sequential labeling, 3D imaging and localization of multiple genomic DNA loci, together with RNA expression, in single cells within whole, intact Drosophila embryos. Importantly, Hi-M enables simultaneous detection of RNA expression and chromosome organization without requiring sample unmounting and primary probe rehybridization. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol describing the design of probes, the preparation of samples, the stable immobilization of embryos in microfluidic chambers, and the complete procedure for image acquisition. The combined RNA/DNA fluorescence in situ hybridization procedure takes 4-5 d, including embryo collection. In addition, we describe image analysis software to segment nuclei, detect genomic spots, correct for drift and produce Hi-M matrices. A typical Hi-M experiment takes 1-2 d to complete all rounds of labeling and imaging and 4 additional days for image analysis. This technology can be easily expanded to investigate cell differentiation in cultured cells or organization of chromatin within complex tissues.

Enrichment of N-Linked Glycopeptides and Their Identification by Complementary Fragmentation Techniques.

N-linked glycans are a ubiquitous posttranslational modification and are essential for correct protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum of plants. However, this likely represents a narrow functional role for the diverse arrayof glycan structures currently associated with N-glycoproteins in plants. The identification of N-linked glycosylation sites and their structural characterization by mass spectrometry remains challenging due to their size, relative abundance, structural heterogeneity, and polarity. Current proteomic workflows are not optimized for the enrichment, identification and characterization of N-glycopeptides. Here we describe a detailed analytical procedure employing hydrophilic interaction chromatography enrichment, high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry employing complementary fragmentation techniques (higher-energy collisional dissociation and electron-transfer dissociation) and a data analytics workflow to produce an unbiased high confidence N-glycopeptide profile from plant samples.

U–Pb dating of single-grain uraninite by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry

Uraninite can be used to measure U–Pb ages due to its high uranium and low common lead content. Accurate in-situ U–Pb dating of uraninite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) requires a matrix-matched external standard as a result of the different Pb/U fractionation behavior in varied matrices. However, being lack of the suitable uraninite standard, in-situ U–Pb dating technique of uraninite is hardly carried out in many laboratories. In this paper, a method with a detailed analytical procedure is proposed for U–Pb age determination of single-grain uraninite by isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS). This method not only avoids the difficulty of looking for the ideal uranium mineral standards because of no need to make matrix effect calibration, but also gives high precision ages with a small amount of sample used (<1 μg), which provides a basis for in-situ ID-TIMS U-Pb dating of uraninite on the rocks or thin sections.

Tailoring N-Glycan Biosynthesis for Production of Therapeutic Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The ability to control and adjust the N-glycosylation pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a key step toward production of therapeutic glycoproteins such as antibodies or erythropoietin. The focus of this chapter is to describe the road from yeast-type N-glycosylation to human-type complex N-glycosylation. The chapter describes the cell engineering and provides the detailed analytical procedures required to perform glycan analysis using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

A Detailed Procedure for Harmonic Analysis of Three-Phase Diode Rectifiers Under Discontinuous Conduction Mode and Nonideal Conditions

Fast and detailed calculations of harmonics, generated by three-phase uncontrolled rectifiers with finite dc smoothing, can be performed by using detailed analytical procedures (DAPs). Several DAPs are developed for continuous- and discontinuous-conduction modes (CCM and DCM) when balanced operation of the system is assumed. The authors of this paper have recently proposed a new DAP (model 1a) in which nonideal conditions, such as unbalances and even harmonic voltages on the ac side, are taken into account. However, only CCM is assumed in model 1a. The main objective of this paper is to overcome this limitation of model 1a so that a new DAP (model 1b) for DCM is presented, which is capable of considering unbalanced operation. Moreover, the boundary of the DCM is also estimated for model 1b under nonideal conditions.

Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Sibiraea laevigata

The genus Sibiraea (Rosaceae), which are large deciduous shrubs, comprises only four species distributed mainly in southeast Europe, Siberia of Russia, and Western China [1]. Tibetan herdsmen living in pasture areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China often collect the leaves and twigs of S. laevigata (L.) Maxim. and S. angustata (Render) Hand.-Mazz. to consume as a kind of tea, named “Liucha.” Although there is no formal record in any pharmacopeia, these two plants are usually employed by Tibetan herdsmen to cure hyperlipidemia, hypopepsia, and upset stomach [2]. The aerial parts of S. laevigata and S. angustata can release an extraordinary smell, which prompted us to investigate their volatile constituents in order to discover therapeutic agents. Previously, Tao and his co-workers had identified 43 compounds from the essential oils of the aerial part of S. angustata, and E-ocimenone and linalool were found to be the principal components [3]. Herein we report for the first time the chemical composition of essential oils from the leaves and twigs of S. laevigata and evaluate its antioxidant activity by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The fresh leaves and small twigs were collected from the meadow near the suburbs of Hezuo, Gansu Province of China, and identified by Mr. Pin Du from Gansu Normal University For Nationalities. A voucher specimen is deposited at the herbarium in the Laboratory of Botany, College of Marine Science, Shandong University. The collected materials were crumbled to fragments, and mixtures of 100 g of leaves and twigs were hydrodistilled for 3 h using a Clevenger apparatus to give the essential oils. The oil was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored at 4 C until analysis. GC-MS analysis was carried out using a Hewlett Packard 6890 gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) with the HP GC ChemStation Rev. A.05.04 data handling system. Detailed analytical conditions and procedures were analogous to those of our previous research [4]. From the essential oil of aerial parts of S. laevigata, 55 ingredients were detected. The aliphatic esters dominate the constituents, with more than 45% of the compounds identified as ethyl palmitate (15.8%), mandenol (9.3%), ethyl laurate (4.2%), 2-ethylnon-1-en-3-ol (3.3%), ethyl linolenate (3.2%), etc. (Table 1). The main cyclic terpenoid constituents are 4,4-dimethyl-2-propenylcyclopentanone (7.0%), nerol (5.9%), pulegone (2.4%), and verbenone (1.5%), which are different from those in S. angustata [3]. Nerol, pulegone, and verbenone can be found naturally in a variety of plants and are common ingredients of perfume and essential oils [5–7]. Verbenone is an insect pheromone and can be used to control the population of Southern pine beetle [7]. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was tested by the DPPH method. At a concentration of 10 g/mL, 22.4% of the radicals can be scavenged, but the radical scavenging activity was not raised at a higher concentration. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil from S. laevigata was not potent. The presence of abundant verbenone suggests its potential as a household repellent.

An Analytical Procedure for Calculating Harmonics of Three-Phase Uncontrolled Rectifiers Under Nonideal Conditions

Detailed analytical procedures (DAPs) are very efficient methods for obtaining the steady-state solution and the harmonic evaluation of three-phase diode bridges with finite capacitive dc smoothing. Until now, these DAPs are developed for balanced operation of the system. This paper presents a new DAP. The consideration of unbalanced operation, the inclusion of dc reactor, and the treatment of the operating point in terms of power are contributions with respect to previous DAPs.

Improved stability of TMS derivatives for the robust quantification of plant polar metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Plant metabolite profiling is commonly carried out by GC-MS of methoximated trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. This technique is robust and enables a library search for spectra produced by electron ionization. However, recent articles have described problems associated with the low stability of some TMS derivatives. This limits the use of GC-MS for metabolomic studies that need large sets of qualitative and quantitative analyses. The aim of this work is to determine the experimental conditions in which the stability of TMS derivatives could be improved. This would facilitate the analysis of the large-scale experimental designs needed in the metabolomics approach. For good repeatability, the sampling conditions and the storage temperature of samples during analysis were investigated. Multiple injections of one sample from one vial led to high variations while injection of one sample from different vials improved the analysis. However, before injection, some amino acid TMS derivatives were degraded during the storage of vials in the autosampler. Only 10% of the initial quantity of glutamine 3 TMS and glutamate 3 TMS and 66% of α-alanine 2 TMS was detected 48 h after derivatization. When stored at 4 °C until injection, all TMS derivatives remained stable for 12 h; at -20 °C, they remained stable for 72 h. From the integration of all these results, a detailed analytical procedure is thus proposed. It enables a robust quantification of polar metabolites, useful for further plant metabolomics studies using GC-MS.

Evidence of Eocene high-temperature/high-pressure metamorphism of ophiolitic rocks and granitoid intrusion related to Neotethyan subduction processes (Doğanşehir area, SE Anatolia)

Abstract New data for regionally important granulite facies metaophiolitic rocks and cross-cutting granitoids rocks are presented and discussed. The high-temperature/high-pressure Berit metaophiolite is cut by unmetamorphosed Eocene (51–45 Ma) granitoid rocks. The highest metamorphic grade occurs in blocks of mafic granulites. Enveloping amphibolite facies rocks reflect retrograde metamorphism related to exhumation. Sm–Nd (pyroxene–garnet–amphibole–whole rock) isochron ages of 52–50 Ma for the granulite facies rocks are interpreted to represent the time of cooling of the granulite facies rocks. The over-riding Malatya metamorphic unit to the north is also intruded by Eocene granitoid rocks. The granulite facies metamorphism of the meta-ophiolitic rocks is inferred to have formed in the roots of an Eocene magmatic arc, with accentuated heat flow being provided by subduction of a spreading ridge, or rupture of the subducting slab. The high-temperature/high-pressure metamorphism was followed by exhumation, as indicated by field structural relations and the evidence of retrograde metamorphism. The Eocene arc magmatism can best be explained by northward subduction of the Southern Neotethys, which persisted after the time of latest Cretaceous regional ophiolite emplacement until the collision of the Eurasian (Anatolian) and Arabian continents during the Early–Mid Miocene. Subsequent Plio-Quaternary left-lateral strike-slip strongly affected the area. Supplementary-material: Four supplementary tables giving the whole rock geochemistry of the granitoids, mineral geochemistry of the granulite facies rocks, LA-MC-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb data belonging to granitoids and Sm–Nd data belonging to granulite facies rocks and two documents giving the detailed analytical procedures and detailed petrography of the granitoids are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18588

The outlook for the discovery of new types of economic uranium deposits in the Kodar-Udokan zone of the Transbaikal territory in Russia

On the basis of detailed fieldwork and analytical procedures (microprobe, X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, etc.), ores and altered wall-rock rocks of the Khadatkanda and Etyrko deposits in the Kodar-Udokan mineragenic zone were studied. Economic concentrations of gold and some other accompanying metals have been established in ore of the Khadatkanda uranium deposit in the Syul’ban uranium district. REE-U lodes with brannerite-uraninite have been found at the Etyrko Fe-Ti-V deposit related to the Chinei layered pluton in the Udokan mining district. The outlook for the discovery of new types of economic uranium deposits is substantiated with respect to the known hydrothermal uranium ore objects and nontraditional setting related to the layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions.

Anti-bacterial activity of Acorus calamus and some of its derivates against fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila

Eighteen compounds isolated from the residue of Acorus calamus were subjected to micro titer assay to find out their inhibitory concentrations (IC) against Aeromonas hydrophila. The antimicrobial potency of the substances was ranked through bioautographic assay. The second compound (F2) obtained in the third fraction, on serial dilution, exhibited the maximum antimicrobial property with IC90 values of 1.6, 0.8, 0.26 and 0.13 mg/ml respectively. The chemical structure of the active compound in F2, derived from calamus oil was predicted through detailed spectroscopic analytical procedures like 1HNMR, 13C NMR, GC-MS, UV and IR spectroscopy and found related to β Asarone. Key words: Acorus calamus, compounds isolation, in vitro screening,Aeromonas hydrophila, structure determination, essential oil fraction.

Dynamic compaction of saturated sands and silty sands: design

Current practice for design, suitability assessment, and determination of the optimum field operation parameters for dynamic compaction rely mainly on field pilot tests, past experience, and empirical equations. At present there are no detailed analytical procedures available to determine the densification achievable, or to analyse the effects of various operational parameters on the degree of improvement achievable during dynamic compaction of sands and non-plastic silty soil deposits. This paper presents a set of simplified charts to determine the post-improvement penetration resistance of saturated sands and non-plastic silty sands, supplemented with pre-installed wick drains, due to improvement by dynamic compaction. The theoretical basis and the numerical schemes for simulation of dynamic compaction leading to these charts are presented elsewhere. The charts facilitate design choice of parameters such as grid spacing, number of impacts per grid point, energy per impact, time cycle between impacts, and drain spacing required to achieve a minimum specified post-improvement penetration resistance for a range of initial soil conditions. Simplified procedures for the use of these charts for liquefaction mitigation design are presented and illustrated using design examples.

Numerical analysis of three-dimensional flexural vibration of railway vehicle car body

An analytical method to investigate the three-dimensional (3D) flexural vibration of railway vehicle car bodies is presented in this article. In the method, a car body is modeled as a box-type structure consisting of plates and beams. The condition to connect components is satisfied by introducing artificial springs at their joints. The detailed analytical procedure is described. Some numerical calculations are carried out employing a commuter vehicle, which has a stainless steel car body, as an example. The numerical results are compared with the measured data to evaluate the validity of the model. Although the target vehicle has complicated mode shapes, it is shown that the analytical model can express such 3D vibration mode shapes successfully. It is also demonstrated that a good agreement is observed between the calculation results by the above method and the measured data for both stationary excitation and running test.

Comment on “On the use of anion exchange chromatography for the characterization of water soluble organic carbon” by H. Chang et al.

Comment on “On the use of anion exchange chromatography for the characterization of water soluble organic carbon” by H. Chang et al.

Replacing HCl by solid acids in industrial processes: synthesis of diamino diphenyl methane (DADPM) for producing polyurethanes.

Delaminated zeolite catalysts allow replacement of HCl in the production of DADPM: they offer higher activity and catalyst life than conventional zeolites, and their structured external surface controls product selectivity.