Detachment Level Research Articles

Structural style & kinematic analysis of deformation in the northern Dezful Embayment, Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt, SW Iran

A comprehensive understanding of structure and kinematic characteristics of fold and thrust belts provides significant information for hydrocarbon exploration and production. The kinematic evolution and structural style of three subsurface oilfields, Zeloi, Lali and Karun, in the northern part of the Dezful Embayment, a significant petroleum province of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt in SW Iran, were investigated using 2D seismic data. Interpretation of the 2D seismic profiles with up to 5 km depth consisting of upper Jurassic to Pleistocene sediments and the balanced cross-sections constructed revealed diverse geometries and kinematics along the oilfields. These results demonstrate that the structural style of the oilfields was controlled by the Gachsaran and Dashtak formations as upper and middle detachment levels, respectively. Tear faults affected the along-strike variations in structural style of the oilfields. Based on the analysis of growth strata, folding evolved as limbs rotated and hinges migrated, beginning in the mid-Miocene. During the later stages of deformation, the initial detachment folds transformed into fault-bend folds.

Aberrant localization of β1 integrin in podocyte cytoplasm of primary FSGS with cellular lesion.

Podocyte detachment is a major trigger in pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Detachment via β1 integrin (ITGB1) endocytosis, associated with endothelial cell injury, has been reported in animal models but remains unknown in human kidneys. The objectives of our study were to examine the difference in ITGB1 dynamics between primary FSGS and minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), among variants of FSGS, as well as between the presence or absence of cellular lesions (CEL-L) in human kidneys, and to elucidate the pathogenesis of FSGS. Thirty-one patients with primary FSGS and 14 with MCNS were recruited. FSGS cases were categorized into two groups: those with CEL-L, defined by segmental endocapillary hypercellularity occluding lumina, and those without CEL-L. The podocyte cytoplasmic ITGB1 levels, ITGB1 expression, and degrees of podocyte detachment and subendothelial widening were compared between FSGS and MCNS, FSGS variants, and FSGS groups with and without CEL-L (CEL-L( +)/CEL-L( -)). ITGB1 distribution in podocyte cytoplasm was significantly greater in CEL-L( +) group than that in MCNS and CEL-L( -) groups. ITGB1 expression was similar in CEL-L( +) and MCNS, but lower in CEL-L( -) compared with others. Podocyte detachment levels were comparable in CEL-L( +) and CEL-L( -) groups, both exhibiting significantly higher detachment than the MCNS group. Subendothelial widening was significantly greater in CEL-L( +) compared with CEL-L( -) and MCNS groups. The findings of this study imply the existence of distinct pathological mechanisms associated with ITGB1 dynamics between CEL-L( +) and CEL-L( -) groups, and suggest a potential role of endothelial cell injury in the pathogenesis of cellular lesions in FSGS.

The Proterozoic–Cambrian salt detachment zone at Lakhar Kuh, Iran: a seismic-scale analogue for salt stringers, detachment folding and multiphase structural development

Abstract In the Middle East, significant evaporite units formed in the latest Precambrian–Cambrian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic. The Precambrian–Cambrian period gave rise to the Ara Salt carbonate stringer plays, southern Oman and the giant Zagros anticline traps (Hormuz Formation). While outcrops of salt diapirs are common, basal detachment exposures are extremely rare. The Lakar Kuh area of Central Iran reveals the Precambrian–Cambrian basal salt detachment, on satellite images, in natural cross-section view through the entire Phanerozoic sedimentary section east of Ravar. This view illustrates how older diapiric structures (pillows and normal faults) were the focus of later contractional folds, particularly in the Jurassic and Cenozoic. The salt detachment zone contains many floating blocks (stringers) of clastic, carbonate and igneous rocks. Some blocks were stoped from the overlying beds, while most were layers originally interbedded with the evaporites. Block size, distribution and orientation is highly variable, and folding is infrequent. Lakar Kuh encompasses several key themes generally pertinent to structural geology and salt system research: the presence of sedimentary stringers within evaporites, multiple detachment levels within a thick (>5 km) stratigraphic section, detachment folding, multiphase salt activity, reactivation of older structures by newer ones and multi-stage development of salt bodies.

Kinematic modeling of neotectonic thrusts at the Andean orogenic front (southern Precordillera, Argentina)

The south-central Andes located between 32°-33° S are considered to be a transitional zone between the flat-lying and the normal subduction zones of the Nazca Plate. The active mountain-building processes are mainly concentrated between the Andean eastern foothills and the adjacent broken foreland, as highlighted by crustal seismicity, historic destructive earthquakes, and Quaternary-active contractional structures. Between 32° 10′ and 32° 40′ S, the Andean orogenic front is exposed at the Las Peñas-Las Higueras range, where east- and west-verging thrusts interact, resulting in an antithetic linkage transfer zone. We built kinematically-balanced structural sections through the integration of surface and subsurface data (2D seismic lines) to achieve a 3D characterization of the Quaternary-active thrusts and to estimate shortening rates of ∼1.8–3.4 mm/a during the last ∼8.5 Ma, thus extending the spatial and temporal penetration achieved by surface geology data. Our results indicate that the main east-verging thrusts detach at a depth of ∼10 km within Paleozoic basement rocks. This outcome implies larger potential rupture areas than if rooted at Neogene layers. West-verging thrusts present detachment levels at ∼5 km, also linked to Paleozoic basement rocks. The analysis of 2D seismic lines has also contributed to the recognition of blind thrusts without a morphologic signature, which could be regarded as relevant seismogenic structures.

Reversed-direction 2-point modelling applied to divertor conditions in DIII-D *

A predictive form of the extended 2-point model known as the ‘reverse 2-point model’, Rev2PM, is applied to a range of detachment levels in the open lower divertor of DIII-D, showing that the experimentally measured electron temperature (Te ) and pressure (pe ) at the divertor entrance can be calculated within 50% from target measurements, if and only if a posteriori corrections for convective heat flux are included in the model. Unlike the standard 2-point model, the Rev2PM calculates upstream scrape-off layer (SOL) quantities (such as separatrix Te and pe ) from target conditions (such as Te and parallel heat flux), with volumetric power and momentum losses depending solely on target Te . The Rev2PM is tested against a database of DIII-D inter-ELM divertor Thomson scattering measurements, built from a series of 6 MW, 1.3 MA, LSN H-mode discharges with varied main ion density, drift direction, and nitrogen puffing rate. Measured target Te ranged from 0.4–25 eV over this database, and upstream Te ranged from 5–60 eV. Poor agreement is found between upstream measurements and Rev2PM calculations that assume purely conductive parallel heat transport. However, introducing a posteriori corrections to account for convective heat transport brings the Rev2PM calculations within 50% of the measured upstream values across the dataset. These corrections imply that up to 99% of the parallel heat flux is carried by convection in detached conditions in the DIII-D open lower divertor, though further work is required to assess any potential dependencies on device size or divertor closure.

TECTONICS AND GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE MAYA-KYLLAKH ZONE (SOUTH VERKHOYANSK REGION) OBTAINED FROM BALANCED CROSS-SECTIONS

A technique for balancing cross-sections is used to construct geometrically consistent structural sections through fold-thrust belts. Unlike the predecessor studies, the balanced cross-sections in this study were obtained using the deep seismic sounding and well data and Move Software. Two detailed balanced cross-sections pass through the central part of the South Verkhoyansk region: the 80 km long Yudoma cross-section running along 59°45ʹ N, and the 122 km long Allakh-Yun cross-section within 60°40ʹ – 61°00ʹ N. Both sections are characterized by a thin-skinned structure, "mechanical stratigraphy", emergent leading imbricate fans in the foreland, thick Riphean strata, and eastward dip of the detachment surface. The surface shortening values are ~33 % for the Yudoma cross-section and ~26 % for the Allakh-Yun cross-section, showing an old-to-young-complex decrease from 39 % for the Yudoma cross-section to 19 % for the Allakh-Yun cross-section. On the Yudoma cross-section, the detachment occurs in the Middle Riphean deposits and dips down to 8 km; on the Allah-Yun cross-section, it occurs in the Lower Riphean deposits and dips down to 15 km. The difference in the detachment level may indicate the presence of a ramp between the cross-sections or an inaccurate localization of a ramp between the Central and Kyllakh-Eibeke-Khayata segments. The changes in the geological structure across and along the strike of the orogen are traced; the obtained cross-sections are compared with each other, with other cross-sections across the South and West Verkhoyansk regions, and with the cross-sections through the foreland fold and thrust belts of the Urals, Appalachians, and Cordillera of North America.

How Safe is Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy in Patients with Uveitis? Outcomes of a Long-Term Study

Abstract Purpose: To study the outcomes and complications of Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in patients with uveitis. Methods: This study retrospectively evaluated outcomes of Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in 260 eyes of 260 patients with uveitis. The main indications for performing capsulotomy were a visually significant posterior capsule opacification (PCO) and inability to visualize the posterior segment. The presence of 5 or <5 cells per high-power field in the anterior chamber for a minimum period of 3 months was a prerequisite for capsulotomy. Results: The mean age of patients was 52.8 ± 11.3 (range, 38–75 years). The incidence of PCO in the study was 22.4%. The mean follow-up was 21.5 ± 11.3 months postcapsulotomy. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved in 161 (62%) eyes after capsulotomy. The BCVA remained stable in 50 (19.3%) eyes due to preexisting ocular pathology involving the macular area. There was worsening of BCVA in 49 (18.8%) eyes. The main causes of worsening of BCVA were sustained intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation (n = 13%), cystoid macular edema (CME) (n = 8.5%), and retinal detachment (RD) (n = 2.7%), respectively. Ninety-one percent (n = 20) of patients with CME had exaggerated postlaser inflammation and recurrent uveitis. The presence of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and higher laser energy levels were significant risk factors for RD. Conclusions: Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in patients with uveitis may be associated with complications. Inflammation and IOP should be well controlled before initiating laser capsulotomy. Capsulotomy should be performed with caution in patients with preexisting PVD.

Multilayer immobilizing of denitrifying Bacillus sp. and TiO2-AgNPs on floating expanded clay carrier for co-treatment of nitrite and pathogens in aquaculture.

Nitrite contamination and the spread of pathogens can seriously degrade water quality. To simultaneously control these factors, an innovative approach of fabricating a remediation agent that contained denitrifying bacteria and TiO2-AgNPs co-immobilized on floating expanded clay (EC) was proposed in this study. The EC was fabricated from a mixture of clay and rice husk through pyrolysis at a high temperature of 1200 °C, followed by a rapid cooling step to create a porous structure for the material. TiO2NPs were modified with Ag to shift the absorbance threshold of TiO2-AgNPs into the visible region of 700-800 nm. The experimental results showed that the stirring speed of 250 rpm was suitable for immobilizing TiO2-AgNPs on EC and achieved the highest Ti and Ag content of 639.38 ± 3.04 and 200.51 ± 3.71 ppm, respectively. Coating TiO2-Ag/EC with chitosan (0.5%) significantly reduced the detachment level of immobilized TiO2-AgNPs compared to that of the material with no coating. In particular, this functionalized material inhibited 99.93 ± 0.1% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogen but did not adversely affect the denitrifying bacteria after 2 h of visible light irradiation. Based on the electrostatic bond between oppositely charged polymers, the denitrifying bacteria, Bacillus sp., in alginate solution was successfully immobilized on the chitosan-coated TiO2-Ag/EC with a bacteria density of (76.67 ± 9.43) × 107 CFU g-1, retaining its nitrite removal efficiency at 99.0 ± 0.27% through six treatment cycles. These findings provide solid evidence for further investigating the combination of biodegradation and photodegradation in wastewater treatment.

Seismic stratigraphy and structural analysis in the determination of petroleum play within Salin basin, Myanmar

<p>This study presents a new interpretation of the seismic stratigraphic unit equivalent to the Late Cretaceous to Pliocene formations in the Salin basin. Many researchers investigated the outcrops of the stratigraphic succession of the Salin basin but there is a lack of comprehensive analysis by seismic interpretation. This study provides a comprehensive description of the structural development within the Salin basin, enhancing our comprehension of the regional stratigraphic evolution of the examined region. Seismic sequences were delineated using a combination of horizon mapping, internal reflection configuration, termination patterns, and thickness analysis. We identified two distinct mechanisms for lateral fault seals: (1) primary juxtaposition seals and (2) secondary fault rock seals (also known as membrane seals). Once the hydrocarbons are matured within the source formations (Late Cretaceous to Early Oligocene shales units): Kabaw (KB); Laungshe (LA); Tabyin (TA); Pondaung (PO); Yaw (YA); and Shwezettaw (SZT), they are migrated towards the reservoir formations (Pondaung (PO), Shwezettaw (SZT), Padaung (PA), Okhmintaung (OHK), and Kyaukkok (KK)) through these predicted paths. Generally, the primary migration takes place along the fault or fractured planes or pores within rock units. In the southwestern limb of the Yenangyaung anticline, the disharmonic folding and upward bending of the KK, PY, OHK, and PA formations resulted in the deformation of ductile strata within the PA Formation, forcing them towards the peripheral synclines. The main deep fore-thrust in the southwestern limb of the Chauk anticline rooted within the PA Formation flattened up while approaching the OHK and PY formations. Chauk anticlinal axis above the PY and OHK detachment level are more migrated toward the northeast. As a result, above the crest of the deep anticline, the shallow low-angle fore-thrust pushed up into the growth strata, leading to the uplift of the YA and SZT formations within the Letpando anticline. YA Formation crops out locally along the axis of the structure and is the major seal, with sandstones in the underlying Eocene PO Formation being the main reservoir.</p>

Multiple compression directions and basinal response in a rhomb-shaped terrestrial basin: The Cuevas de Cañart syncline (Iberian Chain, eastern Spain)

Rhomb-shaped basins have been commonly attributed to strike-slip tectonics, linked to fault bends and jogs (pull-apart basins). The case-study presented in this work (Las Cuevas de Cañart basin, Iberian Chain) is a 2 km × 5 km continental basin that shows a particular combination of geometric and sedimentary features. It shows a syncline geometry with steeply-dipping limbs, thickness of syn-tectonic sedimentary continental filling of about 1000 m, high amplitude/wavelength ratio, and different fold trends, some of them oblique to the main trend of the Iberian Chain. All these features make it an interesting case of a mixed-type basin, sharing both compressional and strike-slip features. The Cuevas de Cañart basin shows a Mesozoic, pre-compressional sequence linked to the extensional processes dominating in the marginal zones of the Maestrazgo basin, with a series up to 1500 m thick of limestones, sandstones and shales. These units overlie a detachment level (Upper Triassic Keuper facies) and show thickness variations controlled by NW-SE and NE-SW striking normal faults. During the Cenozoic compression, both fault systems were re-activated, and newly formed E-W folds (perpendicular to one of the dominant shortening directions) also appeared in the southern basin margin. The detailed structural study of this basin evidences the role of different types of structures (basement faults, thrusts formed under different compression directions) and the relevance of the detachment level in the evolution of compressional basins and thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts.

Structural geometry and kinematic evolution of the central Canadian Rocky Mountain Foothills fold-and-thrust belt: Complex kinematic relationships controlled by detachment utilization

Abstract Balanced regional cross sections based on surface, seismic, and subsurface data show that the thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belt in the Rocky Mountain Foothills of the Kakwa area of the central Canadian Rockies consists of a lower buried thrust belt developed in Paleozoic and Triassic strata and an upper exposed faulted fold belt of Jurassic to Cretaceous strata. Changes in fold wavelength, amplitude, and geometry with stratigraphic level indicate that multiple detachments were utilized in the upper faulted fold belt. Exposed folds are chevron or box shaped. Most appear to be detachment or fault propagation folds formed by fault-to-fold displacement transfer. Geometric and kinematic relationships in the upper faulted fold belt vary from thrust faults congruently folded by underlying folds (early fault) to folds abruptly truncated by thrust faults (late fault). In contrast, folding of thrust sheets in the buried thrust belt is consistent with in-sequence deformation for all faults except one. A sequential restoration of the balanced regional cross section shows that the variable kinematic relationships observed in the upper faulted fold belt can be explained by changes in the detachment level utilized by successive faults as they climbed out of the buried thrust belt. Chevron-folded thrust faults indicate a younger fault with associated fault displacement transfer folds formed in the footwall of an older fault. These folded thrusts formed by in-sequence faulting and utilization of successively higher detachment levels. Late faults that truncate preexisting folds required out-of-sequence (hinterlandward) utilization of a higher detachment level, and they illustrate another mechanism by which critical taper is maintained in a fold-and-thrust belt.

Analysis of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1a and Intercellular Adhesive Molecule-1 on Clinical Findings in Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Patients

The aim of the study is to examine the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) and intercellular adhesive molecule (ICAM-1) in clinical findings found in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). The clinical findings are; the duration of retinal detachment, retinal quadrants involvement, and the severity of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). A cross sectional study was conducted, with 34 consecutive vitreous sample were obtained from dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital (RSCM), from October 2015 to October 2016. The samples were taken from RRD patient who received vitrectomy in the hospital. There were no significant difference between the ICAM-1 and HIF-1a levels to the clinical findings that is measured; duration of retinal detachment (p>0.05), extent of retinal detachment area (p>0.05) and severity of PVR (p>0.05). However, there is a significant mean difference of ICAM-1 level on the duration of retinal detachment, where < 1 week group has higher mean 49.71, (SD 49.54) than the other group, as well as in the retinal quadrants groups (2nd quadrant 19.42 (SD 2.49) and also in severity of PVR groups (PVR B 35.42, SD 30.13). The results from HIF-1a level on each sub group were insignificant. The level of ICAM-1 and HIF-1a cannot be used as predictor of the clinical findings found in the patients. ICAM-1 levels tend to be high on patients whose diagnosed with retinal detachment early, with smaller area of detachment (2nd quadrant) and lower PVR levels (PVR B). The level of HIF-1a shows a consistent pattern with minimal difference in between the sub groups.

A molecular insight into the mechanism of organic molecule detachment by supercritical CO2 from a water invasion calcite surface: Effect of water film and molecular absorbability

Understanding the mechanism of organic molecule detachment by supercritical CO2 (scCO2) from a water-invaded calcite surface is crucial for CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and geological sequestration. In this study, a series of MD simulations were conducted to investigate the detachment performance of organic molecules from a water-invaded calcite surface under different reservoir conditions. The molecular configuration, relative concentration, interaction energy, H-bond number, COM distance and absorbed number were calculated to analyze the effect of water film and molecular absorbability on the detachment phenomenon at different pressure and temperature. The molecular configuration and relative concentration results manifest that scCO2 could break the water film and channel out a CO2 path to detach the organic molecules. The water molecules absorbed to the surface and dissociated in the CO2 phase simultaneously. High temperature and pressure could help the water molecules absorb on the surface and reduce the dissociative molecule number. The organics could be miscible with the CO2 molecules and escape from the surface through the CO2 channel. The COM distance results show that the detachment level of the organic molecules increased with pressure and temperature while decreased with water film thickness. The interaction energy results reveal that the toluene-calcite interaction and C8H18-calcite interaction are higher than the toluene-scCO2 interaction and C8H18-scCO2 interaction. In contrast, the pyridine-calcite and acetic acid-calcite interaction are weaker than the pyridine-scCO2 and acetic acid-scCO2 interaction. Thus, the scCO2 could detach the toluene and C8H18 while could not detach the pyridine and acetic acid.These findings can strengthen our understanding about some details of calcite-organics-water-CO2 interaction under reservoir conditions, which may provide some inspiration for CO2 EOR and CO2 geological sequestration.

Petroleum system analysis and thermal evolution of the deepwater NW Borneo fold-thrust belt

The generation of hydrocarbons in source rocks can lead to overpressure, which can support development of detachments and the deformation of sedimentary rocks. In turn, the deformation of rock units by e.g., large-scale overthrusting can lead to tectonic-driven burial. Tectonic-driven burial can generate overpressure, which in turn can influence the petroleum system. In fold-thrust belts, an integrated understanding of both, the tectonic and the petroleum systems is important for understanding the potentially complex interaction of faulting, folding and fluid geochemistry. This study combines structural restoration and basin-modeling techniques to provide a comprehensive view of the fold-thrust system offshore northwest Borneo.In the deepwater region offshore northwest Borneo a major fold-thrust belt is present. The thrust belt is characterized by a mix of gravity-driven folding and faulting in a southwestern domain, and deep-seated crustal deformation in a northeastern domain. Oil and gas preferentially accumulated in thrust-top anticlines. The NW Borneo fold-thrust belt has a low taper angle; likely related to fluid overpressure along the basal detachment. The basin models presented in this study are based on an integration of regional 3D seismic-reflection interpretation, borehole analysis and 2D kinematic restoration. 2D petroleum systems modeling shows oil and gas generation and expulsion from Middle Miocene coaly source rocks since the Late Miocene, migration of the hydrocarbons through carrier beds and faults, and the accumulation of oil and gas in thrust-hangingwall anticlines. Vertical gas leaks modeled are comparable with gas clouds observed on 3D seismic-reflection data. The risk of biodegradation was estimated for reservoirs shallower than 1000–1500 m, and their burial is influenced by uplift due to thrusting. Combined tectonic and thermal modeling of the fold-thrust belt indicates the initiation of shortening at the time when the maturation of the source rock at the basal detachment was within the oil window. The timing of the maximum shortening rate, however, exhibits regional variations across the fold-thrust belt. In the gravity-driven fold thrust system in the southwest, the primary control on the peak of shortening is the maturation of the source rock at basal detachment level (gas window). In contrast, the peak of shortening in the northeast with the deep-seated crustal-driven system is interpreted as being primarily controled by the intensity and timing of the external stress.

Interaction between salt and mobile shale in the East Breaks foldbelt, northwestern Gulf of Mexico

The East Breaks foldbelt comprises a series of dominantly slope-parallel folds and thrusts detached on a mostly evacuated salt canopy on the northern Gulf of Mexico slope. The canopy was emplaced near the end of the Eocene. The foldbelt formed mostly in the Oligocene, although minor amounts of shortening continued through the Miocene. We attribute the anomalous trend of structures in the foldbelt to convergent gravity gliding produced by the bend in topography in the northwest corner of the Gulf of Mexico. We suggest that convergent deformation was localized in the East Breaks foldbelt because the area comprised a shale-dominated slope between two sand-prone slope aprons during the Oligocene. These aprons were stronger than the shalier East Breaks area in between, allowing convergent deformation to be partitioned into weak shales.The fact that the Oligocene sequence in the area is shale prone means that shortening was accommodated on multiple detachment levels with fishtail thrusts, as well as in mobile shales, which occur alongside salt diapirs sourced from the canopy. The coincidence of salt structures and mobile shales allows a comparison of their behavior during shortening. Mobile-shale deformation is most intense near a minimally shortened salt massif, leading us to conclude that salt behaved more competently than mobile shale during shortening. This conclusion is counter to the general assumption that salt, where present, is the weakest part of any geologic system.

Mud volcanoes guided by thrusting in compressional settings

Mud volcanoes are fed largely by fracture systems, but fracture systems are common in fold-and-thrust belts (FTBs), and not all of them extrude mud volcanoes. One popular hypothesis is that mud volcanoes extrude up normal faults and fractures in the crests of thrust-related anticlines. Using a high-resolution depth-migrated seismic cube in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, we demonstrate the occurrence of buried mud volcanoes (shale sheets) that appear to have been fed by fluids moving up the thrust faults themselves. Mobile shales in this deepwater FTB detach a mostly welded allochthonous salt sheet. The main phase of shortening was during the Miocene, accompanying the sedimentation. Shortening generated multiple detachment levels, stacked duplexes, thrusts, and folds affecting the Oligocene mobile shales. Above these detachments, syn-sedimentary shortening initially generated detachment folds that progressively evolved into upward-propagating listric thrusts and fault-propagation anticlines. Shale sheets formed near the central thrust domains, associated with higher fault dips and larger fault displacements. We argue that their feeder systems were probably thrust-related shear zones that widened upward and comprised networks of anastomosing fractures. Finally, we propose that the position of mud volcanoes with respect to the underlying thrust systems depends on the path of least resistance to the surface. Although overpressured muds may vertically reach the surface via extensional fractures in the crests of thrust-related anticlines, we have shown to the contrary that when thrusts are emergent in a deepwater FTB, fluids continue up the inclined thrusts and adjacent fractures, forming mud volcanoes at the thrust tips.

Examining Measurement Invariance in the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form Across Sexual and Gender Minority Status.

The Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Brief Form (PID-5-BF) was developed with an assumption of invariance across sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals. This assumption has yet to be tested empirically. Using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, we examined measurement invariance in the PID-5-BF across the SGM status in clinical (N = 1,174; n = 254 SGM) and nonclinical (N = 1,456; n = 151 SGM) samples. Measurement invariance was supported for the PID-5-BF structure, item thresholds, and factor loadings, but not at the item intercept level. SGM individuals endorsed higher negative affectivity, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism domains in both samples. In the clinical sample, adjusting for partial invariance decreased detachment and antagonism levels for SGM persons. In the nonclinical sample, adjusting for partial invariance reduced antagonism disparities in the SGM group, even rendering original group differences null. Our results support the use of the PID-5-BF in SGM populations but indicate that some measurement bias may drive observed disparities in maladaptive trait domains and, in turn, personality disorder diagnosis.

Particulate Matter Detachment from a Magnetizable Single Fiber Applying Magnetic Forces in Ambient Air

The potential utilization of magnetic effects in gas particle separation is a current subject of research. This paper demonstrates for the first time that a single magnetizable filter fiber can be deflected by a magnetically induced excitation for a selected combination of parameters, resulting in the removal of deposited particle structures with high detachment levels. A correlation between the magnetic flux density and achieved acceleration to overcome the adhesive forces/strength of the particle structure was determined. The degree of detachment after each regeneration was calculated by comparing the projection area before and after detachment using high-speed images. At a magnetic flux density of B = 38.5 mT, accelerations of maximum a = 105 m·s−2 are achieved, depending on the axial position along the single fiber. The degrees of regeneration achieved at these parameters depend on the amount of fiber loading and on the fiber orientation in the gravitational field. The horizontal orientation of the fiber leads to an increased reattachment of precedingly detached particle structures after deflection compared to a vertical orientation. High particle loading on the fiber results in enhanced detachment by inertia. Under the most favorable process conditions investigated, detachment levels of > 90% are achieved.

Quaternary Crustal Shortening of the Houyanshan Structure in the Eastern Chinese Tian Shan: Constrained from Geological and Geomorphological Analyses

The Tian Shan is one of the most active intracontinental orogenic belts in the world. It has undergone complex deformation that has resulted in the formation of several fold-and-thrust belts (FTBs) in the piedmonts and intermontane basins. Investigating the deformation histories of these FTBs is important for understanding the tectonic propagation processes of the Tian Shan. Here, we gain insight into these crustal shortening processes by deciphering the Houyanshan structure, a typical fold-thrust belt in the eastern Chinese Tian Shan. We first describe a curved thrust ramp and related fold pairs of the structure using high-resolution remote sensing photography, deformation of fluvial terraces, and field-based geological cross-section. Combined with deformed terrace records and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating results, the kinematic style allows us to yield a geologic shortening rate of 1.6 ± 0.2 mm/a since ~52 ka. Second, to reduce uncertainty in the seismic interpretation and quantify the amount and time of crustal shortening, we interpret three seismic reflection profiles by using the theory of quantitative fault-related fold, area-depth-strain (ADS), and reverse modeling analyses. These profiles provide direct evidence that this structure connects by means of a listric thrust ramp to a shallow detachment level. ADS analysis reveals that the maximum shortening of the Huoyanshan structure is ~4.5 km, which is consistent with the result of quantitative inverse modeling. Each of the structural analysis methods gives similar parameters, and the high consistency of results greatly improves the soundness of a given geologic interpretation. Finally, the shortening rate and total shortening amount suggest that the structure may have formed at 1.8–3.7 Ma, which is nearly synchronous around the Tibetan Plateau. Together, these results indicate that this combined geological and geomorphological analysis provides greater insight into deformation information than can be achieved by any individual technique in studying fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.

Detachment levels of Colombian caribbean mud volcanoes

Regional analysis of mud volcanoes demonstrates the regional extension of these processes in Northern Colombia. Mud volcanoes are active systems that manifest the characteristics of the underlying sedimentary sequences on the surface, as well as the presence of hydrocarbons. These may which provide information about the oil systems and the characterization of new migration paths. New data acquired during field geology studies, along with the evaluation of acquired aerial images by dron, allowed to observe variations in terms of morphology and neotectonic process, being distinctive between mud volcanoes formed in different structural domains. Mud volcanoes formed in areas of basement without thrust faults (back stop zone) are usually circular, connected to the basement by regional faults. Other mud volcanoes formed in older and younger deformed belts tend to present ellipsoidal shapes, with drainages patterns that suggest local stress fields associated with regional strike slip movements of major faults. The analysis of U/Pb ages in detrital zircons extracted from mud volcanoes and outcropping sedimentary sequences in the Colombian Caribbean, together with the analysis of foraminiferal and palynomorph faunas, suggest different levels of detachment. Clay mineralogy and geochemistry indicate that mud volcanoes formed in the back stop and the Northern part of the San Jacinto deformed belt have sludge material originated in sedimentary sequences with contributions from continental basement rocks, while the mud volcanoes located in the central and Southern parts of the studied area tend to show sediments provided from deepest stratigraphic levels, derived from less evolved magmatic sources (dioritic basements). Gas and water analysis obtained from studied mud volcanoes suggest that the old deformed belt, Paleocene accretionary wedge and back stop areas, have evidences of thermogenic oil systems, while in the domain of the younger deformed belt the tendency is to indicate evidences of microbial process.