Desulfurization Performance Research Articles

Enhanced H2S removal efficiency using CuO/Al2O3 catalyst impregnated with Ca(NO3)2: Influence of calcination temperature and mechanistic insights

A series of Ca(NO3)2-CuxO/Al2O3 catalysts with different calcination temperatures were designed to remove H2S effectively. Experimental and characterization results indicate that the calcination temperature can influence the catalyst's specific surface area, basic sites, and oxygen vacancies (VOs) concentration, thereby promoting its desulfurization performance. The Ca(NO3)2-CuxO/Al2O3 catalyst, calcined at 230 °C, exhibits an optimal surface structure. It demonstrates optimal H2S desulfurization performance at a temperature of 60 °C and relative humidity of 60 %, achieving a removal capacity of 486.67 mg/g. The VOs in CuxO (CuO and Cu2O) induce a unique catalytic of H2O, which generates hydroxy radicals (·OH) to oxidize the H2S anion to S. The introduction of Ca2+ provides basic sites to buffer pH, and NO3- with H+ removes H2S through cyclic oxidation, significantly enhancing the desulfurization performance of the Cu-based catalyst. The CaO-CuxO/Al2O3 catalyst, calcined at 700 °C, suffers from a deteriorated catalyst structure, leading to the rapid formation of desulfurization by-products due to the presence of CaO covering the catalyst surface. This diminishes the effectiveness of Cu, significantly impairing the catalyst's desulfurization performance (150.47 mg/g). Consequently, desulfurization mechanisms of Ca(NO3)2-CuxO/Al2O3 and CaO-CuxO/Al2O3 are proposed, offering effective strategies for the design and optimization of subsequent high-efficiency catalysts.

Comparative study of pre- and post-Cu modified calcium-based desulfurizers: experimental and theoretical insights into adsorption vs. catalysis

This study focused on the dry desulfurization of calcium-based materials, with the aim of conducting an in-depth investigation into the mechanistic differences in desulfurization between traditional commercial calcium-based materials and their Cu-modified counterparts, utilizing experiments, reaction kinetics, and density functional theory (DFT). Through a fixed-bed reactor, factors affecting desulfurization efficiency were investigated, with characterizations pre- and post-desulfurization. The experimental results showed that Cu significantly improved desulfurization performance of calcium-based materials, shifting the mechanism from adsorption- to catalysis-dominated. Among factors, temperature notably influenced calcium-based materials. Reaction kinetics analyses revealed that temperature boosted both rates of the surface chemical reaction-controlled stage and the internal diffusion process, explaining its significant impact. DFT simulations indicated Ca(OH)2(101) surfaces strongly adsorbed reactants but suffered from saturation and competitive adsorption, hindering efficiency. In contrast, Cu-modified surfaces, while exhibiting reduced adsorptive capacity, introduced new catalytic sites with low energy barriers, thereby enhancing desulfurization efficiency, particularly in the presence of water, which can directly participate in the subsequent formation of sulfate ions.

Medium and high temperature H2S removal via phosphazene polyoxometalate ionic liquids: Performance evaluation and mechanism exploration

The development of non-aqueous solvent desulfurizer is crucial to addressing the challenges associated with traditional liquid-phase wet desulfurization technologies. Based on this, we prepared a series of phosphazene polyoxometalate ionic liquids (PPILs) based of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride using different kinds of phosphazenes (PNs) combined with polyoxometalate (POM), and used for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) dynamic absorption experiments. The effects of PN type and ratio, temperature and desulfurizer concentration on the desulfurization performance of different PPILs were explored. Among them, PPILs@IBuPN-9 as the optimal desulfurizer could keep almost 100 % desulfurization efficiency in the medium and high temperature range (100–200 °C). The results showed that the combination of PNs with POM significantly improved and widened the H2S removal performance and the operational temperature window of the desulfurizer. Besides, PPILs@IBuPN-9 required only air regeneration to maintain relatively stable cycle performance for at least four times and the sulfur capacity could be efficiently increased during multiple regenerations. It was found that the hydrogen bonding sites on IBuPN network formed significantly enhanced the H2S capture ability of PPILs and the sulfur capacity was substantially improved by S2− substitution of oxygen atoms in the POM according to the characterization results and density functional theory calculations. This study promotes the deep integration of polyoxometalate chemistry with ionic liquids in the field of gas purification and promotes the development of non-aqueous phase desulfurization process.

Preparation and oxidative desulfurization performances of modified SBA-15 supported polyacid metal oxolates

In this study, eight composite catalysts were prepared by loading (CTAB)3H3[PW9V3O40] (active components) onto amino-functionalized mesoporous titanium silicate Ti-SBA-15(supports). In order to study the effects of different Ti contents and different active components on the catalytic performances of the catalysts, 30 %(CTAB)3H3[PW9V3O40]/NH2–Ti-SBA-X (X = 0, 25, 50, 75, 100) and X%(CTAB)3H3[PW9V3O40]/NH2–Ti-SBA-50 (X = 20, 40, 50) were obtained and characterized. The oxidative desulfurization performances of the composite catalysts were explored. It was found that catalyst 40 %(CTAB)3H3[PW9V3O40]/NH2–Ti-SBA-50 exhibits the optimal oxidative desulfurization performance. This is because the incorporation of SBA-15 with an appropriate amount of Ti (n(Si)/n(Ti) = 50) can improve the acidity and stability of mesoporous silica. The successful substitution of CTAB (n(CTAB)/n(H6PW9V3O40) = 3) in the active component can reduce the mass transfer resistance and speed up the reaction rate. 3-Aminopropyltriethyl silane (APTES) acts as a silane coupling agent to graft amino groups onto mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15, which can enhance the interaction between heteropolyacids and carriers. Under the synergistic effect of the active component and the support, the total removal rate of the optimal catalyst with a total concentration of 1000 ppm sulfur compounds in the simulated fuel was 94.44 %. After four cycles, the total desulfurization rate of the catalyst can reach 91.28 %.

Synergistic Palladium Single Sites and Nanoparticles Implanted Into a Novel Zr‐Based Metal–Organic Framework via Solvent‐Free Processing for Upgrading Oxidative Desulfurization Performance

AbstractDesulfurization is a significant approach to producing clean fuel. The design of novel host–guest catalysts with multiple active sites at atomic‐ and nano‐scales, opens a new door to gain an ultrahigh synergistic performance for targeted applications. Herein, an in situ solvent‐free approach is conducted for synchronously implanting Pd single sites (PdSS) and nanoparticles (PdNP) into a novel Zr‐based metal–organic framework (Zr‐MOF). The optimal catalyst exhibits ultrahigh oxidative desulfurization (ODS) performance that can oxidize 1 000 ppm sulfur with diluted oxidant at 40 °C within 5 min. The turnover frequency of the catalyst at 40 °C reaches 774.7 h−1 which is 47.4 times higher than host Zr‐MOF and surpasses the most reported ODS catalysts. A substantial synergistic effect between PdSS and PdNP is responsible for the upgradation of ODS performance. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that PdSS in Zr‐MOF can readily absorb H2O2, and synergistically decompose H2O2 with the assistance of PdNP for accelerated generation of •OH radicals that dominates the ODS performance. This work provides a new solvent‐free way for in situ implanting synergistic catalytic sites into MOFs to upgrade their catalytic performance in targeted reactions.

Cyclodextrin-assisted high selectivity of imprinted adsorbents loaded on polyoxometalate@UiO-66 for H2S removal at ambient temperature

The efficient removal of H2S is necessary for clean production and energy safety. However, industrial gases are usually accompanied by CO2 significantly affecting desulfurization effects. Hence, novel imprinted adsorbents (PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-CDs) were synthesized through surface imprinting technology using cyclodextrins (CDs) as molecular scaffolds and UiO-66 modified by phosphomolybdic acid (PMo12@UiO-66) as a support. Wherein, PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-β-CD was determined as the optimal adsorbent since β-CD with low solubility is prone to keep its inherent cavity to promote dispersion of imprinted polymers and enrich internal pore channels. H2S capacity of PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-β-CD (31.67 mg/g) was about 2.4 and 1.7 times that of PMo12@UiO-66 and PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIPs, respectively, revealing the remarkable contribution of β-CD as a molecular scaffold to improve desulfurization. The results showed that PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-β-CD can maintain stable desulfurization efficiency regardless of the presence of CO2 or moisture, and O2 can strengthen the redox reaction between H2S and PMo12 accompanied by the increased reduction degree of Mo6+ in PMo12. After five adsorption-regeneration cycles, PMo12@UiO-66@H2S-MIP-β-CD still exhibited ideal removal efficiency. The excellent desulfurization performance is mainly ascribed to the selective adsorption role of H2S-MIP-β-CD and oxidative removal ability of PMo12. This work provides a valuable reference for the directional design of high-capacity functional adsorbents for room-temperature desulfurization.

Cross-Linked Polyvinylimidazole Complexed with Heteropolyacid Clusters for Deep Oxidative Desulfurization.

The combustion of fuel with high sulfur concentrations produces a large number of sulfur oxides (SOx), which have a range of negative effects on human health and life. The preparation of catalysts with excellent performance in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is highly effective for reducing SOx production. In this paper, cross-linked polyvinylimidazole (VE) was successfully created using a simple ontology aggregation method, after which a catalyst of polyvinylimidazolyl heteropolyacid clusters (VE-HPA) was prepared by adding heteropolyacid clusters. Polyvinylimidazolyl-phosphotungstic acid (VE-HPW) showed an outstanding desulfurization performance, and the desulfurization efficiency reached 99.68% in 60 min at 50 °C with H2O2 as an oxidant. Additionally, the catalyst exhibited recyclability nine consecutive times and remained stable, with a removal rate of 98.60%. The reaction mechanism was eventually proposed with the assistance of the free radical capture experiment and GC-MS analysis.

Study on combustion characteristics of crustacean biomass derived fuel coupled with in-situ capture of SO2 based on pulsed microwave radiation

Crustacean waste has great potential as fossil fuel substitution and efficient desulfurization to reduce pollutant emissions, but high moisture and poor quality restrict broad-scale utilization. This study used microwave radiation on crayfish shell to investigate the combustion characteristics and desulfurization effect in different atmospheres/pulse microwave cycle. Meanwhile, the structure evolution mechanism and molecular reaction pathways were revealed. The results show that crayfish shell derived fuel has a pleasurable combustion performance and sulfur fixation ability after microwave radiation in flue gas. The heat release of derived fuel increased by 29.9 % after five microwave cycle in flue gas, and activation energy decreased by 3.7 %. By contrast, the heat release increased by 17.4 % after five microwave cycle in inert gas, and activation energy increased by 39.3 %. Subsequently, the effect of microwave cycle times in flue gas on crayfish shell combustion and desulfurization performance was studied. The results show that the heat release of derived fuel gradually increases with microwave cycle. After seven microwave cycle, the derived fuel heat release and SO2 removal efficiency increased by 34.9 % and 44.4 %, respectively. The results establish the foundation for expanding the utilization pathway of crustacean waste and realizing the low-carbon energy transition.

Isomeric organic ligands directing octamolybdates-linked Copper(II) functionalized complexes as active catalysts in electrochemistry and desulfurization

Two remarkable octamolybdates-based copper-organic complexes, namely, [Cu7(L)4(H2O)7(β-H2Mo8O26)]·7H2O (POM 1) and [Cu6(HX)4(β-Mo8O26)(H2O)6]·3H2O (POM 2) (H3L = 2-(pyridine-4-yl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid; H3X = 2-(pyridine-3-yl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid), were successfully assembled using two isomeric organic ligands under hydrothermal conditions. The two-dimensional metal-organic layers of POMs 1 and 2 were converted into three-dimensional frameworks by hexadentate β-H2Mo8O262− and tetradentate β-Mo8O264− clusters, respectively. The electrocatalytic properties of POM 1 were investigated, revealing its ability to catalyze the reduction of BrO3−, NO2− and H2O2 and the oxidation of ascorbic acid. Notably, POMs 1 and 2 demonstrated exceptional stability in organic solvents and exhibited excellent catalytic performance in oxidative desulfurization. When employed as catalysts for thioanisole oxidation, the conversion rates reached 94.5% after 150 min for POMs 1 and 99.9% after 120 min for POMs 2. In addition, their catalytic performances in model oil remained largely unchanged after five recycling cycles.

One-Pot Preparation of Nitro-Functionalized Bimetallic UiO-66(Zr-Hf) with Hierarchical Porosity for Oxidative Desulfurization Performance.

Preparation of multifunctional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offers new opportunities to obtain ultrahigh synergistic catalytic performance for heterogeneous reactions; however, the application of a one-pot method for preparing multifunctional MOFs remains challenging. Herein, we develop a one-pot green route for synthesizing bimetallic nitro-functionalized UiO-66(Zr-Hf)-NO2 with hierarchical porosity under solvent-free conditions. The optimal UiO-66(Zr-Hf0.6)-NO2 shows an ultrahigh enhancement of oxidative desulfurization (ODS) efficiency to oxidize sulfur compounds (1000 ppm sulfur) in a model fuel at 40 °C within 12 min due to the introduction of more active Hf sites in the nodes, the increased Lewis acidity of Zr/Hf-O nodes by the electron-withdrawing NO2 group, and the enhanced diffusion rates by the mesopores. The turnover frequency (TOF) over UiO-66(Zr-Hf0.6)-NO2 at 40 or 50 °C reaches 145.3 or 217.0 h-1 that surpasses the TOF of most reported MOF-based catalysts in the ODS reaction. Quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments confirm that the formed Hf-OH on the Zr/Hf-O nodes can easily decompose the oxidant (H2O2) for generating a Hf-OOH-active intermediate and dominate the ODS efficiency. This contribution provides a one-pot solvent-free avenue to synthesize multifunctional MOFs for enhancing their catalytic activities for targeted applications.

Synthesis of Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical-Modified Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Oxidative Desulfurization in Fuel.

Novel and highly stable nitronyl nitroxide radical (NIT) derivatives were synthesized and coated on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to improve their desulfurization performance. They were characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and ESR. Thiophene in fuel was desulfurized by molecular O2, and the oxidation activity of these compounds was evaluated. At a normal temperature and pressure, the degradation rates of thiophene by four compounds in 4 h can reach 92.66%, 96.38%, 93.25% and 89.49%, respectively. The MWCNTs/NIT-F have a high special activity for the degradation of thiophene, and their desulfurization activity can be recycled for five times without a significant reduction. The mechanistic studies of MWCNTs/NIT composites show that the ammonium oxide ion is the key active intermediate in catalytic oxidative desulfurization, which provides a new choice for fuel oxidative desulfurization. The results show that NIT significantly improves the photocatalytic performance of MWCNTs.

Experimental study on the preparation of desulfurizer for low temperature dry desulfurization by digesting CaO in urea solution

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) with outstanding sulfur dioxide (SO2) adsorption properties was synthesized through the utilization of calcium oxide (CaO) with a urea solution via a digestion method. This innovative calcium-based desulfurizer aims to meet the needs of low-temperature dry flue gas desulfurization in the steel industry. Fixed-bed experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of different water-ash ratios, urea solution concentrations, and digestion time on the desulfurization efficiency and particle structure of the desulfurizers. Sample CAC-2–0.1 U exhibited outstanding desulfurization performance, achieving 100 % removal efficiency, a sulfur capacity of 34.64 mg/g, and a breakthrough time of 142.6 minutes under target flue gas conditions. The sample also displayed a high specific surface area of 22.10 m2/g and demonstrated adaptability under varying operating conditions. Characterization and reaction mechanisms of the desulfurizer were studied using XRD, SEM, BET, XPS, ICP-OES, and Materials Studio software. Experimental data was analyzed through pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic equations, and intra-particle diffusion model. The product's strong adsorption capacity for SO2 positions it as a highly promising adsorbent for controlling low-temperature flue gas emissions in the steel industry.

The Utilization of Rice Husk as Both the Silicon Source and Mesoporous Template for the Green Preparation of Mesoporous TiO2/SiO2 and Its Excellent Catalytic Performance in Oxidative Desulfurization.

In recent years, TiO2-based catalysts have received extensive attention from researchers for their excellent oxidative desulfurization (ODS) performances. In this paper, a series of mesoporous TiO2/SiO2 catalysts with different TiO2 loadings are prepared, using an incipient wetness impregnation method with agricultural waste rice husk as both the silicon source and mesoporous template and tetrabutyl titanate as the titanium source. The effect of different TiO2 loadings on the ODS performance of the samples is investigated, and the appropriate TiO2 loading is 2.5%. Compared with pure TiO2, the 2.5%TiO2/SiO2 sample exhibits high catalytic activity for oxidative desulfurization. This is, on the one hand, due to the high specific surface area and mesopore volume of the 2.5%TiO2/SiO2 sample. On the other hand, it is due to the uniform dispersion of TiO2 grains with an average diameter of 6.1 nm on the surface of the mesoporous SiO2 carrier, which greatly increases the active sites of the 2.5%TiO2/SiO2 sample, thus improving the catalytic activity of the sample. The recycling performances of the 2.5%TiO2/SiO2 sample are further investigated. The results show that, after fifteen cycles, the 2.5%TiO2/SiO2 sample still maintains high conversions of dibenzothiophene (99.8%) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (99.7%) without deactivation. In addition, the 2.5%TiO2/SiO2 sample treated with TBHP aqueous solution is characterized by the technique of UV-Vis, and the Ti-peroxo (Ti-OOtBu) species, the active intermediate for the ODS of bulky organic sulfides, is successfully captured. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism for the ODS process over the 2.5%TiO2/SiO2 sample is proposed.

Electrothermally-Driven Ultrafast Chemical Modulation of Multifunctional Nanocarbon Aerogels.

Ultrahigh-temperature Joule-heating of carbon nanostructures opens up unique opportunities for property enhancements and expanded applications. This study employs rapid electrical Joule-heating at ultrahigh temperatures (up to 3000K within 60s) to induce a transformation in nanocarbon aerogels, resulting in highly graphitic structures. These aerogels function as versatile platforms for synthesizing customizable metal oxide nanoparticles while significantly reducing carbon emissions compared to conventional furnace heating methods. The thermal conductivity of the aerogel, characterized by Umklapp scattering, can be precisely adjusted by tuning the heating temperature. Utilizing the aerogel's superhydrophobic properties enables its practical application in filtration systems for efficiently separating toxic halogenated solvents from water. The hierarchically porous aerogel, featuring a high surface area of 607m2g-1, ensures the uniform distribution and spacing of embedded metal oxide nanoparticles, offering considerable advantages for catalytic applications. These findings demonstrate exceptional catalytic performance in oxidative desulfurization, achieving a 98.9% conversion of dibenzothiophene in the model fuel. These results are corroborated by theoretical calculations, surpassing many high-performance catalysts. This work highlights the pragmatic and highly efficient use of nanocarbon structures in nanoparticle synthesis under ultrahigh temperatures, with short heating durations. Its broad implications extend to the fields of electrochemistry, energy storage, and high-temperature sensing.

Tuning electron configuration of metal sites for the diesel adsorptive desulfurization over ion-exchanged zeolite Y

In diesel adsorption desulfurization, the coordination bonding between the adsorbent and sulfur compounds is interfered by aromatic compounds in diesel. Transition metal cation exchanged zeolites Y has exhibits exceptional anti-interference performance. In this work, the influence of electron configuration on coordination bonding is explored, specifically between the adsorbent and substrate, using both experimental and DFT theoretical methods. Initially, NiY, CuY and ZnY were synthesized and evaluated for their desulfurization performance in model solution (sulfur content: 25 ppmw dibenzothiophene [DBT]) with two toluene concentrations (1 w% and 3 w%). It is found that CuY showed the highest performance with retention rate at 70.2 %. Subsequently, DFT calculations revealed the binding energy between Cu(II) and DBT was −2.71 eV, higher than Ni(II) and Zn(II), and that between Cu(II) and toluene was −1.75 eV, lower than Ni(II) and Zn(II), indicating that the highest binding energy difference was responsible for the best adsorption capability. Apart from these, wave function analysis show the electron configuration between Cu(II) and DBT had the highest binding energy difference. Finally, the impact of electron configuration on adsorption performance is further investigated by modulating the electron configuration of Ni(II) to enhance/suppress its adsorption capability. According to the findings of this study, tuning the electron configuration is an effective strategy to develop materials in adsorptive desulfurization particularly for extra low sulfur content.

Thiophene desulfurization: Effects of dendritic silica and PEG as surface modifier on ZnO photocatalyst

This work focused on desulfurizing thiophene using a photocatalyst comprising zinc oxide (ZnO) and fibrous silica nanospheres (KCC-1) to exploit the photocatalytic process. Six photocatalyst samples (commercial ZnO, KCC-1, ZnO/1.5KCC-1, ZnO/2.0KCC-1, ZnO/2.5KCC-1 and ZnO/PEG) were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). It was found that the properties of ZnO were altered by incorporating KCC-1 to enhance the efficiency of thiophene desulfurization. Desulfurization performances were investigated using three parameters, which were initial pH, initial thiophene concentration, and photocatalyst loading. Each parameter was validated using thiophene desulfurization percentage and turbidity removal percentage. This work discovered that ZnO/2.0KCC-1 was the optimum photocatalyst with 83 % thiophene desulfurization. No clear trend was observed for turbidity removal percentage, yet the ZnO/KCC-1 photocatalyst was able to reduce turbidity significantly. The pH of the permeation rose from neutral to alkaline range due to the hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produced during the desulfurization process.

Deep eutectic solvents as sustainable and extraordinary all-in-one systems for oxidative desulfurization

Deep oxidative desulfurization (ODS) using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was a promising and environmentally friendly technique. Herein, we report an innovative and straightforward approach for achieving efficient oxidative desulfurization using DESs. These DESs serve as all-in-one systems, encompassing catalysts, oxidants, and solvents. The results demonstrate the excellent desulfurization performance of a DES derived from meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) and dimethylethanolamine (DMAE) for the removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model oil. The use of multi-component DES systems enhances efficiency and reduces toxicity compared to individual solvent components, resulting in deep desulfurization levels. The influence of crucial extraction parameters, such as extraction time, temperature, and amount of DES, was investigated. The results demonstrated that the mCPBA/DMAE-based DES exhibited the highest desulfurization efficiency, reaching up to 99 % under optimal conditions (60 °C, 90 min, and 1 mL of DES). Moreover, the exceptional stability and reusability of DESs were confirmed, as they maintained sustained desulfurization efficiency even after six cycles of reuse.

Hydrogen-donating capacity of hydrothermal system in catalytic and non-catalytic desulfurization of sulfur compound of unconventional crudes and residues: Deuterium tracing study

This research tries to figure out the role of water as a green and environmental hydrogen-donor solvent for catalytic and non-catalytic hydrothermal desulfurization (HT-DS) of dibenzyl sulfide (DBS) as a sulfur model compound of unconventional crudes and petroleum residues using deuterium tracing techniques. In addition, the ordinary water (H2O) was replaced by heavy water (D2O) to ease the evaluation of the donating capacity of water as a hydrogen donor during HT-DS process of selected sulfur model compound. The hydrothermal conversion (HTC) of dibenzyl sulfide and donating performance of heavy water were deeply investigated through comprehensive analysis of the initial and converted obtained products encompassing gas, liquid, and solid phase (if obtained), using different techniques GC, GC–MS, FTIR, high resolution deuterium (2H) NMR, and isotope analysis. The results of the non-catalytic and catalytic HTC of DBS show high conversion degree of 75.79 and 97.34 %, respectively, resulting in the formation of desulfurized compounds consisting of bibenzyl and stilbene. Additionally, the results of the deuterium tracing study proved the role of water as a green and environmental hydrogen-donor solvent during HT-DS of DBS, verified by considerable deuterium substitution (H/D exchanges) in both liquid (converted) and gases products. The results of the GC–MS as a tracing technique showed by molecular weight data the formation of the individual deuterium containing products in liquid and gas phases for both catalytic and non-catalytic HT-DS. Simultaneously, both experimental and DFT results showed that the application of nickel (II) stearate as an oil-soluble catalyst promoted both HTC of DBS. The important finding about the role of water in catalytic and non-catalytic HT-DS of DBS not only enriches the theoretical basis in this area, but also provides a strong support for the combined use of water and catalysts for improving conversion and desulfurization performance, thereby offering insights into the optimization of hydrothermal processes for unconventional sources of energy.

Study on Desulfurization and Regeneration Performance of Nanofluid System Based on Heteropoly Compound/Ionic Liquid Solutions

Study on Desulfurization and Regeneration Performance of Nanofluid System Based on Heteropoly Compound/Ionic Liquid Solutions

Ultra‐deep and fast oxidative desulfurization by IL‐POM immobilized on bar‐shaped green fiber toward the high efficiency

The Keggin‐type P‐Mo‐W polyoxometalate‐based ionic liquids ([VimAm]Br‐POM, POM is PMo6W6O40) were facilely supported on the green fiber (CA) to obtain a kind of bar‐shaped catalyst. The [VimAm]Br‐POM@CA showed an outstanding oxidative desulfurization performance for model oil and real oils with H2O2 as oxidant, mainly due to the dual role of the [VimAm]Br‐POM with the high activity and its excellent dispersion on CA. The dibenzothiophene (DBT) in model oil could be almost completely removed with [VimAm]Br‐POM@CA‐2 in 60 min at 60 °C without adding other extractants, in which [VimAm]Br acts as this role. Meanwhile, the influences of reaction temperature, molar ratio of H2O2/S, catalyst dosage, and different sulfur‐containing compounds were also investigated. Interestingly, the pretty low activation energy (0.1875 kJ/mol) has been achieved, and no significant loss of activity even after being reused for 5 cycles. The combination of IL‐POM and CA is an efficient strategy to obtain a newly kind desulfurization catalyst, with remarkable results on catalytic efficiency and reuse ability at the same time.