Destructive Fishing Research Articles

The condition of economical important coral reef fishes in eastern and western small outer island Indonesia

More than three months of cumulative comprehensive studied we conducted to evaluate coral reef fishes composition in Eastern Indonesia Region (Liki Island) and Western Indonesia Region (Natuna Island) of small outer Island (SOI) Indonesia. There is a fundamental problem in the ecological function of the coral reef ecosystem and the potential of economically important reef fishes in small outer Island Indonesia. Several obstructions become an essential problem, including the location of SOI, which is far from the mainland with a lack of surveillance and monitoring; consequently, the coral ecosystem and its coral reef fishes are threatened. Overfishing and destructive fishing are the major problems reported in several locations on the outermost island. Both anthropogenic stressors cause degraded coral ecosystems and give the loss specific species of marine species, especially in economically important coral reef fishes that primary target for fisheries. The latest and continuous time series data is essential as necessary information to arrange the appropriate and sustainable policies in Small outer islands, especially in protected the ecosystem from ecological extinction. The main goal of our study is to evaluate the potential of economic coral reef fishes with analysis of two families of fundamental economic and targeted fisheries: groupers (Serranidae) and snapper (Lutjanidae) in eastern and western small outer island Indonesia. The data were collected in each six site location in both eastern and western region SOI using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) technique. Four parameters, including species richness, abundance, biomass, and indices of economic coral reef fishes (Shannon, Evenness, Simpson, and ENS), were compared between the eastern region (Liki) to the Western region (Natuna) with Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric statistical analysis and internal Pairwise Wilcoxon analysis. The eastern region (Liki) recorded higher fish richness, abundance, and biomass than the western region (Natuna) (p< 0.05). Comparisons with ecological indices shown in the eastern region SOI (Liki) had a more diverse economic important coral reef fishes than western region SOI (Natuna). Understanding the composition of economically important coral reef fish in SOI will reveal more about the condition of the ecological function of the coral ecosystem and their vulnerability to future changes.

Obligations and responsibilities of flag states related to IUU fishing based on ITLOS case no. advisory opinion 21 and its impacts to Indonesia

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is still one of the biggest threats to the marine ecosystem. That is because IUU Fishing can damage a country’s national and regional efforts to manage fisheries in a sustainable manner and interface with efforts to conserve marine biodiversity. IUU Fishing has reached about 20 percent of the total world catch and up to 50 percent in some areas. IUU Fishing practices often use bonded labor, destructive fishing methods and deceptive actions to reap profits at the expense of the state’s local coastal fishing industry and the marine environment. Fisheries resources that should be available for fishermen are reduced due to IUU Fishing which can cause the collapse of local fisheries. Developing countries have proven to be very vulnerable because they have a large risk of being affected by illegal fishing, with the estimated total catch in West Africa reaching 40 percent higher than reported catches, such as exploitation rates severely almost sustainable management of marine ecosystems.

LAW ENFORCEMENT OF DESTRUCTIVE FISHING IN INDONESIAN SEAS

Indonesia is a country consisting of many islands. This makes Indonesia rich in natural marine resources consisting of marine products such as fish and other marine animals. Catching fish by means of damage or (destructive fishing) using trawlers, fish bombs, fish anesthesia needs special attention in terms of law enforcement, to support the protection of marine ecosystems and enforcement of existing regulations. This study uses a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. This research shows weaknesses in committing destructive fishing crimes. This is intended so that law enforcers can enforce according to the provisions of the statutory regulations that are willing, and seek additional personnel or carry out strategies so that they can carry out surveillance in the Indonesian sea from catching fish in destructive ways.

Detection of a new strain of lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in captive-bred clownfish Amphiprion percula in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Breeding of ornamental marine fishes was initiated in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, to protect reef ecosystems from destructive fishing and to supplement income of local communities. However, stress associated with captive breeding conditions could enhance vulnerability of fish to disease. Wild- and captive-bred clownfish Amphiprion percula showed clinical signs such as white spots and warts typically associated with lymphocystis disease. Sequencing a portion of the DNA polymerase gene confirmed the identity of a lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) in clownfish tissues that closely resembled LCDV from paradisefish; however, both strains were only 90% similar at the nucleotide level. Phylogenetic analysis suggests the LCDV is a new strain representing the first sequence of LCDV in A. percula. To determine the virus presence in clownfish and other ornamental marine species (OMS) in the hatchery, we developed conventional PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays that were comparatively sensitive at detecting the new LCDV strain. Among the PCR-tested clownfish, 19.4% (n = 14/72) were positive for the LCDV DNA that were either symptomatic or apparently healthy. Other OMS (n = 29) bred in the hatchery including seahorse Hippocampus spp., mandarin fish Synchiropus spp., and pajama cardinal fish Sphaeremia nepatoptera were negative by the LCDV PCR. The PCR and LAMP assays developed in this study will facilitate disease management by early detection of the LCDV and removal of potential reservoirs of the virus.

Diversity and Distribution of Fin-fish and Prawn Species Assemblages of the Catch in Five Perennial Reservoirs in Northern Province, Sri Lanka

Present study was carried out to assess the abundance and diversity of fin-fish and prawn species in the selected five reservoirs in the Northern Province, Sri Lanka. Fin-fish and prawns caught by multi-mesh gillnets, and rod and hooks, were sampled from January to December 2017. Relative abundance and diversity indices were calculated and, differences and similarities among reservoirs in different months were assessed. The hierarchical clustering was used in constructing dendrogram. Of the 27 finfish species and two freshwater prawn species identified in total, the highest number of species were observed in Muthayankattu reservoir (26 species) while Puthumurippu reservoir had the lowest (14 species). Oreochromis niloticus was the dominant species in all the reservoirs. Small reservoirs (Puthumurippu, Kalmadu and Muhathankulam) showed high Shannon-Weiner diversity index and evenness, though low in dominance index, compared to large reservoirs (Vavunikulam and Muthayankattu). Selective harvest methods, number of fishers and seasonal variation of hydro-climatic factors such as rainfall, strong wind and water level significantly influenced the diversity of fish species. Increasing fishing pressure and use of destructive fishing methods during low water level were the main contributors for diversity loss in the five perennial reservoirs studied.

Reproduction of Celebes rainbowfish, Marosatherina ladigesi Ahl, 1936 in Pattunuang and Batu Puteh Rivers, South Sulawesi

Marosatherina ladigesi is one of endemic fishes in South Sulawesi and also as ornamental fish. Anthropogenic activities such as destructive fishing and degradation caused by the dredging of sand carried M. ladigesi to the red list of threatened IUCN category as vulnerable species. Accordingly, conservation efforts are needed to maintenance fish population in its habitat. The biologic information for conservation is reproduction of fishes. This research aimed to described reproduction of Celebes rainbow fish including sex ratio, gonad maturity, gonado-somatic index, fecundity, and distribution of egg diameter in Pattunuang and Batu Puteh Rivers, South Sulawesi. This research was conducted from May 2018 to April 2019. The result showed that the sex ratio in Pattunuang and Batu Puteh rivers were 1,00:1,60 and 1,00:1,08, respectively. This species spawned from the end of dry season to the early rainy season. Fecundity of fish in Pattunuang and Batu Puteh rivers were 22-795 eggs and 69-571 eggs, respectively. Based on distribution of egg diameter, Celebes rainbowfish categorized as total spawner. For the conservation of this species is recommended to catch restrictions in the spawning season and for male fish, and needs to be proposed the conservation in situ to determine both of rivers as reservoir area because these habitats are a source of germplasm.

Seasonal studies on in situ coral transplantation in the Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, Southeast coast of Tamil Nadu, India

Since past three decades, coral reefs of the world are degrading at large scales due to climate change and through combination of anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Coral reefs in the 21 islands of Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve, Southeast coast of Tamil Nadu, India are also greatly damaged by frequent bleaching events, destructive fishing, invasive algal assemblage, sedimentation, diseases, and destructive waves and currents. To facilitate the restoration of these habitats, an extensive artificial restoration of corals has been implemented as a counter measurement. This conservation practice will help to increases the live coral covers, rebuild the destroyed coral reefs, and protect the reef biodiversity. The present study underwater experiments were revealed that profuse growths of transplanted corals are dependent on coral species and the study sites. There was significant differences in seasonal growth rate at northern side of Hare Island (p = .03), where the maximum mean Acropora coral growth rate around 11.75 cm was observed during summer from initial mean growth 7.65 cm. Similarly, significant variation in growth rate was observed during monsoon between naturally recruited and transplanted corals (p = .02), where naturally recruited coral colonies, and transplanted coral colonies were displayed the maximum mean growth rates as 11.5 cm, and 7.5 cm respectively in two months,. Significance seasonal influence on growth rates of transplanted coral was observed (p = .01). Relatively, Acropora corals have showed faster growth rates and also resistance to environmental influences such as algal invasion, sedimentation, turbidity, and bleaching events.

Development of portable, non-destructive freshness indicative sensor for Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) stored under ice

A handheld, portable and non-destructive instrumental sensor was developed to assess the freshness of Indian Mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) stored under ice. The freshness sensor consists of a webcam, raspberry-Pi (small single-board computer), LCD display and a power bank. The color changes in fish eye as a result of spoilage during iced storage was measured as pixel count using image processing technique. Simultaneously, destructive fish quality and freshness results were obtained by estimating K-value and Psychrophilic count during the storage. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between pixel count and quality indicators. The analysis of results of K-value and Psychrophilic count revealed that fish quality and freshness limits can be established in storage days as extremely fresh up to third day, fresh till thirteenth day and then spoiled. Further, these quality limits were correlated with pixel count against storage days to establish three different ranges in pixel count. The obtained pixel count ranges were provided as input to the sensor for classification of fish samples into three indicative freshness levels i.e. Extremely fresh, Fresh and Spoiled. The validation study of sensor was conducted by assessing fish samples collected from local markets and observed that sensor was accurately predicting the freshness of fish.

Strategy management area coral viewed from threat level in tanah Bumbu regency South Kalimantan

The major threats of coral reefs are anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic factors. The research aims to determine the threat level and formulate a strategy to manage coral reefs. The methods used are lozenge, the analysis of threat status, the analysis of hierarchy processes and the interpretation of strategic management. Threat assessment was based on an expert view obtained through a questionnaire. The results of the research indicate that the low threat level of coral reefs is 225.84 ha (66.3%) and the moderate threat level is 114.58 ha (33.7%). The result of modeling for the next 20 years indicates that the low threat is 84.03 ha (24.69%), the moderate threat is 238.49 ha (70.06%,) and the high threat 17.88 ha ( 5.25%). The management strategies used are watershed conservation, harbor management, the prevention of destructive fishing practices, integrated and sustainable marine tourism management, revitalization of coastal settlements and the control of population growth, and adaptive management for coral reefs related to global warming.

Environmental impacts and implications of tropical carrageenophyte seaweed farming.

Field-based cultivation of Kappaphycus and Eucheuma seaweeds is widespread across the tropics and is largely done to extract the polysaccharide carrageenan, which is used in commercial applications. Although such seaweed farming has been cited as a sustainable alternative livelihood to destructive fishing, there has not been a comprehensive review of its environmental impacts to assess its potential conservation benefit. We reviewed the peer-reviewed and industry gray literature to determine what is known about seaweed farming techniques and their impacts on local ecosystems, organisms, and ecosystem services. We identified 43 tropical or subtropical countries that are currently cultivating or have cultivated carrageenophytes. Ecosystem impacts of seaweed farming were measured directly in 33 publications with variable results. Placement of seaweed farms above seagrass beds led to reduced productivity and shoot density in 5 studies and reduced or altered meiofaunal abundance and diversity in 6 studies. On coral reefs, overgrowth of corals by farmed seaweed species was documented in 8 cases. Two studies showed changes to herbivorous fish communities in adjacent areas because seaweed farms changed the environment, whereas in 2 studies measures of overall abundance or diversity did not change. The impacts of seaweed farming may not be as destructive as some other human activities, but they should still be considered when establishing new farms or managing existing farm sites. Our findings are consistent with suggestions to mitigate impact on local ecosystems by shifting seaweed farms to deeper, sandy-bottom areas. However, some of these changes may adversely affect farmers and associated communities.

Reproductive biology of the Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758 in Mediterranean coast of Sinai, Egypt.

This work aims to investigate reproductive biology of the Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L. 1758) to provide biological base for management of its fisheries in the Mediterranean coast of Sinai, Egypt. Monthly samples of S. scombrus were collected from the commercial catch in different landing sites of the Mediterranean coast of Sinai during 2019. The length-weight relation was found as W= 0.0116 L2.9556, W= 0.0077 L3.091 and W= 0.0094 L3.022715 for males, females and combined sexes respectively. Overall sex ratio (males: females) was 1: 1.4 during the period of study. Gonado- Somatic Index (GSI) of females showed that S. scombrus spawn during March, April and May, since GSI peaked in these months (6.5, 7.2 and 5.2 % respectively). The lowest value of GSI of females was recorded in October (0.05%). Lengths at first sexual maturity (Lm) were determined as 23.2 and 23.4 cm for males and females respectively. The absolute fecundity (F) was increasing with the fish length and described by a power equation: F = 0.0014 L5.6414. The relative fecundity gradually increased from 2481.8 to 7599.3 eggs per cm (average 4748.9 eggs / cm). To protect and maintain the stock of Atlantic mackerel in the Mediterranean coast of Sinai, it is recommended to ban using fishing nets of illegal mesh sizes and other destructive fishing methods which catch small fish sizes. Length at first capture should be larger than length at first sexual maturity (> 23.4 cm) and ban fishing nets targeting S. scombrus during its spawning season (from March to May).

Assessing the distribution pattern of otters in four rivers of the Indian Himalayan biodiversity hotspot

Abstract The Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), smooth‐coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), and Asian small‐clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) have all been reported previously from the Indian state of Uttarakhand. However, little information is available about their current distribution in a mountainous region that is subject to increasing human‐induced stressors (such as hydropower plants, pollution, sand and boulder mining, destructive fishing techniques, poaching). Owing to important roles played by these otters in structuring riverine food webs (particularly taking account of their roles as top carnivores), it is critical that they receive suitable protection in the face of projected temperature rise, change in precipitation patterns, and associated river flows in this Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. This study assesses otter distribution in four rivers of Uttarakhand as a basis for informing future conservation actions. Field surveys were conducted (October 2018–January 2019) in reaches of the Kosi, Ramganga, Khoh, and Song rivers, supported by semi‐structured interviews (N = 379) conducted with members of local communities to collect qualitative data on views and perceptions of otter species. In addition, community‐based otter awareness camps were organized for local youths (N = 105), adults (N = 115), and schoolchildren (N = 256 covering 10 schools). Habitat suitability maps were created using remote‐sensing data, survey findings, and a geographic information system to provide information about priority reaches of river to be targeted for future conservation efforts. This study provides critical interdisciplinary baseline information to guide decision‐makers towards developing a targeted, otter‐specific conservation programme for this important Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. The otter conservation education programmes conducted during this study resulted in a proposal to set up a community‐based conservation initiative to monitor and report otter sightings from the area, potentially representing a way forward for achieving simultaneous otter conservation and associated ecosystem benefits for local communities.

Sustainable Fisheries Management in the Indian Ocean: The Way Forward

The Oceans cover 71% of the earth’s surface and contains 97% of the planet’s water. This is the life support system of the earth. The Ocean is the main protein supplier for the humankind. The Indian Ocean is a warm water ocean and well regulated by monsoons and currents. Large number of rivers and tributaries flow into this ocean, making it rich with minerals, seaweeds and planktons, which sustain the fish stocks. Man-made pollution and climate change can be detrimental to the sustenance of a balanced marine eco-system. Further, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing combined with destructive fishing methods can deplete this valuable protein source. Issues and conflicts in delimitation of maritime boundaries and fishermen not respecting even internationally or bilaterally established maritime boundaries are impediments to effective fisheries management. The Indian Ocean is vast and the third largest ocean in the world. The population of the Indian Ocean is around 2.5 billion. However, we must be mindful of the need to have a sustainable ocean based economic model, that will not over exploit the finite fishery resources but will continue to provide the much-needed protein sources to this large population, not only at present times but even in the future. Non-management of fisheries by states and non-adherence to rule based maritime order by non-state actors engaged in fisheries could have ramifications on traditional and human security aspects for the region. Fishing boats and some fishermen could be involved with various maritime crime activities for monetary or ideological gains, and, depletion of fisheries resources due to overfishing can have a direct impact on human security of the Indian Ocean littorals, as the main livelihood and economic activities of the coastal populations are connected to the ocean based resources. There were many instances of the fishermen being exploited by terrorist groups. Hence the management of fisheries in a sustainable manner is important for the Indian Ocean, as the peaceful co-existence of the nations depends on the continued Blue Economic models where the fisheries is managed and harvested in a sustainable manner.

Are we sacrificing the future of coral reefs on the altar of the “climate change” narrative?

Abstract Following a series of mass-bleaching events that have seriously degraded coral reefs, notably the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, a common narrative is now dominating the discourse, according to which “the only sure way to save the world’s coral reefs is climate change mitigation”. However, climate change is not a sole stressor. Most coral reefs around the world are threatened by a myriad of local stressors, including overfishing, destructive fishing, untreated sewage, agriculture effluents (nutrients and pesticides), and siltation due to deforestation. Reefs will not survive the severe effects of this plethora of stressors while waiting until we mitigate climate change. In order to safeguard reefs, we need to adopt a new narrative—“there are diverse ways in which we can improve the chances of saving coral reefs”—by acting now to: (i) improve their local protection and marine protected area networks, (ii) alleviate their critical local stressors, (iii) restore degraded and damaged reefs, and (iv) promote reef resilience and adaptation (e.g. adaptation networks, assisted evolution) to the changing conditions, notably climate change effects. It is time for us to move on from the impractical goals of the climate change narrative (“interventions beyond our field of expertise”) to building up resilience and adaptation of social-ecological systems of coral reefs.

UPAYA PENYADARAN MASYARAKAT TERHADAP KELESTARIAN SPESIES ENDEMIK SUNGAI SERAYU IKAN UCENG (Nemachilus fasciatus C.V.) DI KABUPATEN BANYUMAS

A Research on efforts to raise awareness of fishing communities towards endemic fish of the Serayu Uceng River (Nemachilus fasciatus C.V.) as well as the rule of law regarding destructive fishing has been carried out at the Banyumas District Fisheries Office. The purpose of this research is to make the community aware of the sustainability of uceng fish resources. The research was conducted through a material transfer method for 30 people from the environmentally responsible anglers community and 10 village heads in the Banyumas Regency. The results showed that there were 3 people who did not yet know the rule of law regarding destructive fishing (93.33%). The results of the study also recommend the importance of forming a Community Watch Group (POKMASWAS) in monitoring destructive fishing in the Serayu River. Efforts to continuously monitor fisheries resources can create sustainable fisheries resources. Keywords: uceng fish, Serayu river, destructive fishing, community watch group

Identifying potential causes of fish declines through local ecological knowledge of fishers in the Ganga River, eastern Bihar, India

AbstractLocal ecological knowledge (LEK) can offer insights into fisheries management by describing long‐term changes that are difficult to unravel in data‐poor river‐floodplain fisheries. LEK is derived from complex interactions between fishers’ observations of environmental change and their institutional capacities to manage fisheries. Hence, it is important to understand where and how LEK and formal scientific studies on fish species’ decline could complement each other. In this paper, the causes of decline of 58 fish and two shrimp taxa were identified from LEK data (1999–2019) obtained from river–floodplain fisheries of the Gangetic plains (Bihar, India). Qualitative analyses of LEK were used to generate species‐specific hypotheses and historical insights on their declines. Destructive fishing, overfishing and the Farakka barrage were cited by fishers as the major causes of declines. Potential reasons for these perceptions were explored in relation to fishers’ experiences of conflicts in the region over fishing rights and access.

Pembinaan masyarakat desa untuk peningkatan pendapatan melalui teknologi budidaya kepiting soka di Desa Pulau Cawan Kecamatan Mandah Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir

Kepiting soka adalah kepiting bakau yang dibudidayakan dan dilakukan pemanen disaat molting sehingga cangkangnya menjadi lunak dan mudah untuk dikonsumsi. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat Desa Pulau Cawan, Kecamatan Mandah, Kabupaten Indragiri Hilir melalui budidaya kepiting soka dengan memperkenalkan teknik budidaya yang ramah lingkungan, namun dapat menghasilkan nilai tambah dari segi peningkatan ekonomi keluarga melalui budidaya kepiting soka. Pelatihan teknik-teknik budidaya kepiting soka dan pelatihan pembangunan konstruksi wahana budidaya (crabs box). Kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan beberapa metoda pendekatan yaitu memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat yang dilaksanakan dalam bentuk FGD (Focus Group Discussion). Serta melakukan diskusi dan praktek budidaya kepiting untuk menggali informasi tentang pemahaman budidaya yang ramah lingkungan, menjaga ekosistem mangrove, peningkatan pendapatan rumah tangga melalui penambahan nilai terhadap hasil tangkapan dan solusi mengenai adanya nelayan dari luar desa yang melakukan cara-cara penangkapan yang merusak, yaitu dengan memberi racun. Serangkaian kegiatan penyuluhan yang dilakukan mengenai teknik budidaya kepiting cangkang lunak (soka) dapat diterima dengan baik oleh nelayan penangkap kepiting yang ada di Desa Pulau Cawan. Peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan nelayan penangkap kepiting dalam budidaya kepiting cangkang lunak yang di letakkan dalam kotak kepiting (crab box) dapat menjadi bekal agar kegiatan budidaya ini dapat terus berlanjut, dan Desa Pulau Cawan dapat menjadi desa percontohan teknik budidaya kepiting cangkang lunak (soka) untuk beberapa tahun ke depan.

Current Environmental Situation and Green Solutions for Vietnam's East Sea

The South China Sea, including the Vietnam Sea, is witnessing significant changes under the impact of both nature and man. These are the impacts of climate change and ocean change with "extreme" signs such as increasing storms, coastal floods, sea level rise, sea acidification, pollution and environmental incidents, ... occur thicker, more intense and irregular. Especially serious degradation of the environment and biodiversity of the sea, increasing environmental incidents, including oil spills, ... due to human impact. Especially the large-scale destruction of coral reefs, seagrass beds in island clusters off the South China Sea has been happening at a worrying rate. The destructive fishing activities of humans in the South China Sea have caused ecosystem degradation and the extinction of some species, such as sea turtles, some sharks and another species. Other fish, especially the giant mussel, the consequence is a decrease in the natural capital of the sea, leading too prolonged "ecological disturbances". The reserves of seafood in the Spratly region (of Vietnam) and the West Sea in the East Sea have decreased by about 19% compared to before 2017. Therefore, the improvement of marine environment quality, including biodiversity conservation and major marine ecosystems are to preserve marine natural assets, contributing to the implementation of Vietnam's green growth strategy and action plan. This is the path that Vietnam has chosen to both grow marine economy, adapt to climate change, and protect the environment both in the short and long term, towards sustainable development.

The Current Environmental Situation and Green Solutions for Vietnam's East Sea

The South China Sea, including the Vietnam Sea, is witnessing significant changes under the impact of both nature and man. These are the impacts of climate change and ocean change with "extreme" signs such as increasing storms, coastal floods, sea level rise, sea acidification, pollution and environmental incidents, ... occur thicker, more intense and irregular. Especially serious degradation of the environment and biodiversity of the sea, increasing environmental incidents, including oil spills, ... due to human impact. Especially the large-scale destruction of coral reefs, seagrass beds in island clusters off the South China Sea has been happening at a worrying rate. The destructive fishing activities of humans in the South China Sea have caused ecosystem degradation and the extinction of some species, such as sea turtles, some sharks and another species. Other fish, especially the giant mussel, the consequence is a decrease in the natural capital of the sea, leading too prolonged "ecological disturbances". The reserves of seafood in the Spratly region (of Vietnam) and the West Sea in the East Sea have decreased by about 19% compared to before 2017. Therefore, the improvement of marine environment quality, including biodiversity conservation and major marine ecosystems are to preserve marine natural assets, contributing to the implementation of Vietnam's green growth strategy and action plan. This is the path that Vietnam has chosen to both grow marine economy, adapt to climate change, and protect the environment both in the short and long term, towards sustainable development.

Current status and some solutions for resource restoration of the abalone (&lt;i&gt;Haliotis diversicolor&lt;/i&gt;) at Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area

Variously colored abalone (Haliotis diversicolor Reeve, 1864) is the one of 22 protected species by Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area. In 1987, the yield of abalone was 37 tons per year, but it was reduced to 5 tons per year in 1992 and before the year of 2013, the yield is less than 1 ton per year [3]. Acording to the survey in October, 1974 the density ranged from 1 to 4 individuals/500 m2, the average for the all of island is 1.25 individuals/500 m2, the current reserve of variously colored abalone is about 0.05 tons. Some of the major causes of abalone depletion include the use of destructive fishing practices such as mines, cyanides, asynchronous development of infrastructure, and sources of pollution... Some solutions to recover the source of profit from abalone such as: The management board of Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Area and competent authorities have to strengthen communication activities to protect the natural environment, resources as well as to have strong sanctions to strictly handle the environmental pollution activities, illegal methods of fishing. There is a need of research plan to rehabilitate Sargassum and reproduce abalone to return to natural enviroment. To invest in scientific research, to build the facilities and equipments for the management board of Bach Long Vi National Marine Protected Areas should be paid attention.