Destructive Fishing Research Articles

Coastal communities' perceptions on coastal erosion and the protective role of seagrass meadows in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Seagrasses are recognized as a nature-based solution for mitigating coastal erosion. However, knowledge on coastal community perceptions regarding coastal erosion causes, impacts, potential mitigation, and the protective role of seagrass meadows is limited in Tanzania. Using stratified random sampling, 323 resident fishers from the Kinondoni and Kigamboni coastal municipalities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, were selected to participate in a questionnaire survey to understanding their perceptions of coastal erosion impacts and the protective role of seagrass meadows. Further insights were obtained through key informant interviews with village leaders, elders, and BMU leaders, as well as through nominal group technique involving various beach user groups, and non-participant observation. The study found that coastal communities are highly aware of the causes, impacts, and mitigation measures of coastal erosion, with a notable 85.1 % of survey respondents identifying increased wave energy as the main cause. Nominal group technique revealed various categories affected by erosion, including social activities, properties, sacred sites, livelihood stability, and future development opportunities. The key functions of seagrass meadows as perceived by respondents, including enhancing the natural beauty of coastal waters (97.8 %), supporting fisheries (94.4 %), and providing coastal protection (87.0 %), which ranked third. Destructive fishing was identified as the primary cause of seagrass degradation, notably more severe in Kinondoni. Based on the findings, this study recommends regular awareness campaigns on seagrass preservation. Policymakers should integrate seagrass preservation into broader coastal management plans, promote sustainable fishing, and engage communities to ensure the long-term protection of seagrass meadows as nature-based coastal protection solution.

Spawning migration and habitat characteristics of Labeobarbus species in the Gumara River and its tributaries, Lake Tana subbasin, Ethiopia

Information on the spawning migration and habitat use of migratory fish is critical to protect and restore threatened or endangered populations. Twenty-two individuals of three species, namely Labeobarbus platydorsus, L. megastoma, and L. truttiformis, were implanted with radio tags to study their spawning migration in the Gumara River and its tributaries between July and October of 2018 to 2021. Fourteen individuals were found at least twice throughout their migration, eleven moved upstream up to 41.0 and 44.4 river kilometers (rkm), and three were tracked when moving downstream. The upstream spawning movement of the tagged fish lasted 9 to 27 days, and their ground speeds ranged from 0.07 to 1.50 km h-1. The habitat use of untagged Labeobarbus specimens in the spawning sites was also assessed using fyke nets, cast net fishing, and data from fishermen’s catches. Labeobarbus truttiformis mainly exploited the Kizen tributary stream with gravel substrates and less turbid water for spawning. Several small-sized individuals of L. megastoma spawned in the Wonzuma and Dukalit tributaries. By contrast, larger-sized specimens of L. platydorsus and L. megastoma spawned in the main river channel at the riffles and the gravel/pebble size substrate. Destructive fishing using gillnet dragging, filtering, and damming/fencing has recently intensified at the spawning areas (~ 41.0 rkm to 45.0 rkm), which likely affects spawning populations. Therefore, we recommend that fishing in the main river channel and tributaries must be banned during the months of August, September, and October to safeguard and conserve the threatened Labeobarbus species.

Implications of fisher perceptions on coral restoration in Tondol, northwestern Philippines

Increasing coral restoration efforts globally have been aimed at improving reef status and the ecosystem functions and services they provide, including enhancing reef fish communities and fisheries production on nearby reefs. However, empirical evidence showing the influence of coral restoration on fish stocks is limited. In Barangay Tondol, a small-scale fishing village in the northwestern Philippines, fisher knowledge and perception studies were completed through individual interviews to provide insights into the perceived impacts of local restoration efforts on coral reef conditions and fishery outputs. The influence of fishers' social demographics and fishery information to their held perceptions were also explored. Fishers’ responses showed a perceived decline in fish stocks over the last 5–10 years mainly attributed to overharvesting, and a slight improvement in coral reef condition due to a reduction in destructive fishing. Out of 53 fisher respondents, 72% were aware of coral restoration efforts in their area and held positive perceptions that theoretically, conducting coral restoration can improve their fish stocks and local reef conditions through the provision of habitat functions. Perceived actual effectiveness of the local efforts was also positive, but with a lower number of responses. Multiple hierarchical regression tests showed that, among social demographics, fishery information, and perceptions on fish stocks, perceived improvement in coral condition was associated with stronger support for coral restoration activities. These findings indicate that fishers perceive positive effects of coral restoration to local coral status and fisheries, and highlight the need for restoration practitioners to engage early on with key stakeholders to assess local fisheries status and local priorities to inform restoration strategies.

Implementasi Kebijakan Penanganan dan Penanggulangan Kegiatan Penangkapan Ikan yang Merusak (Destructive Fishing) di Indonesia

Destructive fishing activities are a threat to the sustainability of fishery resources and harm fish stocks as well as environmental ecosystems. Comprehensive regulations are needed to cope with destructive fishing and ensure the regulations will be implemented well and appropriately. Using a qualitative approach, this study aims to scrutinize the implementation of policies issued by the central government in the regions, including laws and other national regulations related to coping with destructive fishing. North Maluku Province is the focus of the study to identify the implementation of national regulations in the region. In addition, this study also identifies the roles of maritime law enforcement agencies involved in efforts to supervise and implement national policies related to overcoming and preventing destructive fishing. The results reveal that existing laws are insufficient to cope with the destructive fishing criminal act. So far, eight actors have roles in the prevention and coping of destructive fishing activities, consisting of elements of maritime law enforcement agencies such as the Police, Indonesian Navy, Indonesian Coast Guard, and Directorate General of PSDKP, as well as civil or community elements such as the PWP3K Special Police, Forestry Police, Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, and Monitoring Community Supervisory Groups (Pokmaswas). Keywords: destructive fishing, Law, Maritime Law Agency, Gap

Rehabilitating coral reefs in the Anthropocene

Coral reefs provide food and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of coastal people in over 100 countries. Recent global estimates for the total value of goods and services that they can generate indicate around US$ 105,000-350,000 per hectare per year, but local estimates of current total economic value can be one to two orders of magnitude lower. Unfortunately, coral reefs are under threat both from local human stressors (for example, sediment and nutrient run-off from agriculture, sewage discharges, dredging, destructive fishing, land 'reclamation', overfishing) and, increasingly, from stressors related to global climate change (not only El Niño Southern Oscillation-related marine heatwaves, which cause mass bleaching and mortality of corals, but also more frequent and powerful tropical cyclones and ocean acidification). Four successive mass-bleaching events on Australia's iconic Great Barrier Reef between 2016 and 2022 (plus another one currently underway) have focused world attention on the need for urgent action to protect coral reefs. It is clear that coral reef ecosystems will continue to decline unless anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are reduced and innovative management strategies are developed to assist adaptation.

Use and management of seagrass ecosystems in southwestern Madagascar

Madagascar’s seagrass meadows are among the least-studied ecosystems in the western Indian Ocean region. To facilitate sustainable management, understanding the traditional uses of seagrass areas in relation to current management policies is necessary. This study assessed the uses of, and policies relevant to, seagrass ecosystems off southwestern Madagascar. We interviewed 131 community members in five coastal villages around the Bay of Ranobe in Toliara Province. Answers to the survey revealed a good level of awareness of seagrass, though 55% of respondents perceived the status of the seagrass areas as deteriorating. Opinions varied on the source or degree of threats to seagrass, but 74.8% of respondents suggested destructive fishing methods or other factors, including natural phenomena and animal grazing. The responses highlight that seagrass meadows serve as areas important for fishing, seaweed cultivation or sea cucumber farming, and the passage of boat/pirogue transportation. There are currently no tangible policies that directly protect or manage the seagrass areas regarding these activities, although some national regulations and local management initiatives are indirectly relevant, notably no-take zones and the local-level codes known as Dina. Development and implementation of a national management plan for seagrass ecosystems is a key gap. This demands the collection of scientific data to support decision-making to ensure long-term provision of the services provided by seagrass meadows. The involvement of coastal communities in the management of seagrass ecosystems will be necessary for the success of any new policies.

Destructive fishing: An expert‐driven definition and exploration of this quasi‐concept

AbstractNumerous policy and international frameworks consider that “destructive fishing” hampers efforts to reach sustainability goals. Though ubiquitous, “destructive fishing” is undefined and therefore currently immeasurable. Here we propose a definition developed through expert consultation: “Destructive fishing is any fishing practice that causes irrecoverable habitat degradation, or which causes significant adverse environmental impacts, results in long‐term declines in target or nontarget species beyond biologically safe limits and has negative livelihood impacts.” We show strong stakeholder support for a definition, consensus on many biological and ecological dimensions, and no clustering of respondents from different sectors. Our consensus definition is a significant step toward defining sustainable fisheries goals and will help interpret and implement global political commitments which utilize the term “destructive fishing.” Our definition and results will help reinforce the Food and Agricultural Organization's Code of Conduct and meaningfully support member countries to prohibit destructive fishing practices.

First observations of coral spawning at the Banda Islands, Maluku, Indonesia

Abstract. Novriansyah A, Huhn M, Wicaksono H, Senen B, Subhan B, Fenner D, Madduooa H, Dias PJ. 2023. First observations of coral spawning at the Banda Islands, Maluku, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6082-6091. Due to their high diversity and productivity, their socio-economic value to coastal communities and their crucial role in coastal protection, coral reefs belong to the most important marine ecosystems in the world. Understanding and protecting coral reefs has never been so important, given the unprecedented anthropogenic pressures they face. Indonesia holds 18% of the world’s coral reefs and is home to some of the richest marine biodiversity on the planet. However, with over 17,000 islands scattered across 86,700 km2, marine monitoring and conservation remains challenging. The Banda Sea (Maluku, Indonesia) ecoregion ranks as a high priority for marine conservation. The present study reports on the first observations of coral spawning at the Banda Islands from 2016 to 2019. Ad-hoc opportunistic monitoring was carried out to identify patterns of coral spawning. Our results suggest the sharpest temperature increases and full moon timing have the biggest influence on the month and day of coral spawning, whereas the tidal cycle influences the hour when gametes are released. Coral spawning peaks were observed to occur in two seasons, April and October-November, 5-7 days after full moon and 2-3 hours after sunset during falling tides. The presence of two spawning seasons may provide coral reefs at the Banda Islands with an advantage to recover from potential impacts, such as storms, bleaching or destructive fishing.

Dive industry perspectives on the threats to coral reefs: A comparative study across four Asia-Pacific countries

The combined effects of climate change, marine tourism and other stressors threaten the ecological and economic sustainability of coral reefs. This study investigates dive industry stakeholder awareness of the threats to coral reefs through structured interviews with Dive Masters, company managers and marine management agencies in Vietnam, Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia. Stakeholders from all locations have observed degradation of local reefs. Destructive fishing was identified as the principal threat in all regions except Australia. Most participants identified threats from climate change and marine tourism. There was a lack of awareness about ocean acidification by all participants from Maluku, Indonesia. However, ocean acidification could make coral more fragile and, therefore, vulnerable to diver-induced damage. The majority of Dive Masters across all regions provide pre-dive briefings to reduce diver impacts and participate in environmental activities to protect local reefs. Stakeholders in three regions thought there was capacity to expand the local dive industry. However, in Nha Trang Vietnam, most industry stakeholders thought they were at, or exceeded, carrying capacity, whereas marine management employees thought there was room to expand. This study highlights an opportunity to improve diver education on the vulnerability of coral to damage in acidifying oceans. This study also identifies various non-regulatory and regulatory strategies used to reduce diver impacts, emphasising the value of multi-national knowledge sharing between the dive industry and regulatory agencies for adaptive management.

Factors Causing Destructive Fishing in the Waters of the West Seram Sea

The use of fishing gear that is not environmentally friendly, which has led to the emergence of destructive fishing activities, is still carried out by fishing communities around the waters of West Seram. The aim of this research is to examine and analyze policies for dealing with the use of non-environmentally friendly fishing gear in the fisheries sector in West Seram Waters. The research method in this research is normative legal research equipped with a socio-legal approach. The approach used in this research is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The data collection technique is a literature study and is complemented by field data obtained through observation and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. Next, the data was analyzed qualitatively. The research results show that the fishing communities in Hatusua Village, Kamal Village and Waisarisa Village, which are located around the West Seram Waters, often use fishing gear that is not environmentally friendly when catching fish. The factors that cause them to carry out destructive fishing are factors such as a fairly long span of control making supervision difficult, economic needs; very simple fishing gear; providing assistance is not on target; Pokmaswas are less empowered; and lack of supervision between institutions. Meanwhile, countermeasures to overcome destructive fishing can be carried out through penal and non-penal approaches.

Coral restoration in the Philippines: Interactions with key coastal sectors

Much work on coral restoration to date has focused on experimenting with diverse technical approaches and techniques. As the implementation of coral restoration globally increases, it is increasingly recognized that there is a need to better understand how to govern this emerging technology effectively, which requires assessing the social, economic and political contexts in which reefs are restored. This study examined the interactions (both current and potential) between the dominant economic sectors in coastal Philippines and coral restoration. Informed by ongoing coral restoration efforts in Pangasinan province, the paper draws on social data collection of the major coastal economic sectors in the province. Large-scale aquaculture of milkfish generates significant challenges to existing and new efforts at coral restoration as the industry is poorly regulated and environmentally damaging. Destructive fishing methods persist due to weak enforcement capacities and likewise pose challenges to coral restoration. Tourism, as an increasingly important economic activity in the region, potentially provides synergies between coral restoration and local economies. This study highlights that interactions between these business sectors and organisations working to protect coral reefs will go a long way to shaping the eventual governability and sustainability of coral restoration projects. Future reef restoration initiatives need to understand the interactions and dynamics of these sectors in specific contexts, and to identify strategies to manage them for the restoration interventions to work effectively and ultimately generate sustained benefits.

Tracking coral loss in the Spermonde Archipelago of Indonesia: 32 years of satellite monitoring from 1990 to 2022

ABSTRACT An alarming amount of damage has occurred to coral reefs in Indonesia, with the causes of such damage either from human activities (anthropogenic causes) or natural processes. This study investigated the long-term dynamic changes in coral reef habitats in eight selected islands in the Spermonde archipelago, Indonesia, using remote sensing and historical information. A series of Landsat images recorded in different years (i.e. 1990, 1996, 2002, 2008, 2013, 2016, 2018, 2019, and 2022) were used to map the benthic habitats of each island (i.e. live coral, dead coral, seagrass, sand, rubble, mix bottom). The analysis estimated a total of 303.47 hectares or 76.26% loss of live coral in studied islands since 1990. In contrast, there was a substantial increase in dead coral algae and rubble, estimated at around 108.63 and 101.91 hectares, respectively. Strong and similar negative coefficient determination between live coral cover with both dead coral algae (R2 = 0.96, Y = -2.95) and rubble (R2 = 0.94, Y = -2.85) suggested that human activities (e.g. destructive fishing activities, damage from anchors, coral mining) and natural processes (e.g. sedimentation, coral bleaching, coral diseases, and coral predation) played comparable roles in coral reef degradation in Spermonde Archipelago. Furthermore, this study revealed that destructive fishing occurred on the island regardless it was inhabited or uninhabited and was influenced by the extent of its live coral cover. This study overall highlighted the ongoing degradation and factors contributing to coral loss in the Spermonde archipelago. Further research and monitoring efforts are necessary to understand the mechanisms driving the decline in live coral and the factors contributing to increases in dead coral algae and rubble. This knowledge will aid in developing targeted conservation strategies and management plans to protect the coral reef ecosystem in the Spermonde Archipelago and other affected regions in Indonesia.

Prevention of Destructive Fishing Practices: Prospects and Challenges in Law Reform

Destructive fishing practices have been identified as a common problem in the Northern Province, Sri Lanka. The major causes for destructive fishing in Northern region are increasing the demand for fish consumption, lack of alternative jobs for early dropout schoolchildren, increased gear efficiency, policy failure of existing laws, and poaching by Indian and Southern migratory fishers. The dynamiting, bottom trawling, monofilament net, stake net, brush pile fisheries, purse seines and scuba diving have been identified as the most common destructive fishing practices in the Northern region. Consequences of destructive fishing practices include unintentional killing of target and non-target fish and other marine organisms, hampering local fishing activities such as operations of gill nets and fiber plastic boats and threatening environmentally sensitive marine ecosystems in Sri Lanka. The entire fishing sector in Sri Lanka is regulated by mainly the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No. 2 of 1996 and the Fisheries Act No. 59 of 1979 enacted by the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR). The Fisheries Act No. 59 of 1979 prohibits fishing by foreign boats in Sri Lankan waters with provisions to impose penalties for any violations. However, major loopholes which are not included in the act comprise of type of fishing gear, methods and harmful material that are prohibited and specific penalty system for usage of banned fishing gear, materials and methods. At the international level, Sri Lanka has ratified the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) established to outline a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. Furthermore, the major international instruments ratified by Sri Lanka are “The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), The Conservation of Biological Diversity (CBD), and The Conservation on International Trade in Endangered species (CITES). However, these legal instruments have not been regulated in the Sri Lankan fishing sector. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the existing laws with proper law enforcement while considering geographical regions, type and abundance of marine resources, oceanography, ecology, social aspects and regular monitoring system of fishing practices to maintain the sustainability of marine resources.

Coastal community’s perceptions on the role of seagrass ecosystems for coastal protection and implications for management

Seagrass meadows provide important ecosystem services to coastal communities, which include ecosystem-based adaptations for coastal protection; however, globally seagrasses are among the least conserved marine ecosystems. In order to develop and provide accurate and efficient decision-making processes and conservation actions, an understanding of the importance of ecosystem services for people's livelihoods and wellbeing is key. Using social research methods, such as Nominal Group Technique, Key Informant Interviews and household surveys, this study explored the association between seagrass ecosystem services and the perceptions of coastal communities on socio-ecological values including ecosystem-based adaptations in Maputo and Inhambane Bays, Mozambique. Fishermen identified support to fisheries production as crucial services provided by seagrasses to coastal communities. Respondents (93%) perceived that coastal erosion is occurring in the region and that it has accelerated in the last 20 years due to more frequent floods following cyclones. In addition, coastal development (34.9%) together with destructive fishing practices (31.3%) were stated as the main anthropogenic causes of coastal erosion as seagrasses diminish. The coastal communities (76.3%) proposed marine ecosystem restoration as the first measure to prevent coastal erosion. The coastal respondents also identified seagrass regulatory ecosystem services being central for their social and economic wellbeing and demonstrated (92%) a desire to participate in seagrass restoration in their region. This study found a high level of awareness by local communities concerning the values and socio-ecological function of seagrass meadows. This provides a strong foundation to develop effective conservation and management measures in order to ensure sustainable solutions to build resilience and stronger ecosystem-based adaptations against climate change.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF APBDES CAPACITY IN INCREASING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE MARITIME ECONOMY IN SOUTH HALMAHERA DISTRICT

The role of the fisheries sector is very large in Morotai Island Regencymust be utilized as much as possible for the prosperity of society. So far, many fishery products have been stolen by foreign fishing boats. By opening up investment for fishing companies, diversifying the utilization and processing of marine products as well as providing assistance to local fish entrepreneurs and providing fishing gear assistance to fishermen is one of the solutions for the development of the fisheries sector in South Halmahera Regency which can be planned for the future.The research method used in this study is the normative legal research method as material to initiate researchers in carrying out an inventory of statutory approaches (statute approach), comparative law (comparative approach), and case studies (case approach). The characteristics of this study fully use secondary data, consisting of primary legal materials; secondary legal materials; as well as tertiary legal materials. The results of the research show that in practice, the development of maritime potential in South Halmahera Regency experiences various challenges and opportunities. Efforts to deal with these obstacles include moderating stakeholders to analyze and describe what is best for the development of maritime potential in South Halmahera Regency, North Maluku Province. It is very important to equate perceptions and common interests so that the policies that are being implemented can run well until the end. Carrying out bureaucratic reform by summarizing the administrative system, including mobile bureaucratic services, both at sea and on land by using boats/ships that are connected to services and the internet so that it makes service easier for the community. Next is to open up investment opportunities as wide as possible so that investment can come easily to the Bintan Regency area. With easy investment into then indirectly. will improve the economy of the people in South Halmahera Regency itself.The capital aspect can be overcome by providing financial assistance to fishermen. It can be in the form of distributing people's business credit, direct investment, CSR of large companies, or through fishing cooperatives where the government provides the widest possible capital assistance in the form of capital equipment and operational equipment such as boats, boat engines, nets, bait, navigational equipment, environmentally friendly technology, fuel, and processing plants and fish auctions which result in destructive fishing.

Effects of Coral Reef Destruction on Humans and the Environment

Coral reefs are home to a rich biodiversity and one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. It provides home to 35,000–60,000 species of plants and animals (over 25% of all marine life), many of which have not been described by science. It provides food, employment, and tourism to people, protecting coastal areas from storm surges; and acts as nesting grounds for many species of fish that are important for commerce. In recent years, several natural and anthropogenic disturbances have damaged the coral reefs of the world a number of events, including pollution, overfishing, destructive fishing methods, boat anchor falls, tourism, mining coral for building materials, and a warming climate, are destroying coral reefs. To reduce the destruction of coral reefs, mitigation measures, encourage sustainable fishing, following all safety precautions when visiting coral reef areas, provide alternative management plans such as coral restoration, artificial reef management, and coral nurseries to improve the coral cover in degraded areas and also increase public awareness and stewardship program related to coral reef and its associated biota, reduce plastic pollution in the ocean.

Comparative study of the application fish apartments in Situbondo and Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Isroni W, Pramudia Z, Bahri AS, Risqiana MA, Maulida N, Irawandani TD. 2023. Comparative study of the application fish apartments in Situbondo and Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4034-4045. Fisheries resources which are common property in their utilization are vulnerable to overfishing conditions due to exploratory actions. In addition, the use of destructive fishing gear and habitat degradation has a great impact on fisheries productivity which continues to decrease. Fish apartments as alternative artificial habitat have been successfully applied in Probolinggo, especially for coral organisms. This study compares the application of fish apartments in two different locations, Karang Katon Probolinggo and Karang Mayit Beach Situbondo. Through descriptive and valuative approaches, the survey results showed that in Karang Katon there were 5 species, the highest composition level is Acanthurus achilles (51.56%).Karang Mayit Beach there were 3 species, the highest composition level is Chaetodon octofasciatus (60.56%). The highest abundance is Acanthurus achilles (34.4 ind/m2) in Karang Katon and Chaetodon octofasciatus (42.2 ind/m2) in Karang Mayit Beach. The diversity index in Karang Katon-1.280, while in Karang Mayit Beach-0.853. The dominance index in Karang Katon 0.343, while in Karang Mayit Beach 0.496. Based on this research, the analysis showed positive results for both different locations, indicating it can be used as new habitats for sustainability and increased productivity of fisheries resources.

A review on the threatened species of snow trout Schizothorax richardsonii Gray, 1832 (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae): From the climate change and conservation perspectives

Snow trout (Schizothorax richardsonii Gray, 1832) occupies the Himalayan domain from the foothills to 3000 m and inhabits all types of water bodies, like rivers, rivulets, lakes, and reservoirs. It is a rheophilic fish species that can thrive in a wide range of ecological and climatic conditions. Globally snow trout is now a 'threatened' species. Invasion of its natural habitats by exotic trouts, river valley hydropower projects as well as destructive fishing in the Himalayan region have long been attributed to the vulnerability of this species. The intrinsic characteristics of snow trout also make it a weak competitor in the Himalayan rivers. Climate change coupling with above mentioned threats poses a new challenge for Himalayan fish, especially snow trout, as it is confined to the Himalaya. Given these threats, an intense drive for snow trout conservation is urgently required. This contribution is an attempt to find out solution to this fact. In line with the opinions of ecologists and conservationists, we suggest a few measures like setting up free-flowing and undammed rivers as 'fish conservation zones', environmental flow to downstream areas of existing dams, prohibition of stocking of exotic fish species in natural habitats and use of hatcheries for stocking and restocking of snow trout in the rivers for the conservation of the species. Keywords: Climate change, Conservation, Himalaya, Hatcheries, Snow trout, Threats, Vulnerable

Nahdlatul Ulama's Kyai Patronism and the Conservation of Marine Ecosystems in Mitigating Destructive Fishing

This article examines the role of the NU kyais as patrons of social change in coastal communities in preserving the Lamongan marine ecosystem through the Bahtsul Masail decision regarding preventing and prohibiting destructive fishing. The research method used in this study is qualitative descriptive research that uses observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation as data collection methods. The research study results in this article show that the patrons of the NU kyais play a significant role in making social changes to the Lamongan coastal community through the green fatwas they make. The role of the NU kyais in social change and environmental preservation is expressed through a green fatwa regarding the preservation of marine ecosystems by prohibiting destructive fishing gear. The NU kyais, considered authoritative patrons of the Lamongan coastal community, base their social construction on priority fiqh considerations by prioritizing public and long-term benefits rather than short-term specific benefits. According to the NU kyais, conserving marine ecosystems by prohibiting destructive fishing gear is a general and long-term benefit that must be prioritized rather than the welfare of a handful of fishing boat owners using destructive gear.

Criminal Policy on Destructive Fishing Activities in Serutbar, Indonesia

Fishing communities around the North Seram and North West Seran (Serutbar) Marine Protected Areas often carry out destructive fishing activities. This study aimed to examine and analyze criminal policies for destructive fishing activities in the Serutbar Marine Conservation Area. The research method used is normative legal research supplemented by a socio-legal approach. The approach used in this study is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The data collection technique is a literature study complemented by field data obtained through observation and in-depth stakeholder interviews. Furthermore, the data were analyzed qualitatively. Based on the research results, Gale-Gale Village and Sawai Village's fishing communities around the Serutbar Waters Conservation Area often carry out destructive fishing activities. The factors that cause them to carry out destructive fishing are economic needs; very simple fishing gear; the provision of assistance needs to be put on target; Pokmaswas being less empowered; and a lack of inter-agency oversight. Meanwhile, countermeasures to overcome destructive fishing can be carried out through penal and non-penal approaches. And a need for inter-agency oversight. Meanwhile, countermeasures to overcome destructive fishing can be carried out through penal and non-penal approaches. And a need for inter-agency oversight. Meanwhile, countermeasures to overcome destructive fishing can be carried out through penal and non-penal approaches.