Waste Destruction Research Articles

Long-Duration Thermal Decomposition of Waste based upon existing coke and plasma technology

The current global problem of accumulation of municipal solid waste (MSW) and a possible way to solve it is considered. To date, there are different ways to treat MSW: recycling (processing), incineration and disposal. Each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. Waste disposal is the least environmentally safe method, but now it is the main one in Russia because of its availability. This article proposes a scheme for recycling MSW, which is based on already existing coke, energy and plasma technologies. Within the scheme thermal destruction of waste is carried out in a coke battery, and the subsequent melting of the residue is carried out using plasma technologies (in an electric arc furnace or in an open bucket with heating from the plasmatron). The plasma module, in which the melting takes place, can be implemented both with the circuit in question and attached to an existing incinerator. The result of melting is a low-grade stone that does not need to be buried. Gases released from MSW in the process of thermal destruction, after deep cleaning, are used to generate electricity. The source of thermal energy required for the operation of the proposed scheme for recycling solid waste is thermal power plants using natural gas as fuel. The interaction between the flue gases passing through the coke oven battery and leaving the TPP with coke oven gases is excluded due to the design features of the coke oven battery. This allows you to dramatically reduce the amount of gas to be deep cleaning, which significantly reduces the cost of cleaning equipment. The use of coke-oven batteries of modern design minimizes environmental pollution. The article assesses the energy consumption for the implementation of the proposed scheme for a plant processing 100 thousand tons of solid waste per year. The source of thermal energy for which is the standard unit of thermal power plants with a capacity of 500 MW. It is shown that working in conjunction with a waste recycling plant changes the heat balance of TPPs by no more than 10%.

Automation of plasma technology aimed at the disposal of organic waste

In the article studies are presented for the application of automated plasma electrical technologies in the process of processing and destruction of organic waste. The presented results were obtained in a laboratory experimental plasma electric furnace with a capacity of 20 kg / h. The aspects of ecologically clean gasification of organic waste, the possibility of producing combustible gas and granulated inert slag were set forth. According to the results of the conducted research, the effectiveness of the use of plasma electrical technologies was shown in contrast to the traditional principles of organic waste destruction. The complexity of the automatic control of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly modes of waste gasification and maintenance of the selected mode and the possibility of using simple recurrent neural network in the automation of the technological process were presented.

ОБЪЕКТЫ ОБРАЩЕНИЯ С ОТХОДАМИ КАК ИСТОЧНИК АКУСТИЧЕСКОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА НАСЕЛЕНИЕ, ПРОЖИВАЮЩЕГО НА ПРИЛЕГАЮЩИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЯХ

The paper presents the analysis result of acoustic air pollution in the operation of municipal solid waste, incinerators and waste transportation. The list of hygienically significant noise sources is defined. Minimum distances to ensure compliance with the regulatory requirements for the noise factor are determined.We presented a list of possible measures to reduce noise levels from the activities of enterprises to landfill municipal solid waste, and the destruction of household waste on the example of incinerators. The requirements of hygiene regulations and rules on the need to organize a sanitary protection zone of standard landfills equal to 500 m coincide with the restrictions on the acoustic factor when using 8 or more units of powerful machinery.The acoustic parameters according to the regulatory requirements will be provided at a distance of about 300 m for small landfills for one, two maps, taking into account the movement of vehicles. With the organization of the Sanitary Protection Zone of incinerators equal to 1000 m, the acoustic parameters are not decisive.

Yalancı kelebek [Ricania japonica (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae)]’e karşı bazı kültürel mücadele yöntemlerinin etkisi

This study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 to determine the cultural measures that are applied in the control against Ricania japonica (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae), which has caused damage in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey for approximately 10 years as an important pest. Pests are widespread in this region but there is no other important pest that requires significant chemical control in crop plants, in particular tea plants. Furthermore, this pest population, whose population has grown since 2009, may cause significant losses in vegetables especially for traditional family needs during its nymph period. The fact that vegetable fields have been almost interwened with tea plants and synthetic pesticides are not used in tea plant production, has caused us to focus on cultural methods, which are among alternative pest-fighting methods. With this study, the purpose was to determine the effects of kaolin, refined salt and ash applications against the nymphs of the pests, and to investigate how to destroy the infected plant materials in which the pest lay eggs until the middle of May. As a result of the study, it was determined that the destruction of the infected plants and plant wastes in the areas decreased the pest population by 90% because it was the winter months which is the egg-laying period of the pest. Other applications (kaolin, refined salt and ash) were not found effective against the nymphs of this pest.

Development of technology of plasma processing of technogenic wastes (brief review)

The problem of man-made waste processing remains one of the most urgent in the world, since none of the known technologies for processing and destruction of waste fully meets the requirements of consumers. One of the safest technologies for processing and destruction of man-made waste is considered to be the use of low-temperature arc plasma. However, until now there is no widespread industrial application of plasma processing of industrial wastes. The main scientific and technical problem arising at practical implementation of plasma gasification of organic raw materials is high specific energy consumption. According to open information sources, an analysis was conducted and it was determined confirmed, that the development of technology for plasma processing of organic waste proceeds along the path of reducing specific energy consumption and heat loss, increasing the service life of electrodes and caloric content of the resulting synthesis gas.

Increase in efficiency of hydrogen production by optimization of food waste fermentation parameters

The aim of the work was to optimize the ratio of weight of solid (food waste) and liquid (water) phases in order to ensure high efficiency of molecular hydrogen synthesis and degradation of multi-component food waste. Assessment of the efficiency of fermentation process was carried out using colorimetric and potentiometric methods for pH and redox potential measuring, volumetric and chromatographic methods for volume and composition of gas investigation, and mathematical calculations for fermentation parameters determination. The dynamics of hydrogen fermentation of waste in the horizontal reactor using different ratios of solid (food waste) and liquid (water) phases was investigated. The optimization of the ratio of solid and liquid phases was shown to lead to the increase in efficiency of molecular hydrogen synthesis and destruction of waste particles. The ratio of solid and liquid phases 1:3 was determined to be optimal for the effective synthesis of hydrogen as well as for maximum waste decomposition. It provided effective hydrogen fermentation of multi-component food waste and allowed to rationally use material and technical resources. Obtained results are promising for further development of efficient industrial biotechnologies for waste destruction with the simultaneous synthesis of environmentally friendly energy carrier, i.e. molecular hydrogen.

Virtuous cycle of destruction and total recycling of pure asbestos and asbestos-containing waste

At the present time, hazardous waste management is a major problem, like the waste containing asbestos. The development of a process for eradicating all types of asbestos waste is a real challenge. In this study, several usefully analysis techniques (XRD, SEM–EDX, and TEM) have been used to determine what kind of asbestos is present in the waste (amphiboles and/or chrysotile). The chrysotile-containing wastes were treated with nitric acid solution (HNO3) leading to obtain pure silica and an acidic solution. Alkaline treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was also used in the case of waste-containing amphiboles. A basic solution of silica was then obtained. Finally a first valorization route was proposed with the precipitation of the ions dissolved in the acid solution and a second with the synthesis of a zeolite using the solid silica resulting from the acid treatment and the solution coming from the alkaline treatment of the amphiboles as sources of silicon. This paper describes the implementation of a complete process adapted to chemically dissolve each type of waste (according to their composition, density and fiber content) and to transform or recover all the by-products of the process.

Modern utilisation of organic waste

A lot of waste from agriculture, industry, household and food waste is accumulated every year in Lithuania. Waste is polluting environment very intensively. From sanitarian point of view there can appear dangerous sources for people and other biological objects. The main method for utilisation of waste still remains landfilling. So as a huge problem appears operation of landfills, cumulation of leachate and biogas. The last years Vilnius city municipality directly changed the waste managing strategy. As it was estimated, food waste forms about 46,6 -56,6 % from total household waste amount. It was decided to turn this source from landfill to composting facilities, organise separate food waste collection from companies and habitants. The system was iniciated in 1997, but it develops very slowly. A private company "Chitinas" has started its work independently in neighbouring Vilnius city district. Two main unordinal methods were used for destruction of organic waste, both very usual in nature, but still rarely used in practice by farmers. Such methods are called in Lithuania "nontraditional farming". We estimate these methods as modem and perspective for organic waste destruction in big cities. With their help we can get ecologically safe, good natural fertilizers, without seeds and infections, having less nitrates and fosphates. Besides, we get an alternative product - material called "chitin", which could be chemically purified and has a perfect future in chemistry and medicine.

Integrated Approach for Development of Environmental Biotechnologies for Treatment of Solid Organic Waste and Obtaining of Biohydrogen and Lignocellulosic Substrate

Solid food waste is a significant threat to the environment. Thermodynamic calculations allow determining theoretically possible metabolic pathways for degradation of organic compounds by microorganisms, and also to select the optimal one to increase efficiency of food waste recycling. The purpose of our work was application of thermodynamic calculations to find out suitable fermentation parameters for regulation of microbial metabolism to ensure high rate of waste decomposition and formation of valuable products. The following methods were used: for pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) measuring – colorimetric and potentiometric, for volume and composition of synthesized gas study – volumetric and chromatographic, for fermentation parameters calculation – mathematical. Fermentation of multicomponent kitchen food waste under theoretically calculated optimal parameters pH = 7.0 and Eh = –250...–350 mV provided extremely high metabolic activity of hydrogen-producing microbial community which resulted in decrease in duration of batch fermentation from to 3 days, increase in hydrogen yield from 16 to 80-115 L/kg of dry waste. The coefficient of waste destruction (Kd) that is ratio of initial and final weight of waste reached 91. Obtained after fermentation unfermented lignocellulosic substrate was shown to be applied as plant probiotics and supply mineral nitrogen for plant nutrition in arid condition. Thus, high efficiency of application of thermodynamic prognosis method of microbial interaction with organic compounds was shown to become the base for biotechnology of destruction of environmentally hazardous solid food waste with simultaneous obtaining of valuable products: environmentally friendly energy carrier – molecular hydrogen, as well as lignocellulosic substrate to increase crop yields. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.74.4.20723

Research on destruction of oil-containing emulsion waste by hard solid demulsinators based on industry waste

The article presents experimental data on the destruction of oil-containing emulsion effluents stabilized by solid emulsifiers, that were obtained by heat treatment of ore mining and processing enterprises (GOK) waste and sugar industry. The comparative characteristics on purification of oil emulsion effluents by solid demulsifiers when passing through a filtration layer consisting of solid demulsifiers particles and a layer of sand are given. As well as research into the practical application of oil sludge in the production of lightweight ceramic materials.

Preparation and reactivation of magnetic biochar by molten salt method: Relevant performance for chlorine-containing pesticides abatement

ABSTRACTMolten salt has been regarded as a versatile and environmental-friendly method for the material preparation and waste destruction. In this work, molten FeCl3 was utilized for the generation of magnetic biochar (MBC) derived from simultaneous activation and magnetization of biomass. The sample characterization indicated that MBC had a rough surface with BET surface area of 404 m2/g and total pore volume of 0.35cm3/g. Highly dispersed Fe3O4 and nitrogen could be deposited on the surface, leading to an excellent magnetization property. The MBC exhibited a great 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2.4-DCP) and atrazine removal performance in solution with the maximum adsorption capacity achieved 298.12 mg/g and 102.17 mg/g. Kinetics results demonstrated that MBC adsorption met the Pseudo-first-order model better. Molten NaOH-Na2CO3 was provided for the re-activation of exhausted MBC. 2,4-DCP was firstly desorbed from the MBC and subsequently destructed by the active species in the melt medium. Chlorine can be captured in the molten alkaline medium from the XRD pattern of residues.The MBC could be easily recovered with a yield of 98.2% and fixed carbon content of 61.0% after the molten salt regeneration process. With no 2,4-DCP detected, 65.5% and 31.69% of initial Cl was found in washing water and residues with the molten NaOH-Na2CO3, respectively. After 4 cycles of regeneration and adsorption, 60.55%-72.22% of initial adsorption capacity can be kept. This preparation and regeneration method can be an effective way to reduce the risk of secondary pollution of chlorinated organic compounds during adsorbent regeneration.Implications: Molten salt (MS) is a salt or multiple salts with a low melting point, and has been applied in many sectors and is regarded as a crucial role in terms of energy, environmental, and resource sustainability. In our paper, magnetic biochar was prepared by one-step activation and magnetization of fir dust using molten FeCl3∙6H2O. Meanwhile, a regeneration method using molten alkaline salt was provided. Magnetic biochar generated in our study performed well in the 2,4-dichlorophenol and atrazine adsorption. After four cycles of regeneration and adsorption, 72.2% of initial 2,4-DCP adsorption capacity can be kept.

Research on the Construction of Zhaoqing City Infrastructure under the Guidance of Ecological Security

In the context of urbanization, the Earth’s ecosystem and ecological services are severely affected. Rapid urbanization and disorderly expansion have caused the destruction of regional ecological environment and waste of resources, and also brought potential risks to regional ecosystems. From the perspective of landscape ecological security pattern, based on the current situation of Zhaoqing city development, the safety pattern of urban geological disasters, hydrological system, local culture and biological protection in Zhaoqing was analyzed. With the assistance of RS and GIS technology, the Zhaoqing urban ecological infrastructure with high, medium and low levels of safety was constructed, and the ecological conflict space between ecological infrastructure and construction land was identified.

Material and technical base of the laboratory for the thermal destruction of production and consumption waste for the training of specialists in the field of waste management

In this article, an analysis of the main thermal methods of waste utilization is carried out, a model laboratory for the thermal destruction of production and consumption wastes including medical was developed.

Efektifitas Incenerator Untuk Pembakaran Sampah Medis di RSUD Kota ABC

To reduce the number of germic or nosocomial infections, especially come from waste disposal. Especially for hospitals, the disposal procedure should cut off the chain of transmission or the spread of disease which are came from the clinical waste or medical waste by burning the clinical waste or medical waste using the incinerator. Incenerator is used with high temperature by 800 ° C. Incenerator has been proven to reduce medical waste about 70% to 90%, but it can also reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria to zero in percentage. In the using of incinerators, there has not been an assessment of the effectiveness of incinerator usage until today. Research method which has been used is analytical research to determine the effectiveness of incinerator usage due to the destruction of the medical waste. The result of examination about effectivity of incinerator usage for 4 times of combustion was obtained that the burning volume of medical waste exceeding the required incenerator volume of 0.7 m3/day is very ineffective with the burning time for 2 hours, because of the results of the research with different volume shows that the volume of 0.7 m3 is an effective volume for incinerators in Public Hospital of ABC City, this is being streghtened based on the results of hypothesis testing that shows the volume of 0.7 m3 would be more effective volume and could give a significant result. In fact, the medical waste should be burnt twice a day in order to be able to burn all the medical waste which is generated.

Introduction of the trapezoidal thermodynamic technique method for measuring and mapping the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants: A potential replacement to the R1 formula.

Waste-to-energy plants have the peculiarity of being considered both as energy production and as waste destruction facilities and this distinction is important for legislative reasons. The efficiency of waste-to-energy plants must be objective and consistent, independently if the focus is the production of energy, the destruction of waste or the recovery/upgrade of materials. With the introduction of polygeneration technologies, like gasification, the production of energy and the recovery/upgrade of materials, are interconnected. The existing methodology for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants is the R1 formula, which does not take into consideration the full spectrum of the operations that take place in waste-to-energy plants. This study introduces a novel methodology for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants and is defined as the 3T method, which stands for 'trapezoidal thermodynamic technique'. The 3T method is an integrated approach for assessing the efficiency of waste-to-energy plants, which takes into consideration not only the production of energy but also the quality of the products. The value that is returned from the 3T method can be placed in a tertiary diagram and the global efficiency map of waste-to-energy plants can be produced. The application of the 3T method showed that the waste-to-energy plants with high combined heat and power efficiency and high recovery of materials are favoured and these outcomes are in accordance with the cascade principle and with the high cogeneration standards that are set by the EU Energy Efficiency Directive.

Отримання енергії спалюванням відсортованого сміття на спеціалізованому підприємстві (досвід Німеччини)

Проаналізовано метод отримання теплової й електричної енергії з відсортованого сміття на спеціалізованому підприємстві у південно-західній частині Німеччини. Електростанція міста Штутгарт отримує енергію із відходів та вугілля (сміттєспалювальний завод-теплоелектроцентраль у Мюнстері й теплоелектроцентраль у Гайсбургу). Загалом "Штутгарт-Мюнстер" продукує 183 МВт електричної потужності й 450 МВт теплової потужності. Пропускна спроможність спалювання відходів становить 420000 т/рік (теплотвірна здатність – 11000 КДж/кг). Здійснено порівняння викидів основних забруднювальних речовин у атмосферне повітря після застосування таких природоохоронних технологій, як: каталітичне очищення від оксидів Нітрогену та руйнування діоксинів, вилучення пилу електростатичним фільтром; чотиристадійне скруберне очищення повітря від HCl, HF, SO2, дуже дрібнодисперсного пилу, важких металів, поліхлорованих дибензофуранів. Відзначено важливість спалювання непридатних для перероблення відходів для вирішення актуальної для України проблеми переповнення офіційних полігонів, а також необхідність чіткого дотримання таким підприємством екологічних нормативів, використання найсучасніших систем очищення та захоронення продуктів згоряння, побічного виробництва енергії.

HISTORY OF HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA ERADICATION IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2016–2017

Epidemic patterns of highly pathogenic avian influenza А/Н5N8 spread in the Russian Federation are demonstrated, history of the disease outbreak eradication in domestic poultry is described, basic reasons of the dangerous virus introduction on the commercial farms are analyzed and issues of the outbreak containment are highlighted. Specific properties of H5N8 disease progression and clinical manifestation are demonstrated against H5N1 disease. Data of epidemic investigations of the virus introduction to the closed-type farms are integrated. Basic attention is given to the destruction of poultry died and stamped out during implementation of anti-epidemic measures, and potential alternative ways of biological waste destruction are demonstrated. Principal risks of introduction of emerging influenza virus subtypes into the Russian Federation are determined. Further spread of avian influenza over the Russian territory is expected due to the current epidemic situation, the virus persistence in the vectors, maintenance of its viability in the environment and seasonal migrations of the wild birds. Major threat of the agent introduction comes from the neighbouring East Asia and Far East countries (China, Japan, Korea). Herewith, introduction of potentially zoonotic viruses is also possible. Risk of the virus introduction from the European countries, Near East countries and Central Asia cannot be excluded. For now, drastic measures still remain the only tool for the disease control and the strategy of limited targeted AI vaccination in the backyards minimizes the virus introduction to the commercial farms located in the risk zones.

Progresses in Polystyrene Biodegradation and Prospects for Solutions to Plastic Waste Pollution

Petroleum-based plastic pollution has been a global environmental concern for decades. The obvious contrast between the remarkable durability of the plastics and their short service time leads to the increasing accumulation of plastic wastes in the environment. A cost-effective, sustainable strategy to solve the problem should focus on source control and clean up. Polystyrene (PS) wastes, a recalcitrant plastic polymer, are among the wide spread man-made plastic pollutants. Destruction of PS wastes can be achieved using various abiotic methods such as incineration but such methods release potential air pollution and generation of hazardous by-products. Biodegradation and bioremediation has been proposed for years. Since the 1970’s, the microbial biodegradation of plastics, including PS, has been evaluated with mixed and isolated cultures from different sources such as activated sludge, trash, soil, and manure. To date, PS biodegradation by these microbial cultures is still quite slow. Recently, the larvae of yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus) have demonstrated promising PS biodegradation performance. Mealworms have demonstrated the ability to chew and ingest PS foam as food and are capable of degrading and mineralizing PS into CO2 via microbe-dependent activities within the gut in less than the 12-15 hrs gut retention time. These research results have revealed a potential for microbial biodegradation and bioremediation of plastic pollutants.

Evaluasi sistem pengelolaan limbah medis Puskesmas di wilayah Kabupaten Bantul

Evaluation of community health center's medical waste management system in Bantul RegencyPurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the Primary health centers medical waste management systems.MethodsThis research was a qualitative study using a case study design in five Puskesmas of Bantul Dis­trict.ResultsThe manage­ment of medical waste in Bantul Regency is a new model using private party as a user (health cooperative) to hire services to the private transporter (CV. Jogya Prima Per­kasa) to carry out the transportation and destruction of medical waste generated by health facilities of Puskesmas, Pustu, Polindes and private health facilities. Con­sideration of Health Cooperation is a private institution belonging to Dinas Kesehatan and has a legal entity con­sidered more flexible to bail out the initially issued funds to pay the financing of transport and extermination services to the transporter.ConclusionPrimary health care medical waste man­agement has followed the regulations. Health center has conducted medical waste management starting from the sorting, collection, pack­aging, storage, and transport. There should be improvements in some aspects, especially the creation of TPS for Puskesmas that do not have them yet, while Puskesmas who already have TPS need to make im­provements ac­cording to the conditions specified.

Targeting environmental infrastructures, international law, and civilians in the new Middle Eastern wars

Research in conflict studies and environmental security has largely focused on the mechanisms through which the environment and natural resources foster conflict or contribute to peacebuilding. An understudied area of research, however, concerns the ways in which warfare has targeted civilian infrastructure with long-term effects on human welfare and ecosystems. This article seeks to fill this gap. We focus on better understanding the conflict destruction of water, sanitation, waste, and energy infrastructures, which we term environmental infrastructures, by drawing on an author-compiled database of the post-2011 wars in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). While research across the social sciences has examined the targeting of civilians and environmental destruction during wars, including the issue of urbicide, we expand the study of targeting environmental infrastructure to (1) examine the role of different types of actors (international vs. subnational), (2) document the type of infrastructure targeted, form of attack, and impacts, and (3) situate increased targeting of environmental infrastructure in the changing context of war-making in the MENA. Comparatively analyzing the conflict zones of Libya, Syria, and Yemen, we show that targeting environmental infrastructure is an increasingly prevalent form of war-making in the MENA, with long-term implications for rebuilding states, sustaining livelihoods, and resolving conflicts.