Destruction Of Mosquitoes Research Articles

Determination of sporozoite infection rate of indoor resting female Anopheles mosquitoes in Gombe South, Gombe State, Nigeria

Infected female Anopheles mosquitoes are the culprits of malaria. The abundance and distribution of malaria vectors in communities contribute significantly in malaria transmission. Understanding the magnitude and intensity of sporozoite infection rates is very sensitive and powerful indices for describing the epidemiology of malaria which will aid in strategizing malaria control programme. The present study determines the sporozoite infection rates of female Anopheles mosquitoes in the four Local Government Areas (LGA) of Gombe South, Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using Pyrethrum Spray Catch (PSC) and were dissected to check the presence of sporozoites. Out of the 1,860 female Anopheles mosquitoes dissected, 665(35.8%) were infected with sporozoites. The highest infection rate was observed from Kaltungo LGA 145(41.7%), followed by Billiri LGA 182(36.3%), and 205(35.4%) was recorded from Balanaga. The lowest infectivity rate was observed from Shongom LGA 133(30.9%), p<0.005 which is highly significant statistically. With regards to monthly distribution of sporozoites, the highest infection rate was recorded in December (64.7%), January 60.0%, (64.5%), and August (60.7%) from Balanga, Billiri, Kaltungo and Shongom LGA respectively. Meanwhile the least was observed in July (2.8%), December (7.7%), April (20.0%), and March (11.6%) from Balanga, Billiri, Kaltungo and Shongom LGA respectively, p<0.005 which is highly significant statistically. However, (0.0%) sporozoite infection was obtained in September and March from Billiri, Kaltungo and Shongom LGA respectively. The present study therefore recommends malaria vector control through community based efforts by destruction of mosquitoes breeding sites, use of insect’s repellents, environmental sanitation and application of oil in stagnant water in order to reduce vectors population.

Hematological & biochemical parameters of dengue and its prevalence in North India: A hospital based study

Introduction: We undertook this prospective study to assess the clinical profile of dengue infection in hospitalized patients as well as to observe rare manifestations of dengue fever in the current outbreak.Materials and Methods: Blood samples collected in vaccutainers for Hb, Haematocrit, Platelets, leukocyte count, AST, ALT & dengue viral specific antigen (NS1) &IgM, IgG antibody. Hb, Haematocrit, platelets count, leukocytes count done manually method/automated hematological- analyzer & AST, ALT values determined by the automated biochemistry - Analyzer.Result: All the patients show body rash, vomiting, abdominal pain, back pain &spleenomegaly. In hematological finding, the average of haemoglobin 13.0 gm/dl, haematocrit 38.29%, total leukocyte count 6.3 Lac. Cells per cubic mm, thrombocyte count 2.12 lacks where mild decreases of platelet count. In biochemical finding, moderate decrease AST (191.33IU/L) & ALT(232.25IU/L)valuein dengue patient's serum.Conclusion: The destruction of mosquito is necessary, which transmitted dengue virus.

SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL BASIS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM OF WETLANDS PROTECTION

Purpose: the article reveals the issue of development of information support for the conservation of wetlands. The international and national legislation on the development of information support for the conservation of wetlands is analyzed. Methods of research: the list of normative legal acts and international agreements in this field is determined. The methodological basis of the research comprise general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, such as integrated and interdisciplinary. Results: the main directions of the further development of information support for the conservation of wetlands are determined. It is concluded that the formation and further implementation of the development of information provision for the conservation of wetlands is a complex and urgent task. Discussion: problems of national and international legislation and implementation of norms of foreign legislation to the norms of domestic legislation in the field of development of information provision for the conservation of wetlands. It is concluded that the formation and further implementation of the development of information provision for the conservation of wetlands is a complex and urgent task. The legal status of wetlands in Ukraine today is not sufficiently researched. The regulation of relations regarding the protection, use, ownership of wetlands is regulated according to the category of territory they are located. For many centuries, the socio-negative environmental assessment of wetlands has been formed, which has led to the massive destruction of mires. Swamps were considered evil, ruined places where life can not exist. This led to massive mosquito destruction. Later, a number of studies were conducted to study marshes in terms of their biodiversity. On February 2, 1971, in Ramsar (Iran), the Ramsar Convention or the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, mainly as a Waterfowl Habitat, which is an international agreement. The purpose of the Convention was to preserve the existing wetlands, mainly as habitats for rare species of animals. Ukraine is a Contracting Party to the Convention. If we look at the root causes of the destruction of unique cells - then, it should be noted the leveling of the role of wetlands for the environment and human life because of the lack of environmental information, environmental education. Unfortunately, this situation persists today, especially in the countries of the former Soviet Union.

A Comparative Analysis of the Relative Efficacy of Vector-Control Strategies Against Dengue Fever

Dengue is considered one of the most important vector-borne infection, affecting almost half of the world population with 50 to 100 million cases every year. In this paper, we present one of the simplest models that can encapsulate all the important variables related to vector control of dengue fever. The model considers the human population, the adult mosquito population and the population of immature stages, which includes eggs, larvae and pupae. The model also considers the vertical transmission of dengue in the mosquitoes and the seasonal variation in the mosquito population. From this basic model describing the dynamics of dengue infection, we deduce thresholds for avoiding the introduction of the disease and for the elimination of the disease. In particular, we deduce a Basic Reproduction Number for dengue that includes parameters related to the immature stages of the mosquito. By neglecting seasonal variation, we calculate the equilibrium values of the model's variables. We also present a sensitivity analysis of the impact of four vector-control strategies on the Basic Reproduction Number, on the Force of Infection and on the human prevalence of dengue. Each of the strategies was studied separately from the others. The analysis presented allows us to conclude that of the available vector control strategies, adulticide application is the most effective, followed by the reduction of the exposure to mosquito bites, locating and destroying breeding places and, finally, larvicides. Current vector-control methods are concentrated on mechanical destruction of mosquitoes' breeding places. Our results suggest that reducing the contact between vector and hosts (biting rates) is as efficient as the logistically difficult but very efficient adult mosquito's control.

Yellow Fever: 100 Years of Discovery

The article describes a series of experiments conducted to explore how yellow fever is propagated from individual to individual and how the contagium is spread within households. The study was conducted in an experimental sanitary station in Cuba, where exposures and movements could be completely controlled. During the investigation, 12 nonimmune persons underwent different exposures, including mosquitoes that had fed on yellow fever patients, blood from infected patients, and fomites belonging to infected patients.The study provided the following observations: (1) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes transferred the disease from an infected individual to a nonimmune person; (2) at least 12 days were needed for the extrinsic incubation period in the mosquito before it could transmit the infection; (3) yellow fever can be transferred to a nonimmune person from the blood of an infected individual taken during the first 2 days of the illness; (4) a filterable agent was responsible for infection; (5) the incubation period for humans ranged between 2 and 6 days; and (6) yellow fever cannot be transmitted by fomites nor spread in a house without the presence of mosquitoes. The most significant conclusion was that the “spread of yellow fever can be most effectually controlled by measures directed to the destruction of mosquitoes.”See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.

The prevention of diabetes

The preventive measures proposed today for diabetes are individual and are aimed especially at the complications. A disease as widespread among the mass of the population as diabetes necessitates measures applicable to a great number of individuals in order to prevent the onset of the disorder itself. This involves practical difficulties and a large amount of ingenuity in the choice and mode of application of the measures. The prevention of diabetes cannot be the result of a single measure, such as a vaccine working directly upon the individual, nor can it be carried out by removing noxious environmental factors, such as destruction of mosquitoes in swamps and pools. The multiple etiology of diabetes implies multiple and widely applicable measures of prevention. Under these circumstances, during the last decades we have attempted a broader experiment, which may be considered a pilot experiment, including 14,000 diabetics. The first thousand have been followed for 25 years. The approach to this experiment and the results are reported in the present paper in order to promote the prevention of diabetes on a large scale. The authors give some considerations on the prevention by early detection, and on the general prevention of complications by daily avoidance of certain widespread factors.

The First Field Tests of Recorded Mosquito Sounds used for Mosquito Destruction 1,2

The First Field Tests of Recorded Mosquito Sounds used for Mosquito Destruction 1,2

Field Trials with ‘Gammexane’ As a Means of Malaria Control by Adult Mosquito Destruction in Sierra Leone

Field Trials with ‘Gammexane’ As a Means of Malaria Control by Adult Mosquito Destruction in Sierra Leone

Field Trials with ‘Gammexane’ As a Means of Malaria Control by Adult Mosquito Destruction in Sierra Leone

Field Trials with ‘Gammexane’ As a Means of Malaria Control by Adult Mosquito Destruction in Sierra Leone

Malaria in the Netherlands

This is a book that should be in the library of every malariologist and public health officer. In the Preface the authors state that it has been written because “malaria in this country (Netherlands) may claim a wider interest, since it provides the investigator with, what might be called, a pocket-edition of the epidemiology of this disease.” This statement is well demonstrated in the text and the authors lay particular stress upon the importance of healthy parasite-carriers in the epidemiology of the disease, a point too often overlooked or minimized by epidemiologists in their efforts to prevent malaria by attention to the destruction of mosquitoes alone.In a review it is impossible to do justice to this book and it must be read to be appreciated, as it is filled with careful and scientific observations relating to the epidemiology of malarial infections.

Mosquito Destruction by James’ Method

Mosquito Destruction by James’ Method

The Destruction of Mosquitoes in Airplanes: A Preliminary Note

The Destruction of Mosquitoes in Airplanes: A Preliminary Note

Note on Experiments Made with the Object of Finding an Efficient and Economical Insecticide Spray for the Destruction of Mosquitoes and Flies

Note on Experiments Made with the Object of Finding an Efficient and Economical Insecticide Spray for the Destruction of Mosquitoes and Flies

Experiments with malaria and mosquitoes in Shantung, China: With a note on the value of local species of fish for the destruction of Mosquito Larv˦

Experiments with malaria and mosquitoes in Shantung, China: With a note on the value of local species of fish for the destruction of Mosquito Larv˦

"POISON GAS FOR MOSQUITOES"

To the Editor: —My attention has been directed to a communication by Dr. Hulussi Mustafa of Diabekir, Turkey (The Journal, September 4, p. 777), in which apparently he claims to be the first to introduce the use of poison gas for the destruction of mosquitoes. Permit me, as president of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, to direct attention to a paper by a fellow of that society, Mr. K. B. Williamson, which was published in the society'sTransactions(17:485, 1924). It is entitled The Use of Gases and Vapors for Killing Mosquitoes Breeding in Wells and is an account of the work he carried out on this subject during the war. He tested a number of different gases, including chloropicrine and chlorine, and gives a full and illustrated account of his research work. Dr. Mustafa has not yet published details of his method, and it is

Migration as a Factor in Pest-outbreaks

Human experience in the past has often been crystallized into homely saws, of which the one that states that “ Prevention is better than cure ” should be regarded as one of the foundation stones of all work in economic entomology. We see this put into practice in such routine measures as the destruction of mosquito and fly larvae, ploughing fields in the dry weather to destroy grasshopper egg-masses, the destruction of weeds and stubble, the collection of egg-masses, caterpillars and hoppers, the enforced removal of cotton-plants after harvest, legislation against the introduction of pests into new countries, and similar measures which are so familiar that they need not be enlarged on here. Such measures are directed to and, if applied consistently, are largely effective in keeping within bounds insects which, if not thus checked, normally attain to destructive numbers, and by “ normally ” I mean that on the average they occur in such numbers every year, or for a series of years. There are, of course, fluctuations, due to natural causes, in the pest-status of many insects, which may be insignificant in normal years and occasionally rank as bad pests, or vice versa ; of such causes we know as yet very little, beyond the pious ascription of them to the effects of parasitic control or climate. But, after eliminating these fluctuations, we still often find our expectations upset by outbreaks for which it is very difficult to invoke any adequate explanation other than that they are the effect of a large influx into the area affected of the insect concerned. Such a theory may appear far-fetched at first sight, especially as it is very difficult of proof in most cases, but we find in India an accumulation of cases for which such an explanation seems the only one possible.

LETTER ON THE DEATH OF KEATS

To the Editor: —The following extract from the letter of Joseph Severn, dated Rome, Jan. 11, 1821, written in the sickroom of John Keats (whom Severn was nursing in his last illness) may prove of interest as showing how the Italian medical authorities viewed tuberculosis a hundred years ago: News was brought me the other day that our gentle landlady had reported to the police that my friend was dying of consumption. Now their law is — that every individual thing, even to the paper on the walls in each room the patient has been in, shall, without reserve, be destroyed by fire, the loss to be made good by his friends. This startled me not a little, for in our sitting room where I wanted to bring him, there is property worth about £150, besides all our books, etc.—invaluable. Mosquito Destruction by a Plant. —According to investigations carried out

The Destruction of Mosquito Larvæ in Salt or Brackish Water

A NUMBER of experiments on the destruction of mosquito larvae by the well-known system of “surface oiling”, carried out at Hayling Island during the year 1921, supplied further evidence of the fact that this method is not one of universal application. The production of an unbroken film of a sufficiently lasting nature is sometimes an impossible task, notably in cases where the water surface is broken up by growths of reeds, etc., or is too freely exposed to the wind. In cases of this kind it is necessary to discard the oil film in favour of a “larvicide”, that is to say, a substance which, by mixing with the infested water, will destroy the larvae.

Mosquito Destruction and Prevention

Mosquito Destruction and Prevention

Destruction of Mosquito Larvæ

Destruction of Mosquito Larvæ