SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL BASIS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM OF WETLANDS PROTECTION

Purpose: the article reveals the issue of developing an electronic access system for information on emissions into the air. The international and national legislation on access to information on emissions into the air is analyzed. Methods of research: the list of normative legal acts and international dossiers in this field is determined. The methodological basis of the research comprise general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, such as integrated and interdisciplinary. Results: the main directions of further development of the updated system of accounting and control of emissions are determined, in particular, on the Internet resources. It is concluded that the formation and further implementation of a comprehensive state policy in the field of climate change, harmonized with international law, is a complex and urgent task. It is necessary to establish a clear accounting of emissions for all forms of pollutants. Discussion: problems of national and international legislation and implementation of norms of foreign legislation to the norms of domestic legislation in the field of development of the electronic system for access to information on emissions into the air.

Interconnections between International and National Criminal Law Relevant to Energy Security

The purpose of the article is to analyze the international and national legislation in the field of crime prevention by the probation authorities, and to determine the directions of improvement of the national legislation governing the institute in Ukraine. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks have been accomplished in the article: Different approaches to understanding the concept of «probation» are considered; investigated national and international legislation in the field of prevention of criminal offenses by probation authorities in Ukraine; probation issues of probation prevention were investigated; on the basis of the conducted research, proposals and recommendations on improvement of measures for prevention of criminal offenses by the probation authorities in Ukraine by amendments to the national legislation were provided. Methodology. In the course of the research, the dialectical method of scientific knowledge of social and legal phenomena in their contradictions, development and changes was used, which makes it possible to objectively evaluate the level, effectiveness and analysis of international and national legislation in the field of prevention of criminal offenses by probation authorities, as well as gaps in the system, Formal-logical method, by which the elements of the legal mechanism of preventing criminal offenses by probation authorities are revealed. The comparative legal method is used in the analysis of current legislation and international regulations; formal logic (analysis and synthesis, hypothesis) – in determining the main directions of scientific work and the main problematic issues. The theoretical basis of this publication was the work of domestic and foreign scientists on the aspects of prevention of criminal offenses by probation authorities. The scientific novelty of the publication is the need to conduct a thorough analysis of the applicable international and national legislation in the field of prevention of criminal offenses by probation authorities, as well as to send proposals and recommendations, to revise individual domestic rules in this field and bring them into conformity with the rules of international conventions. Conclusions. Based on the results of the study, conclusions were drawn about the need to address staffing issues, including the involvement of qualified psychologists in working with prisoners, and with minors, teachers. Ensure proper implementation of the rules that provide social assistance to prisoners: providing housing and work, amending the Law of Ukraine «On Probation» and the Law of Ukraine «On the social adaptation of persons serving or serving sentences in the form of restraint of liberty or imprisonment for a limited period». Keywords. probation; penitentiary system; international experience; crime prevention; restorative justice; expedited adaptation; psycho-corrective program; social adaptation; probation services; volunteer.

Purpose: the article reveals the issue of adoption and influence of the Aarhus Convention in the context of the development of access to environmental information. Methods of research: the list of normative legal acts and international agreements in this field is determined. The methodological basis of the research comprise general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, such as integrated and interdisciplinary. Results: the main preconditions and requirements for the adoption and impact of the Aarhus Convention in the context of the development of access to environmental information are determined. Conclusion is made regarding the impact of the Aarhus Convention on access to environmental information in Ukraine. Discussion: problems of national and international legislation and implementation of norms of foreign legislation to the norms of domestic legislation in the field of access to environmental information.

The purpose of the article consists in the analysis of the norms of national and international legislation for the elimination of the discrepancies in the legal understanding of the definitions in the field of alternative energy, that is definition and scientific and theoretical substantiation of the notions «alternative sources of energy», «non-conventional sources of energy» and «renewable sources of energy», which will serve for the elimination of terminological discrepancies in national legislation, and will become a basis for uniform practical use of the latter in the field of alternative energy. Urgency of the research is conditioned by the reorientation of world energy sector in the direction of the substitution of conventional fuel sources for those alternative. Since global warming and increasing of the level of anthropogenic emissions as a result of human activity is one of the biggest ecological problems of the universe, international community, together with ecologists and climatologists of all the world are involved in the development and implementation of highly efficient international strategies, which are directed at the decrease of harmful impact of anthropogenic emissions on surrounding natural environment and human health. In order to prevent the climate change and to mitigate global warming the scientists of the entire world proposed a wide range of variants for the mitigation of climate changes of Earth. Among which the key place belongs to alternative and renewable energy sources, which have been identified as the main strategically successful directions of reducing anthropogenic emissions into the natural environment. Today, we can see a trend towards a reorientation of the global energy sector to more environmentally friendly, alternative and renewable energy sources and a departure from traditional fossil energy resources. At the same time, unambiguous interpretation and understanding of the conceptual and terminological apparatus is an important condition for the development and practical use of knowledge. Therefore, it is important to delineate the clear boundaries of the technologies included in the concepts of alternative and renewable sources of energy, as there are differences in the use of these concepts, both in national legislation and between national and international legislation. The article analyzes and systematizes the knowledge as to the categorial instrument in the field of alternative energy and proposes the definition of renewable and alternative energy sources in accordance with the rules of construction of conceptual and terminological apparatus taking into account international experience in this field. The proposed wording of these concepts serves to eliminate terminological inaccuracies in national legislation, and will address the gaps between national and international legislation in the field of application of the categorial instrument in the field of alternative energy.

The article examines the problem of protection of human rights in national and international law, which is the most important feature of civil society. Taking into account the importance of the area under study, as well as the importance of a clear settlement of relations regarding the observance of human rights in all spheres of life, the question of the relationship between the norms of national and international legislation in this area is acute. The purpose of the study is to determine the priorities between national and international legislation, as well as to establish the compliance of domestic norms designed to protect human rights with international legal standards. It has been established that the Constitution consolidates the priority of international instruments over national legislation that clearly defines the relationship and interaction of internationally recognized standards and principles with the relevant provisions of the current legislation of Ukraine in the sphere of protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. This ensures that the participating countries comply with both their home-constitutions and international legal acts. Moreover, the level of global security depends on the level of correlation between the policies of individual states and the provisions of international legal norms. But the standards and principles of international law and international agreements of Ukraine may not be above the constitutional and are a part of the national system of law, which is based on the Constitution of Ukraine. In addition, international standards should not be perceived as immutable, since it may lead to a partial loss of the national identity of the legal system. Therefore, the perception of these international standards should take into account the traditions and specifics of the national legal system. The Constitution of Ukraine shall be a guarantor of preserving national identity in the process of implementation or reception of international standards. It is determined that international legal standards are the determining factor that determines the level of correlation of national legislation with the relevant international legal norms. International legal standards have been defined as the determining factor that reveals the correlation level of national legislation with relevant international legal norms.

The article focuses on international shipping governed by regulatory sources of a dual nature. This circumstance is due to the fact that international shipping is regulated both by international legal sources, for example, conventions, international treaties and customs, and by domestic legislation and judicial practice of the countries participating in international transportation. The research findings have indicated that, unfortunately, in practice there are often cases when the norms of national or international law have loopholes. Thus, a number of provisions of the International Shipping Rules do not coincide with the Russian Charter of Water Transport. In addition, the concept of “bill of lading” is often used in international law and is absent in Russian legislation. Therefore, the author proposes to eliminate the existing loopholes causing either high costs or litigation by finalizing national and international legislation. In this regard, the author considers specific examples and makes appropriate proposals aimed to close the identified loopholes in international and national legislation in order to minimize the costs and losses of the parties to the international transport agreement, and to reduce the number of controversies. Such urgent problems as the problem of piracy and the problem of pollution of the seas and oceans by ships also arise in freight forwarding business. The author proposes to toughen measures of responsibility for maritime piracy and for pollution of the seas and oceans by ships at the legislative level.

Introduction: Nowadays there is the transformation of the national health care system in Ukraine, the ultimate goal of which is to create a modern, competitive model of medical care of citizens on the basis of forming packages of free medical services. However, the model adopted by Ukraine is in contradiction with national legislation in part of free medical aid guaranteed by the Art. 49 of the Constitution of Ukraine, and fragmentary considers positive international practices. The aim of the paper is to determine the mistakes of the reform of the Ukrainian health care system and to reveal the positive international practices of the organization of health care systems that can be implemented in Ukraine. Materials and methods: National and international legislation, official web resources of the executive authorities of Ukraine, statistics of the World Health Organization, materials of journalistic and scientific periodicals are the materials for the research of the health care system in Ukraine in comparison with international practices. Research methods are cross-sectoral, complex statistical, comparative, generalization, analysis and synthesis. In order to obtain the results, the authors have conducted a critical analysis of the current norms of the national Ukrainian legislation in the health care sector. Review: The authors of the article have studied the main disadvantages of the national health care system in accordance with the concept of reforming the medical sector. Positive international practices that can be implemented into Ukrainian system for the real improvement of medical human rights in Ukraine have been revealed. Conclusions: It has been proved that the ongoing reform of the health care system in Ukraine needs to be reviewed and optimized. It has been offered to consolidate a perspective model of the Ukrainian health care system, its principles and guarantees of immunity at the legislative level.

The origins of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands lie in the increasing concern expressed during the 1960s over the rapid drainage, conversion and degradation of wetlands, particularly in Europe and North America, and its impacts on wetland biodiversity, specificallymigratorywaterbirds (Matthews 1993), as the full legal title of the Convention (‘Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat’) conveys. Those pioneeringwaterbird scientistswho championed the call for an international agreement between governments to address thispressing issuewere remarkably far-sightedand inspirational in their visionofwhatwas needed, andhelpedcraft aConvention text that has stood the test of time. The Convention text not only recognises the need to conserve wetlands for the biodiversity that depends upon them.Very importantly (andway ahead of its time), it also recognises the ‘interdependence of Man and his environment’, and that ‘wetlands constitute a resource of great economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value, the loss ofwhichwould be irreparable’ – a resource whose importance has only become more widely recognised in the last 10 years, and which we nowadays call ‘ecosystem services’ (MA 2003). After years of negotiation and discussion, that Convention text was agreed and signed in the city of Ramsar, Iran, in February 1971, making the Ramsar Convention the first of the modern global intergovernmental environmental agreements (Matthews 1993; Gardner and Davidson 2011). In the adopted Convention text, the Convention’s Contracting Parties (member governments) expressed their desire to ‘stem the loss and degradation of wetlands now and in the future’ – something that has proved to be a very challenging desire over the past 45 years since its adoption, given that recent evidence indicates that wetlands are continuing to be destroyed, and in some regions faster than ever (Davidson 2014),with,30%of the area ofwetlands that existed in 1970 now lost (Dixon et al. 2016). At the heart of the Convention is the commitment of Contracting Parties to the ‘wise use’ of all wetlands, with the mechanism to achieve wise use of wetlands being the maintenance of their ‘ecological character’ by all concerned.Originally, ecological character maintenance was a commitment specifically focussed on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites) designated by Contracting Parties, but since 2005 this undertaking has been recognised as applying equally to all wetlands, whether Ramsar Sites or not (Ramsar Convention 2005; Pittock et al. 2010). The Convention describes ecological character as ‘the combination of the ecosystem components, processes and benefits/ services that characterise the wetland at a given point in time’ (Ramsar Convention 2005). From an ecological perspective it is implicit in that description that all wetlands do for one or other reason change their character over time, whether that change is through ‘natural’ vegetational succession, change in climatic conditions or through the (often damaging) actions of people. However, there is a strong sense from the way in which some parts of the Convention text were worded almost half a century ago, and subsequently in many adopted decisions, that the thinking at that time was to manage wetlands to maintain a stasis of their ecological character, often at that time, for the primary purpose of wetland species conservation. Since 1971 the Convention has adopted a considerable body of scientific and technical advice and guidance on wise use and ecological character maintenance (Ramsar Convention Secretariat 2010a; b), prepared at the request of Contracting Parties by the Convention’s subsidiary body, the Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP). However, there remain some significant gaps in the available guidance, and this has led to confusion and ambiguity concerning what ecological character to maintain for a wetland, a problem often compounded by a lack of knowledge of the extent of short-and longer-term variability in the character of a wetland. For example, when a wetland is designated as a Ramsar Site the designation requires an Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands to be completed, which includes a description of the site’s ecological character at the time of the designation (or rather, given the administrative processes concerned, at some time before the designation is completed). This requirement is simply a description of the character at that time and no more than that, not least because the precise date of designation of a Ramsar Site is largely politically and administratively (not ecologically) determined. That ecological character description is intended to help informmanagement planning, butmay not necessarily be the ecological character that must be the objective of management planning implementation. However, some Parties seem to have interpreted this requirement as being the ecological character to maintain for all time, through management. This is erroneous, not least since a Ramsar Site is not required to be pristine at the time of its designation, so maintaining such a wetland degraded by, for example, pollution in its polluted state would be a nonsense. The decision by the CSIRO PUBLISHING

In June, Julia Gillard replaced Kevin Rudd as prime minister of Australia. The leadership shift was attributed to, among other things, inaction on climate change. Yet Australia has still not enacted national climate mitigation legislation since the introduction of a national emissions trading scheme was deferred. Political debate around Prime Minister Gillard’s proposed price on carbon continues (discussed later in this report). As a fitting backdrop to the climate change debate, the year also brought several extreme weather events. After a decade of drought, Australia experienced its third wettest year on record, as El Niño gave way to a strong El Niña weather pattern. Despite this deluge, a lack of water remains a serious pressure on Australian ecosystems and biodiversity. Australia currently is in the process of developing the Murray Darling Basin Plan (MDB Plan) under national water legislation in order to address these serious water allocation issues (<http://thebasinplan.mdba.gov.au>). The Water Act 2007 seeks to give effect to international agreements for biodiversity protection such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The consultation stage of the MDB Plan has highlighted the difficulties of balancing environmental and human demands for water. How the MDB Plan sits with Australia’s new Biodiversity Strategy, which was released in 2010, will be an issue to watch in the coming year. One particular concern will be how Australia is to meet its obligations under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) in light of competing demands and limited environmental water allocations. More positively, Australia has continued its active involvement in the international effort to halt whaling in the Southern Ocean Sanctuary, including the commencement of litigation against Japan in the International Court of Justice (ICJ).

The article is devoted to the study of the norms of current international and national legislation in the field of prevention of marine pollution in the context of the definition and application of measures to prevent pollution of the marine environment. The study solves such problems as determining the problem of the current state of marine pollution; study of international legal and national legislation of Ukraine on the protection of the marine environment; and finding further directions for the development of environmental safety policy at sea. The research is based on a set of general scientific and special methods of cognition, the application of which is carried out within a systematic approach. Marine pollution in Ukraine, as in most countries around the world, is currently considered one of the most important economic and social problems. One of the important components of international environmental security is the prevention of marine pollution, which can only be achieved through a combination of efforts of each state at the national level and the international community as a whole. The relevance of the study in the article is due to the lack of systematic and comprehensive study of current issues of international legal responsibility for marine pollution. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of a systematic international treaty or treaties that would regulate international legal relations related to the implementation of such responsibilities. The main measures and protection of the marine environment from pollution, analysis of the legal consequences of marine pollution and the substantive development of international law, and compliance with the level of their implementation in the legislation of Ukraine.&#x0D; The article examines and analyzes the norms of current international and national legislation in the field of prevention of marine pollution in the context of defining and applying measures to prevent pollution of the marine environment.

В умовах правової глобалізації об’єктивно посилюється зв’язок міжнародного права з національними правовими системами держав – членів міжнародного співтовариства, що знаходить свій прояв у взаємодії норм і принципів міжнародного права, які містяться в міжнародних договорах з системою національного конституційного права і законодавства. Найбільш яскраво ця взаємодія проявляється у запозиченні нормами національного конституційного права держав міжнародних правових стандартів як складної системної нормативної феноменології міжнародних договірних відносин, що після визнання державами-учасницями міжнародних договорів, шляхом їх підписання, повинні бути імплементовані в національну систему конституційного законодавства для подальшої дії на рівні та як звичайних норм національного конституційного права.&#x0D; Метою статті є дослідження феноменології місця, ролі, значення та застосування міжнародних правових стандартів у національному конституційному праві в контекстуалізації їх доктринального визначення, розуміння, а також праксеологічної цінності через дослідження їх поняття, ознак та місця в його системі джерел.&#x0D; Наукова новизна полягає у дослідженні місця та ролі міжнародних правових стандартів у національній системі конституційного права через визначення їх поняття, ознак та місця в системі джерел конституційного права.&#x0D; Висновки. Конституційне право держави є основоположною, фундаментальною та єдиною профілюючою галуззю національного права, бо саме її правові норми регулюють основні відносини, що виникають у процесі становлення, існування, функціонування та взаємодії між собою особистості (людини), суспільства та держави. Отже, з огляду на такий конституюючий характер зазначених правових відносин саме конституційному праву належить особлива роль у моделюванні національної системи права та національної системи законодавства, включаючи й запозичення норм міжнародного права. Актуальність досліджуваної проблематики обґрунтовується відсутністю вітчизняних наукових розробок з комплексного дослідження категорії «міжнародних стандартів», розкриття особливостей їх впливу на становлення і розвиток конституційного права України, з’ясування їх місця у сфері прав, свобод та обов’язків людини і громадянина в конституційному праві України, а також у формуванні та діяльності органів державної влади та місцевого самоврядування, нерозвиненістю відповідного законодавства та недостатністю узагальнення практики й зарубіжного досвіду із вказаних питань, – хоча її важливе теоретичне і практичне значення для розвитку національного конституційного нормопроектування (законопроектування), а також нормотворення (законотворення) у сфері імплементації міжнародних стандартів до національного законодавства України, є безумовно важливим. Наявність великої кількості доктринальних підходів щодо розуміння міжнародних правових стандартів все ж не вирішує завдання їх оптимального визначення, – разом із тим вважаємо, що теоретичні наробки в цій сфері йдуть по продуктивному шляху через визначення правової природи міжнародних правових стандартів, суб’єктів їх розробки, їх прийняття та легалізації на міжнародному рівні. Характерними рисами міжнародно-правових стандартів виступають: наявність об’єкта і методу правового регулювання; їх погоджувальний характер; їх координаційний характер; обов’язковість для тих сторін, які визнали їх добровільно; форми їх існування – міжнародний договір або інші акти міжнародних організацій; забезпечення їх реалізації, що відбувається на рівні держав або міжнародних організацій як об’єднань держав; їх структурна особливість, якою є відсутність структурного елемента норми – санкції. Міжнародні правові стандарти, що містяться в міжнародних багатосторонніх договорах, є ординарними та належними джерелами національного конституційного права, що можуть бути застосованими в практичній діяльності його суб’єктів як й інші норми національного права та законодавства.

Los humedales son ecosistemas complejos, por la gran variedad de formas que pueden adoptar, lo que dificulta su identificación y protección, y que revisten gran relevancia para en la mantención de la biodiversidad y para las actividades de las comunidades cercanas. Son conjuntos frágiles, que han sido degradados por la intervención humana, el cambio climático, y al desconocimiento general que existe respecto a su importancia. La Convención de Ramsar sobre Zonas Húmedas de Importancia Internacional Especialmente como Hábitat de las Aves Acuáticas, que tiene por objeto la protección de humedales, fue suscrita por Chile en 1971 y entró en vigencia en 1981. Pese a lo anterior, en Chile y otros países suscriptores, la incorporación de dicho Tratado en la legislación nacional no necesariamente se ha traducido en una protección efectiva de los humedales. Los objetivos de este artículo consisten en examinar el ámbito de protección de la Convención de Ramsar y las diferencias que existen en su aplicación entre diversos países; para luego exponer qué medidas son necesarias para mejorarla y asegurar una protección efectiva de los humedales.

Guidelines, law, and governance: disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of customs rules for citizens in the context of international and national legislation. The relevance of the study is due to the need for theoretical and methodological substantiation of customs rules for citizens from the point of view of ensuring economic, social and national security, simplifying customs procedures, adapting to global integration processes and modern digital challenges. The research methodology includes an analysis of regulatory legal acts, a comparative analysis of the two-channel border crossing system, as well as a generalization of proposals for improving customs rules. The article substantiates the reasons for the introduction of customs formalities for citizens, which contribute to ensuring the legal movement of goods, protecting the domestic market, replenishing the state budget and protecting the health of the population. The content and components of customs rules are systematized in accordance with national and international legislation. The author's definition of the concept of “customs rules for citizens” as a legally established procedure for crossing the customs border by individuals, which determines the list of goods permitted or prohibited for movement, the features of their declaration, as well as the conditions for applying privileges or restrictions to ensure national security, economic stability and the protection of public interests, is argued. The essence and objectives of the two-channel system of border crossing by citizens, which combines the simplicity of customs procedures with the transparency of their implementation, are characterized. A comparative characteristic of the “green channel” and “red channel” systems is carried out, their characteristic features are determined. The transformational aspects of customs rules in the context of digitalization, integration processes and support for economic development are determined. The directions for improving customs rules proposed in the study, such as digitalization, adaptability and optimization of customs procedures, should contribute to simplifying border crossing processes, increasing the efficiency of customs control and integrating the state's customs system into the global economic space