Destruction In Tissues Research Articles

Evaluation of Periapical Granuloma and Radicular Cyst Regarding the Age, Gender and The Lesion Size

Background: Apical periodontitis (AP) is a common infectious disease characterized by inflammation and bone destruction in the periapical tissues due to microbial infection in the dental pulp . AP is the most frequent inflammatory lesion related to teeth, distinguished by a direct pathway to the bone marrow without epithelial barriers if the dental pulp becomes necrotic and infected. Materials and methods: Thirty paraffin embedded tissue blocks of radicular neck resected samples of 18 preapical granulomas and 12 radicular cysts were processed histopatholgically. Results: the mean patients’ age was 34.37 ± 2.95 years; fifteen patients were aged bellow 30 years and 15 patients were equal or above 30 years. The mean lesions size was significantly higher among patients with radicular cysts than preapical granuloma (5.07 ± 1.35 vs. 0.94 ± 0.21; p=0.048. granulomas lesions were slightly higher among females in age group 30-39 years ( 25% vs. 10%), and the radicular cysts lesions were higher among females in all age group as compare to male patients Conclusions: Lesions size was significantly higher among patients with radicular cysts than that of preapical granuloma. A peak incidence between the third and fourth decades of life and predominance among female

Evidence that a Novel Chalcone Derivative, Compound 27, Acts on the Epithelium Via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-Keap1 Signaling Pathway, to Mitigate LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a highly heterogeneous clinical syndrome and an important cause of mortality in critically ill patients, with limited treatment options currently available. Chalcone, an essential secondary metabolite found in edible or medicinal plants, exhibits good antioxidant activity and simple structure for easy synthesis. In our study, we synthesized a novel chalcone derivative, compound 27 (C27). We hypothesized that C27 could be a potential treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, the protective effects of C27 on lung epithelial cells during ALI and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated. In vivo, Intratracheal instillation of LPS (10mg/kg) was used to induce acute lung injury in mice. In vitro, the bronchial epithelial cell line (Beas-2b) was treated with 30μM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) to simulate oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrate that pretreatment with C27 reduces LPS-induced oxidative destruction and cellular apoptosis in lung tissues of mice. Furthermore, it significantly attenuates t-BHP-induced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis in vitro. Mechanistically, the signaling pathway involving Nrf2-Keap1 and the downstream antioxidative proteins were activated by C27 in vivo. Additionally, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 abolished the effect of C27 in vitro, indicating that the protective effect of C27 is mediated via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-Keap1 pathway. Our study provides evidence that C27 protects against LPS-induced ALI by mitigating oxidative stress via activation of the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway. Therefore, we hypothesize that C27 represents a viable alternative for ALI therapy.

The Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training and Eugenol Supplementation on the Wnt, TGF-β, and Beta-Catenin gene Expression in Myocardial Tissue of Poisoned Rats Induced by Chlorpyrifos

: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate toxin used to control agricultural pests that cause oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell destruction in various body tissues, including the heart. The expression of Wnt, TGFβ, and beta-catenin plays a crucial role in cardiac fibrosis development. No study has investigated changes in the function of these genes following physical activity and eugenol supplementation in chlorpyrifos intoxication. The present study investigated the independent and interactive effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol supplementation on the Wnt, TGFβ, and beta-catenin gene expression in the heart tissue of rats poisoned with chlorpyrifos. Forty-two male rats were divided into seven groups: healthy control, healthy receiving DMSO as chlorpyrifos toxin solvent, healthy receiving corn oil as eugenol solvent, poisoned control, aerobic exercise poisoning, eugenol poisoning, aerobic poisoning, and eugenol poisoning. The expression of the desired genes in the hearts of rats was measured after providing the intervention. Data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests. Statistical significance was considered when P ≤ 0.05. Poisoning significantly increased the Wnt, TGFβ, and beta-catenin gene expression in the heart tissue. The use of exercise and supplementation reduced the Wnt, TGFβ, and beta-catenin gene expression, each independently, in the hearts of poisoned rats. Exercise-eugenol interaction did not significantly reduce the gene expression than exercise or supplementation alone. Overall, the present study showed the positive role of exercise and eugenol in reducing chronic cardiac toxicity on Wnt, TGFβ, and beta-catenin gene expression.

Discrimination of Bacterial Community Structures among Healthy, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis Statuses through Integrated Metatranscriptomic and Network Analyses.

ABSTRACTPeriodontal disease is an inflammatory condition caused by polymicrobial infection. The inflammation is initiated at the gingiva (gingivitis) and then extends to the alveolar bone, leading to tooth loss (periodontitis). Previous studies have shown differences in bacterial composition between periodontal healthy and diseased sites. However, bacterial metabolic activities during the health-to-periodontitis microbiome shift are still inadequately understood. This study was performed to investigate the bacterial characteristics of healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis statuses through metatranscriptomic analysis. Subgingival plaque samples of healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites in the same oral cavity were collected from 21 patients. Bacterial compositions were then determined based on 16S rRNA reads; taxonomic and functional profiles derived from genes based on mRNA reads were estimated. The results showed clear differences in bacterial compositions and functional profiles between healthy and periodontitis sites. Co-occurrence networks were constructed for each group by connecting two bacterial species if their mRNA abundances were positively correlated. The clustering coefficient values were 0.536 for healthy, 0.600 for gingivitis, and 0.371 for periodontitis sites; thus, network complexity increased during gingivitis development, whereas it decreased during progression to periodontitis. Taxa, including Eubacterium nodatum, Eubacterium saphenum, Filifactor alocis, and Fretibacterium fastidiosum, showed greater transcriptional activities than those of red complex bacteria, in conjunction with disease progression. These taxa were associated with periodontal disease progression, and the health-to-periodontitis microbiome shift was accompanied by alterations in bacterial network structure and complexity.IMPORTANCE The characteristics of the periodontal microbiome influence clinical periodontal status. Gingivitis involves reversible gingival inflammation without alveolar bone resorption. In contrast, periodontitis is an irreversible disease characterized by inflammatory destruction in both soft and hard tissues. An imbalance of the microbiome is present in both gingivitis and periodontitis. However, differences in microbiomes and their functional activities in the healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis statuses are still inadequately understood. Furthermore, some inflamed gingival statuses do not consistently cause attachment loss. In this study, metatranscriptomic analyses were used to investigate the specific bacterial composition and gene expression patterns of the microbiomes of the healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis statuses. In addition, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the gingivitis site included features of networks observed in both the healthy and periodontitis sites. These results provide transcriptomic evidence to support gingivitis as an intermediate state between the healthy and periodontitis statuses.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Aconiti Radix Cocta Improves Rheumatoid Arthritis via Suppressing COX-1 and COX-2.

According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Aconiti Radix Cocta (AC) is clinically employed to expel wind, remove dampness, and relieve pain. We evaluated the antirheumatoid arthritis (RA) activities and underlying mechanisms of AC. The chemical constituents of AC were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using three reference compounds (benzoylaconitine, benzoylmesaconine, and benzoylhypacoitine). The anti-RA effects of AC were evaluated in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats by hind paw volume and histopathological analysis. The effects of AC on inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-17A) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The regulation of cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and/or COX-2) was determined by Western blot and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. AC significantly reduced paw swelling, attenuated the inflammation and bone destruction in joint tissues, and reduced IL-1β and IL-17A in the serum. Moreover, AC downregulated the expression of COX-1 and COX-2 in the synovial tissues. We also identified that AC possesses significant anti-RA activities on AIA, which may be ascribed to the regulation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-17, as well as to the inhibition of arachidonic acid signaling pathways. Our findings provide theoretical support for AC as an effective nature-derived therapeutic agent for RA treatment.

The effect of an isoquinoline alkaloid on treatment of periodontitis by regulating the neutrophils chemotaxis.

Neutrophil plays a critical role in the progression of periodontitis. In general, its chemotaxis and activation are benefit for the host defense of bacterial infection and inflammation. However, previous studies have reported that the hyperactive and reactive neutrophils appear to be one of the reasons for tissue destruction in periodontitis tissues. In this study, we investigated an isoquinoline alkaloid Litcubanine A (LA), which from the Traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Litsea cubeba. We found LA showed significant activity in inhibiting neutrophils chemotaxis in the zebrafish yolk sac microinjection model in vivo and in mouse neutrophils in vitro. Further investigation proved that LA could inhibit the expression levels of neutrophil respiratory burst-related and inflammation-related genes CYBB and NCF2, as well as inhibit the activation of MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, using LA, we successfully achieved the effect of reducing periodontitis bone loss by regulating neutrophil chemotaxis and related functions in a mouse ligature-induced periodontitis model.

Role of 5-Fluorouracil Chitosan Nanoparticles on Decreasing the Oxidative Stress in Mice Bearing Ehrlich Carcinoma

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) as anticancer drug has many side effects. Site-specific delivery of 5-FU would reduce the systemic side effects and provide effective and safe therapy. Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) are used in drug delivery systems. In the present study the effects of 5-fluorouracil chitosan nanoparticles (5FUCNPs) on decreasing the oxidative stress were investigating within a model of female mice bearing solid Ehrlich carcinoma (EC). 7 days After solid tumor induction, 5-FUCNPs were administrated by gavages (0.5 mg/kg body weight) to mice for 15 days. Tumor size was monitored; oxidative stress markers were assessed. In addition, the angiogenic markers concentrations were evaluated. In vitro, 5FUCNPs showed high cytotoxic effect on EC tumor cells. Gavages of EC-bearing mice with 5FUCNPs significantly reduced tumor size, increased MDA level, decreased GSH level and recorded great destruction in tumor tissues. Meanwhile, in liver tissue MDA level significantly decreased and GSH level increased. On the other hand, a significant decrease in the levels of angiogenic markers were recorded. In conclusion: CNPs as a drug carrier for 5-FU have a role in reducing tumor growth and may represent a novel class of anticancer drug.

Anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects of iridoid glucosides from Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) kudo on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by OPG/RANKL/NF-κB signaling pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLamiophlomisrotata (Benth.) Kudo. has been used to treat trauma bleeding, rheumatism, yellow water disease in traditional Chinese medicine. AimThe aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) activities and underlying mechanisms of the total iridoid glucosides (TIG) from Lamiophlomisrotata (Benth.) Kudo. methodsThe chemical constituents of TIG was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with seven reference compounds (penstemonoside, chlorotuberside, shanzhiside methyl ester, phloyoside, 7-epliamalbide, phlorigidoside C and lamalbide). The anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects of TIG were investigated by arthritis indexes and paw swelling degrees, as well as histopathological and Micro-CT analysis in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats. The impacts of TIG on the level of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-10), and the regulation of OPG/RANKL/NF-κB pathways were determined by the ELISA and western blot, respectively. ResultsTIG significantly reduced the arthritis indexes and paws swelling in AIA rats, attenuated the inflammation and bone destruction in joint tissues, reduced the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-17, as well as increased the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in serum. Moreover, TIG markedly inhibited the expression of p-IKK-α, p-IκB and p-p65, and decreased the ratio of OPG/RANKL in the synovial tissues. ConclusionTIG possessed significant anti-RA activities on adjuvant-induced arthritis, which might be ascribed to the regulation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ IL-17 and IL-10, as well as inhibition of OPG/RANKL/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Response of the gut microbiota during the Clostridioides difficile infection in tree shrews mimics those in humans

BackgroundClostridioides difficile is a major cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea. Several animal models are used to study C. difficile infection (CDI). The tree shrew has recently been developed as a model of primate processes. C. difficile infection has not been examined in tree shrews. We infected tree shrews with hyper-virulent C. difficile strains and examined the alterations in gut microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.ResultsC. difficile colonized the gastrointestinal tract of tree shrew and caused diarrhea and weight loss. Histopathologic examination indicated structures and mucosal cell destruction in ileal and colonic tissues. The gut microbial community was highly diversity before infection and was dominated by Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Antibiotic administration decreased the diversity of the gut microbiota and led to an outgrowth of Lactobacillus. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales, Lachnospiraceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia, Blautia, and Tyzzerella increased following C. difficile infection. These taxa could be biomarkers for C. difficile colonization.ConclusionsIn general, the disease symptoms, histopathology, and gut microbiota changes following C. difficile infection in tree shrews were similar to those observed in humans.

Matrix metalloproteinase-7 in platelet-activated macrophages accounts for cardiac remodeling in uremic mice.

Heart failure is the leading cause of mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease, and progressive cardiac remodeling is the key pathological basis of heart failure. However, the mechanism by which uremia-induced cardiac remodeling occurs is not well understood. Here, we showed that platelets were significantly activated in 5/6 nephrectomy-operated mice, and cardiac remodeling in the uremic mice was significantly improved when platelets were effectively depleted. A cardiac fibrosis-related gene expression profile revealed that Mmp7, encoding matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), exhibited the greatest degree of downregulation in the hearts of uremic mice with platelets depleted. Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we discovered that MMP-7 was mainly expressed in M1 and M4 cardiac macrophages, although it was also extensively expressed in heart tissues. For the upstream therapeutic target, neutralization of platelet factor 4 (PF4) with monoclonal antibody not only significantly suppressed M4 macrophages in vivo, but also notably prevented collagen destruction in heart tissues. For the downstream therapeutic target, the pharmacological inhibition of MMP-7 with selective inhibitor failed to notably affect the platelet status, but significantly reduced heart collagen destruction in mice, a further indication that MMP-7 is a crucial downstream molecular target of platelet activation. In vitro, platelets interacted with macrophages and drove them to upregulate MMP-7 expression via free molecules, especially PF4. Taken together, the data suggest that MMP-7 is a key downstream target of platelet activation during uremia. Thus, MMP-7 is a likely and novel therapeutic target for intervention of cardiac remodeling during uremia.

Genkwanin ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats through inhibiting JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways

BackgroundGenkwanin is a flavone isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Daphne genkwa. Our previous work proved that four flavonoids (including genkwanin) isolated from D. genkwa (FFD) significantly improved the symptoms of arthritis in rat models. Recent studies have revealed that genkwanin exhibited anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities, both of which were closely related to the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, studying the anti-RA effects and mechanisms of genkwanin may give us insight into FFD's therapeutic effects on RA. PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of genkwanin on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms. MethodsThe anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of genkwanin was evaluated on AIA rat model by determining the paw swelling degrees and arthritis index scores, along with histopathological analysis of joint tissues. The serum cytokine levels were measured by ELISA method, and serum NO levels were measured by Griess method. The expression and phosphorylation levels of proteins in JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways were determined by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry analysis. ResultsGenkwanin significantly decreased the paw swelling and arthritis index in AIA rats and also decreased the inflammation and bone destruction in joint tissues. The serum TNF-α, IL-6, and NO concentrations were markedly reduced while the IL-10 concentration was markedly increased with the treatment of genkwanin. Genkwanin inhibited the activation of JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways in synovial tissues of AIA rats. ConclusionGenkwanin exerted anti-rheumatoid arthritis effects on AIA rats through inhibiting the activation of JAK/STAT and NF-κB signaling pathways. The results obtained in this work lead us to suggest that Genkwanin could play a crucial role on the previously demonstrated anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity of flavonoid extract of D. genkwa (namely FFD).

Структурно-метаболические особенности суставных тканей в условиях дегенеративной деструкции и ревматоидного воспаления

The review represents up-to-date data on structure and metabolic features of articular (hyaline) cartilage and subchondral bone plate in norm, in early and full stages of degenerate destruction and rheumatoid inflammation. The information on collagen and non-collagen protein types specific for cartilage and bone tissues as well as on biomarkers application for estimation of articular structures metabolic condition is provided. The comparative analysis of pathogenic mechanisms features of degenerate destruction and rheumatoid inflammation in articular tissues in the onset and the full stage of osteoarthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis is performed.

КЛИНИКО-РЕНТГЕНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ПОРАЖЕНИЯ ПАРОДОНТА И ПЕРИАПИКАЛЬНЫХ ТКАНЕЙ ЭНДОДОНТИЧЕСКИ ЛЕЧЕННОГО ЗУБА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ЭНДОДОНТО-ПАРОДОНТАЛЬНЫМИ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЯМИ

Objective: Explore the clinical and X-ray indicators of periodontal and periapical tissue lesions in patients with combined endodontic-periodontal pathology. Methods: The results of endocanal treatment of 65 teeth with 82 foci of periapical destruction in the form of bone resorption, periodontal slit expansion, and inflammation of marginal-alveolar gum are presented in 78 patients with combined endodontic-periodontal pathology between the ages of 20 and 50 years and older. Depending on the diameter of the periapical resorption and the severity of the inflammatory process in periodontal tissues, the patients were divided into three groups: the group I – 45 patients who were found to be foci of periapical destruction with a diameter of 1 to 3 mm, and diagnosed a mild course of endodontic-periodontal pathology of a combined nature; II group – 19 patients with bone hotspots resorptions of periapical arrangement with a diameter of 3 to 5 mm and the presence of combined endodontic-periodontal pathology of moderate severity. Patients of group I and II received a combination of complete endodontic treatment with antioxidants, calcium containing and antimicrobial drugs as well as professional oral hygiene. 14 patients with foci of periapical destruction with a diameter of 1 to 5 mm and the presence of periodontal pathology of different severity of stages included into group III. These patients received complete endodontic treatment only. Results: A reliable decrease in the size of the foci near the upper grade of resorption in patients of the first group occurred 12 months after endodontic treatment. With full endodontic treatment, the area of the focal point of destruction in the periapical tissues decreased by 4.8 times, and the restoration of bone tissue in the form of a reduction in the area of resorption 60.0±3.5% of cases. Periodontological index was significantly reduced, which indicates a decrease in inflammatory phenomena in periodontal tissues. Conclusion: After high-quality endodontic treatment, a reliable decrease in the diameter of the resorption focus and an increase in the rate of periapical reparative processes were found. During the 12 months of observation, the complete restoration of bone tissue in the periapical area with focal points of destruction from 1 to 2 mm was noted in 67.3% of cases, in the diameter of the foci 3-4 mm – in 37.6% of observations, and in the case of 5 mm – in 25.3% of cases. Keywords: Endodontic, periodontic, resorption, periapical focus, endodontic-periodontal pathology, endodontic treatment.

Trap distribution and mechanism for near infrared long-afterglow material AlMgGaO4:Cr3.

Near infrared (NIR) long-afterglow materials have attracted much attention due to their high penetration and low destruction in biological tissues. Here, a series of deep red and near infrared materials, AlMgGaO4:xCr3+, were successfully synthesized by a high temperature solid state method. AlMgGaO4 was selected as the host considering its rich antisite defects, which can effectively capture electrons. The emission spectra of AlMgGaO4:xCr3+ range from 680 nm to 1100 nm, which can be nicely decomposed into four Gaussian bands with peaks centered at 706 nm, 723 nm, 916 nm, and 938 nm, respectively. At low temperature (10 K), the emission spectra show there are four emission peaks: a sharp line (peak 1) and broad emission band (peak 2) come from Cr3+ substituting for the regular octahedron [AlO6], and two broad emission bands (peaks 3 and 4) which originate from the spin-allowed transition 4T2(4F) → 4A2(4F) of Cr3+ in the disordered [GaO6] and [MgO6] octahedra, respectively. Remarkably, after removing the excitation source, it exhibited more than 10 hours of afterglow emission which decreased sharply in the first 30 min and then decreased slowly. With an increase in the Cr3+ concentration, the trap depth became shallower due to the generation of the electronic trap centers . The distribution of trap centers and the mechanism of the persistent luminescence have been carefully analyzed and are also discussed.

Evaluation of the Relationship between Type II Diabetes Mellitus and the Prevalence of Apical Periodontitis in Root-Filled Teeth Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) with either optimal glycemic control (OGC) or poor glycemic control (PGC) compared with nondiabetics using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Subjects and Methods: The periapical status of 75 teeth with adequate root canal treatment performed at least 1 year ago that could be visualized in the field of view of CBCT images of 43 DM patients (29 females, 14 males) was compared with a control group consisting of 162 teeth of 86 nondiabetics (56 females, 30 males). In addition, the DM group was divided into subgroups according to the patients’ mean glycated hemoglobin level as either having OGC or PGC. The periapical status of the teeth was evaluated using the CBCT periapical index (CBCTPAI), and AP was diagnosed as a CBCTPAI ≥1. χ², Fisher’s exact test, and independent-samples t tests were used for the statistical analysis, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Significant differences between the DM group and the control group were observed (p< 0.05) in terms of AP (the frequencies of both CBCTPAI ≥1 and CBCTPAI ≥3) and the frequency of cardiovascular disease, while there were no significant differences between the DM subgroups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of AP and severe bone destruction in periapical tissues was significantly higher in the DM patients compared with the nondiabetic patients.

Implication of nano-antioxidant therapy for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma using PLGA nanoparticles of rutin.

The present work describes the development of poly(lactic co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) of rutin (RT) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. RT-loaded PLGA NPs (RT-PLGA-NPs) were prepared by double emulsion evaporation method. Further these are optimized by Box-Behnken design. PLGA NPs were evaluated for size, polydispersity index, drug-loading capacity, entrapment, gastric stability, invitro drug release, invivo preclinical studies and biochemical studies. Preclinical evaluation of RT-PLGA-NPs for anticancer activity through oral route exhibited significant improvement in hepatic, hematologic and renal biochemical parameters. Highly superior activity was observed in regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory markers, antioxidant enzymes, cytokines and inflammatory mediators and their role on plasma membrane ATPases responsible for destruction in liver tissues. Histopathological evaluation indicated reduced incidence of hepatic nodules, necrosis formation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, blood vessel inflammation and cell swelling with RT-PLGA-NP treatment along with considerable downregulation in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines.

Chitosan-triclosan particles modulate inflammatory signaling in gingival fibroblasts.

An important goal of periodontal therapy is the modulation of the inflammatory response. To this end, several pharmacological agents have been evaluated. Triclosan corresponds to an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent currently used in periodontal therapy. Chitosan is a natural polymer that may act as a drug delivery agent and exerts antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, an association between both molecules might be useful to prevent inflammation and tissue destruction in periodontal tissues. In the present study, we have generated chitosan-triclosan particles and evaluated their morphology, charge, biocompatibility and gene expression analysis in human gingival fibroblasts. The chitosan-triclosan particles size and Z potential were 129±47nm and 51±17mV respectively. Human gingival fibroblast viability was not affected by chitosan-triclosan. A total of 1533 genes were upregulated by interleukin (IL)-1β. On the other hand, 943 were downregulated in fibroblasts stimulated with IL-1β plus chitosan-triclosan particles. Fifty-one genes were identified as molecular targets upregulated by IL-1 β and downregulated by the chitosan-triclosan particles. The gene ontology analysis revealed that these genes were enriched in categories related to biological processes, molecular function and cellular components. Furthermore, using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction beta-actin, fibronectin, interleukin-6 and IL-1b genes were confirmed as targets upregulated by IL-1β and downregulated by chitosan-triclosan particles. Our results show that chitosan-triclosan particles are able to modulate the inflammatory response in gingival fibroblasts. This effect might be useful in the prevention and/or treatment of inflammation in periodontal diseases.

Effects of Zingiber officinale extract on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and IL-1β-induced inflammation in human synovial fibroblasts

Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants and is extensively used for the treatment of arthritic patients in Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM) due to its various pharmacological properties. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of ginger on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly focusing on the regulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines and the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) release in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and primary synovial fibroblasts. RA was induced in male DBA/1J mice via immunization with type II collagen (CII). A ginger extract was prepared in water. The ginger extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) or Mobic (50 mg/kg), as a reference drug, was orally administered to CIA mice once daily for 14 days after arthritis induction. Primary fibroblasts were isolated from the synovial tissues of osteoarthritis patients and then were stimulated with IL-1β and treated with the ginger extract at different concentrations. IL-4, IFN- γ, and IL-17 levels were measured in the serum or spleen and paw tissues of CIA mice and culture media via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of IL-17, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 was also detected in paw tissues and synovial fibroblasts through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Histological changes in the knee joints were observed via hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) and safranin-O staining. The major compounds in the ginger extract were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Treatment with the ginger extract at 100 or 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-17 and inhibited the expression of IL-17 in the spleen and paw tissues of CIA mice. Ginger extract inhibited the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 in the paw tissues of CIA mice and reduced inflammatory bone destruction in joint tissues. In IL-1β-stimulated synovial fibroblasts, the ginger extract significantly decreased the production of IFN-γ and IL-17 via inhibition of mRNA expression. The ginger extract also suppressed the expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 mRNA. Vanillylacetone, 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, and 1,4-cineol were identified as the main compounds in the ginger extract. These results indicate that ginger can prevent RA progression by inhibiting the secretion of Th1/Th2 and Th17 cytokines and MMPs, which are involved in the pathogenesis of RA.

The Role of Microbiota and Immunobiotics in Granulopoiesis of Immunocompromised Hosts.

The number of granulocytes is maintained by a regulated balance between granulopoiesis in the bone marrow and clearance and destruction in peripheral tissues. Granulopoiesis plays a fundamental role in the innate immune response. Therefore, factors affecting the normal granulopoiesis lead to alterations in innate defenses and reduce the resistance against infections. In this study, we give a description on recent advances regarding the molecular and cellular events that regulate steady-state and emergency granulopoiesis, which are crucial processes for the generation of protective innate immune responses. Particular attention will be given to emergency granulopoiesis alterations in immunosuppression states caused by malnutrition and chemotherapy. The role of microbiota in maintaining a steady-state granulopoiesis and the immunological mechanisms involved are also discussed. Moreover, we describe the findings of our laboratory demonstrating that the dietary supplementation with immunobiotics is an interesting alternative to improve steady-state and emergency granulopoiesis, the respiratory innate immune response, and the resistance against respiratory pathogens in immunocompromised hosts.

Preparation and evaluation of vitamin A nanosuspension as a novel ocular drug delivery

Objective(s): The field of nanotechnology is rapidly expanding .The development quantum dots quantum dot (QDs), show great promise for treatment and diagnosis of cancer and targeted drug delivery little data on the toxicity of QDs, especially for in vivo applications, are available. As a result, concerns exist over their toxicity for in vivo applications. Then, cytotoxic effects of cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots on organs development before maturity were studied in this study. Materials and Methods: One month old male Mice treated by injection of CdSe at the doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg. Structural and optical properties of quantum dots were studied by XRD, UV-Vis absorption spectrum and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and the number of cells in seminiferous tubes of various groups were analyzed using SPSS 16 program (one way ANOVA test). Results: Histological studies of testis tissue showed high toxicity of cdse in the dose of 40 mg/kg which followed by decrease in lamina propria thickness, destruction in interstitial tissue, deformation of seminiferoustubes, and reduction in number cells. Also histological study of lung tissue showed in 20 and 40 mg/kg doses destruction in interstitial and epithelium tissues. Conclusion: On the whole, this study showed high toxicity of cdse on development of testis and lung tissues, even in low doses considering lack of literature review in this field, this study can be an introduction to researches about toxicity effect of quantum dots on development of organs.